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Psych 130 Chapter 01
midterm 1
34
Psychology
Not Applicable
09/12/2007

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Term
Abnormal behavior
Definition
Patterns of emotion, thought, and action deemed pathological for one or more of the following reasons: infrequent occurrence, violation of norms, personal distress, disability or dysfunction, and unexpectedness.
Term
Asylums
Definition
Refuges established in western Europe in the fifteenth century to confine and provide for the mentally ill; forerunners of the mental hospital.
Term
Aversive conditioning
Definition
Process believed to underlie the effectiveness of aversion therapy.
Term
Behavior genetics
Definition
The study of individual differences in behavior that are attributable to differences in genetic makeup.
Term
Behavior therapy
Definition
A branch of psychotherapy conceived narrowly as the application of classical and operant conditioning to the alteration of clinical problems, but more broadly as applied experimental psychology in a clinical context.
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
The school of psychology originally associated with John B. Watson, who proposed that observable behavior, not consciousness, is the proper subject matter of psychology. Contemporary behaviorists do use mediational concepts, provided they are firmly anchored to observables.
Term
Classical conditioning
Definition
A basic form of learning, sometimes referred to as Pavlovian conditioning, in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus (called the unconditioned stimulus, UCS) that naturally elicits a certain desired response (called the unconditioned response, UCR). After repeated trials the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) and evokes the same or a similar response, now called the conditioned response (CR).
Term
Clinical psychologists
Definition
An individual who has earned a Ph.D. degree in psychology or a Psy.D. and whose training has included an internship in a mental hospital or clinic.
Term
Conditioned response, (CR)
Definition
A basic form of learning, sometimes referred to as Pavlovian conditioning, in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus (called the unconditioned stimulus, UCS) that naturally elicits a certain desired response (called the unconditioned response, UCR). After repeated trials the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) and evokes the same or a similar response, now called the conditioned response (CR).
Term
Counseling psychologists
Definition
A doctoral level mental health professional whose training is similar to that of a clinical psychologist, though usually with less emphasis on research and serious psychopathology.
Term
Counterconditioning
Definition
Relearning achieved by eliciting a new response in the presence of a particular stimulus.
Term
Demonology
Definition
The doctrine that a person's abnormal behavior is caused by an autonomous evil spirit.
Term
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Definition
A treatment that produces a convulsion by passing electric current through the brain; despite public concerns about this treatment, it can be useful in alleviating profound depression.
Term
Exorcism
Definition
The casting out of evil spirits by ritualistic chanting or torture.
Term
Extinction
Definition
The elimination of a classically conditioned response by the omission of the unconditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, the elimination of the conditioned response by the omission of reinforcement.
Term
General paresis
Definition
Infection of the central nervous system by the spirochete Treponema pallidum, which destroys brain tissue; marked by eye disturbances, tremors, and disordered speech as well as severe intellictual deterioration and psychotic symptoms.
Term
Harmful dysfunction
Definition
Proposed definition of mental disorder that contains both a value judgement (harmful) and an putatively objective scientific component (dysfunction).
Term
Law of effect
Definition
A principle of learning that holds that behavior is acquired by virtue of its consequences.
Term
Modeling
Definition
Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others; or teaching by demonstrating and providing opportunities for imitation.
Term
Moral treatment
Definition
A therapeutic regimen, introduced by Philippe Pinel during the French Revolution, whereby mentally ill patients were relesed from their restraints and were treated with compassion and dignity rather than with contempt and denigration.
Term
Negative reinforcement
Definition
The strengthening of a tendency to exhibit desired behavior by rewarding responses in that situation with the removal of an aversive stimulus.
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
The acquisition or elimination of a response as a function of the environmental contingencies of reinforcement and punishment.
Term
Positive reinforcement
Definition
The strengthening of a tendency to exhibit desired behavior by rewarding responses in that situation with a desired reward.
Term
Psychiatrists
Definition
A physician (M.D.) who has taken specialized postdoctoral training, called a residency, in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders.
Term
Proactive medications
Definition
Prescribed chemical compunds, for example Prozac, having a psychological effect that alters mood or thought process.
Term
Psychoanalyst (analyst)
Definition
A therapist who has taken specialized postdoctoral training in psychoanalysis after earning an M.D. or a Ph.D. degree.
Term
Psychopathologists
Definition
Mental health professionals who conduct research into the nature and development of mental disorders. Their academic backgrounds can differ; some are trained as experimental psychologists, others as psychiatrists, and still others as biochemists.
Term
Psychopathology
Definition
The field concerned with the nature and development of mental disorders.
Term
Psychotherapy
Definition
A primarily verbal means of helping troubled individuals change their thoughts, feelings, and behavior to reduce distress and to achieve greater life satisfaction.
Term
Shaping
Definition
In operant conditioning, reinforcing responses that are successively closer approximations to the desired behavior.
Term
Social worker
Definition
A mental health professional who holds a master of social work (M.S.W.) degree.
Term
Stigma
Definition
The pernicious beliefs and attitudes held by a society, ascribed to groups considered deviant in some manner, such as the mentally ill.
Term
Systematic desensitization
Definition
A major behavior therapy procedure that has a fearful person, while deeply relaxed, imagine a series of progressively more fearsome situations, such that fear is dispelled as a response incompatible with relaxation; useful for treating psychological problems in which anxiety is the principal difficulty.
Term
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Definition
A basic form of learning, sometimes referred to as Pavlovian conditioning, in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus (called the unconditioned stimulus, UCS) that naturally elicits a certain desired response (called the unconditioned response, UCR). After repeated trials the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) and evokes the same or a similar response, now called the conditioned response (CR).
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