Term
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Definition
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Smooth, cardiac and skeletal/ striated muscle.
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Term
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Definition
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Nonstriated muscle innervated by the autonomic nervous system, found in the walls of blood vessels, in the reproductive tracts, in sphincters, within the eye, in the digestive system, and around hair follicles; in intestines, uterus etc...
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Term
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Definition
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The muscle responsible for the contraction of the heart.
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Term
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Definition
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One of the striated muscles attached to bones.
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Term
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Definition
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One of the muscle fibers responsible for the force exerted by the contraction of a skeletal muscle.
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Term
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Definition
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Neuron whose axon forms synapses with extrafusal muscle fibers of a skeletal muscle; activates muscle contraction fibers.
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Term
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Definition
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The synapse between an axon's terminal button and a muscle fiber.
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Term
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Definition
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A motor neuron and its associated muscle fibers.
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Term
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Definition
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Neuron in central nervous system that controls either the contraction of a muscle or secretion of a gland.
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Term
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Definition
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Junction between the terminal button of an axon and the membrane of another motor neuron.
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Term
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Definition
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Postsynaptic membrane of a neuromuscular junction.
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Term
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Definition
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Neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system which activates/excites skeletal muscles; usually facilitatory in the brain.
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Term
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Definition
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Neurtransmitter receptor which divided into two receptor types - nicotinic and muscarinic.
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Term
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Definition
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Enzyme that destroys acetylcholine soon after it is liberated by the terminal buttons and thus terminates the postsynaptic potential.
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Term
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Definition
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Autoimmune disease caused by the destruction of the nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction; symptoms are progressive weakness and rapid fatigue of the striated muscles; treatment is medicine aimed at inhibiting acetylcholinesterase.
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Term
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Definition
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A sensory receptor, found chiefly in muscles, tendons, joints, and the inner ear; detects the motion or position of the body or a limb by responding to stimuli arising within the organism.
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Term
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Definition
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Specialized muscle structure innervated by both sensory and motor neuron axons; sends proprioceptive information to the central nervous system and responds to muscle stretching.
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Term
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Definition
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A muscle fiber that functions as a stretch receptor; arranged parallel to the extrafusal muscle fibers and thus detects changes in muscle length.
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Term
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Definition
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Muscle fibers that are responsible for the force exerted by contraction of a skeletal muscle.
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Term
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Definition
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A neuron whose axons form synapses with intrafusal muscle fibers.
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Term
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Definition
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Neuron that detects changes in the external or internal environment and sends information about these changes to the central nervous system.
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Term
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Definition
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The receptor organ at the junction of the tendon and muscle that is sensitive to stretch.
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Term
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Definition
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An automatic, stereotyped movement produced as the direct result of a stimulus.
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Term
| Monosynaptic stretch reflex |
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Definition
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A reflex in which a muscle contracts in response to its being quickly stretched; involves a sensory neuron and a motor neuron, with a synapse in between; uses muscle spindle.
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Term
| Polysynaptic inhibitory reflex |
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Definition
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A reflex which decreases the strength of muscular contraction when there is danger of damage to the tendons or bones to which the muscles are attached; uses golgi tendon organ.
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Term
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Definition
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A type of antigravity muscle which works to flex a limb; the opposite of an extensor.
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Term
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Definition
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A type of antagonist muscle which works to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor.
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Term
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Definition
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A neuron that detects changes in the external or internal environment and sends information about these changes to the central nervous system.
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Term
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Definition
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A neuron located entirely within the central nervous system.
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Term
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Definition
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A topographically organized mapping of parts of the body that are represented in a particular region of the brain; medial to medial and lateral to lateral.
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Term
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Definition
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The four projections from the brain stem to the spinal cord.
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Term
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Definition
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Bundle of axons that travels from the vestibular nuclei to the gray matter of the spinal cord; controls postural movements in response to information from the vestibular system.
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Term
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Definition
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Sensory system which controls our sense of movement, balance and posture.
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Term
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Definition
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A bundle of axons that travels from the tectum to the spinal cord; coordinates head and trunk movements with eye movements.
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Term
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Definition
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Bundle of axons which travels from the reticular formation to the gray matter of the spinal cord; controls the muscles responsible for postural movements.
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Term
| Ventral corticospinal tract |
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Definition
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System of axons that originates in the motor cortex and terminates in the ipsilateral ventral gray matter of the spinal cord; controls movements of the upper legs and trunk.
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Term
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Definition
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Region of the cerebral cortex; contains neurons that control skeletal muscle movement.
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Term
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Definition
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"Toward the beak"; with respect to the central nervous system, in a direction along the neuraxis toward the front of the face.
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Term
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Definition
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"Toward the tail"; with respect to the central nervous system, in a direction along the neuraxis away from the front of the face.
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Term
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Definition
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"Toward the back"; with respect to the central nervous system, in a direction perpendicular to the neuraxis toward the top of the head or the back.
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Term
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Definition
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"Toward the belly"; with respect to the central nervous system, in a direction perpendicular to the neuraxis toward the bottom of the skull or the front surface of the body.
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Term
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Definition
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Region of the motor association cortex in the lateral frontal lobe; rostral to the primary motor cortex.
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Term
| Supplementary motor cortex |
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Definition
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Region of the motor association cortex in the dorsal and dorsomedial frontal lobe; rostral to the primary motor cortex.
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Term
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Definition
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A deformed map of the body drawn on the primary motor cortex that shows which brain areas control different body parts.
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Term
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Definition
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The corticospinal tract, the corticobulbar tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
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Term
| Lateral corticospinal tract |
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Definition
|
The system of axons that originates in the motor cortex and terminates in the contralateral ventral gray matter of the spinal cord; controls movements of the distal limbs.
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Term
| Ventral corticospinal tract |
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Definition
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The system of axons that originates in the motor cortex and terminates in the ipsilateral ventral gray matter of the spinal cord; controls movements of the upper legs and trunk.
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Term
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Definition
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A bundle of axons traveling from the motor cortex to the fifth, seventh, ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth cranial nerves; controls movements of the face, neck, tongue, and parts of the extraocular eye muscles.
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Term
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Definition
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The system of axons that travels from the red nucleus to the spinal cord; controls independent limb movements.
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Term
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Definition
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Toward the side of the body, in a direction at right angles with the neuraxis and away from it.
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Term
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Definition
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Toward the neuraxis, away from the side of the body.
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Term
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Definition
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Located on the same side of the body.
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Term
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Definition
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Located on the opposite side of the body.
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Term
| Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum Movement Modulation |
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Definition
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Assist with the appropriate planning, initiation, coordination, guidance, and termination of voluntary movements; receive massive cortical input, have one main processing station and intermediate relay, and ultimately send information to the thalamus.
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Term
| Thalamus Movement Modulation |
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Definition
|
Relays information recieved from the basal ganglia & cerebellum back to the motor and premotor areas of the cortex to influence the cortical control of voluntary movement.
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Term
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Definition
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Part of the brain which plays a role in the planning, initiation, and terminations of movements, particularly those with a complex cognitive dimension.
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Term
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Definition
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Important for the smooth execution and appropriate completion of ongoing movements, particularly those guided by vision.
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Term
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Definition
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People with this type of brain damage have trouble with any sequence of rapid movements that require accurate aim and timing (tapping rhythm, pointing at moving objects, etc.).
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Term
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Definition
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A telencephalic nucleus; one of the two input nuclei of the basal ganglia along with the putamen; involved with control of voluntary movement.
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Term
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Definition
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A telencephalic nucleus; the primary output nucleus of the basal ganglia; involved with control of voluntary movement.
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Term
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Definition
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A telencephalic nucleus; one of the two input nuclei of the basal ganglia along with the caudate nucleus; involved with control of voluntary movement.
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Term
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Definition
|
A darkly stained region of the tegmentum that contains neurons which communicate with the caudate nucleus and putamen in the basal ganglia.
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Term
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Definition
|
Layer of brain tissue composed of neurons that form the surface of the brain; contains many folds.
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Term
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Definition
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Nuclei located within the cerebellar hemispheres; receive projections from the cerebellar cortex and send projections out of the cerebellum to other parts of the brain.
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Term
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Definition
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One of three bundles of axons that attach each cerebellar hemisphere to the dorsal pons.
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Term
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Definition
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Disease which arrises from the degenaration of the terminals in the caudate nucleus and putamen which are the projections of dopaminergic cell bodies in the substantia nigra.
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Term
| Main symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease |
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Definition
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Slow movements, difficulty initiating movements, rigidity of the muscles, resting tremors, postural instability and sometimes intellectual impairment and depressed mood.
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Term
| Possible causes of Parkinson’s Disease |
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Definition
|
Hereditary tendency for lower dopamine;
brain converts MPTP to MPP+.
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Term
| Treatment for Parkinson’s Disease |
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Definition
|
L-Dopa, destruction of parts of globus pallidus internal (GPi), fetal transplant from aborted human fetuses.
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Term
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Definition
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Neuronal degeneration in the caudate nucleus and the putamen, especially of GABAergic and acetylcholinergic neurons.
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Term
| Main symptoms of Huntington’s Disease |
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Definition
|
Onset at the age of 30 to 50. Facial twitch later tremors spread to other parts of body, uncontrollable movements, especially jerky limb ones. Also psychological symptoms: depression, memory impairment, anxiety hallucinations, drug abuse etc.
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Term
| Cause of Huntington’s Disease |
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Definition
|
Hereditary controlled by an autosomal dominant gene on chromosome 4 which results in an inability to metabolize glucose and produces nitric oxide.
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Term
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Definition
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Provide information about what is happening on the surface of our body and inside it.
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Term
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Definition
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One of the somatosenses; includes sensitivity to stimuli that involve the skin.
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Term
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Definition
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One of the somatosenses; include stretch receptors in skeletal muscles that report changes in muscle length (direction) to the CNS as well as stretch receptors in tendons that measure the force (magnitude) being exerted by the muscles.
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Term
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Definition
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One of the somatosenses; receptors are located in muscle lining, outer layers of the gastrointestinal system and other internal organs, and in the lining of the abdominal and thoracic cavities. Many of these tissues are sensitive only to stretch, heat/cold, and some chemicals, but do not report sensations when cut burned, or crushed.
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Term
| Somatosensation pathway of well localized sensations |
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Definition
|
Axons which convey fine touch ascend in this order...
1) dorsal columns in white matter of spinal cord
2) nuclei in lower medulla
3) medial lemniscus fiber band
4) ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus
5) primary somatosensory cortex
6) secondary somatosensory cortex.
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Term
| Somatosensation pathway of poorly localized sensations |
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Definition
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Axons which convey pain and temperature synapse with other neurons as soon as they enter the spinal cord and then...
1) cross to the other side of the spinal cord
2) ascend through the spinothalamic tract to
3) the ventral nuclei of the thalamus.
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Term
|
Definition
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Region of the cerebral cortex whose primary input is from the somatosensory system; divided into columns each of which correspond to another part of the body and another somatosensory stimulation (i.e. pain, temperature, pressure, etc...)
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Term
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Definition
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Defined only by withdrawal response or, in humans, by verbal report; function is to alert us to any damage to our body; people devoid of this suffer a higher number of injuries and are unaware of illness until it is too late.
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Term
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Definition
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A class of peptides secreted by the brain that act as opiates and modify pain sensitivity.
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Term
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Definition
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Neurons never function in isolation; they are organized into ensembles that process specific kinds of information. Although the arrangement of these ensembles vary greatly according to the intended function, some features are characteristic of all such ensembles. The synaptic connections that define an ensemble are typically made in a dense tangle of dendrites, axons terminals, and glial cell processes that together constitute neuropil.
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Term
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Definition
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Doing this to the of the periaqueductal gray matter causes very strong analgesia.
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Term
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Definition
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Loss of physical discomfort that’s induced in response to chronic pain or during activities that are important to survival.
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Term
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Definition
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Biological needs for survival of the individual (temperature regulation, food, water); biological needs for survival of the species (sex); other needs (sensory stimulation, love, social interaction, etc).
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Term
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Definition
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A new branch of psychology that seeks to investigate the potential role of genetic factors in various aspects of human behavior.
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Term
| B.F. Skinner (description I) |
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Definition
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Founder of behaviorism; claimed that consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept; believed people were incapable of responsibility, self-discipline, self-determined morality and even autonomous achievement; claimed people reacted and behaved according to external forces; stated that thought and awareness were nothing more than annoying, meaningless by-products.
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Term
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Definition
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Studied social behavior of monkeys; concluded that sex alone does not drive society and that mother love does not enable individual social relations; believed that normal sexual and parental behavior depended on a wide array of affectional ties with peers and family early in life.
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Term
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Definition
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French chemist who founded modern microbiology; discovered microscopic pathogens; “Cleanliness is next to godliness.”
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Term
| John B. Watson (description I) |
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Definition
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President of the American Psychological Association, ominously warned expectant parents that "when you are tempted to pet your child, remember that mother love is a dangerous instrument."
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Term
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Definition
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Behavior that ensures the survival of the individual (for example, feeding).
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Term
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Definition
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Behavior that isn’t needed to ensure the survival of the individual (for example, sexual behavior or seeking love).
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Term
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Definition
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The process by which the body's substances and characteristics (such as temperature and glucose level) are maintained at their optimal level.
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Term
| Physiological regulatory system |
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Definition
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This system maintains the constancy of some internal characteristics of an organism.
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Term
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Definition
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A characteristic variable that is controlled by a regulatory mechanism; for example, temperature in a heating system.
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Term
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Definition
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The optimal value of the system variable in a regulatory mechanism.
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Term
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Definition
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In a regulatory process, a mechanism that monitors and signals when the system variable deviates from its set point.
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Term
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Definition
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In a regulatory process, the mechanism that is capable of changing the value of the system variable and restoring it to its set point.
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Term
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Definition
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A process whereby the effect produced by an action serves to diminish or terminate that action or correctional mechanism; characteristic of regulatory systems.
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Term
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Definition
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Group of nuclei of the diencephalon situated beneath the thalamus; controls the hormonal system; helps regulate the autonomic nervous system, anterior and posterior pituitary glands, and species-typical behaviors.
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Term
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Definition
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Gland attached to the dorsal tectum which secretes melatonin at night; involved in reproduction, migration, circadian, and seasonal changes having to do with short vs. long days
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Term
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Definition
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Tiny glands located in the neck which secrete calcetonin as well as a hormone that regulates the level of calcium in the blood.
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Term
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Definition
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A hormone produced when the level of calcium in the blood gets too low. Disorders of the gland which produces this hormone result in excessive production of the hormone and high levels of calcium in the blood.
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Term
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Definition
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Organ in the neck surrounding the area of the windpipe where the voice box is located; helps regulate growth, metabolism and prenatal brain development; requires iodine for production of hormones thyroxine and Triiodothyronine; secretes calcitonin.
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Term
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Definition
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Small organ beneath the breastbone that functions in the development of the immune system; weeds out lymphocytes that react to proteins produced by the body (self-antigens), thus preventing autoimmune disease; large organ during childhood, but shrinks during adolescence.
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Term
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Definition
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Controlled by sympathetic nerve fibers; secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and aldosterone.
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Term
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Definition
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A neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla; mobilizes the body for fight or flight; also called adrenalin.
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Term
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Definition
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A neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla; more concerned with maintaining normal body activity than with preparing the body for emergencies; also known as noradrenalin.
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Term
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Definition
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A hormone of the adrenal cortex that has various metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects in the body.
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Term
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Definition
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A hormone of the adrenal cortex that causes the absorption and retention of sodium by the kidneys.
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Term
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Definition
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Organ behind the lower part of the stomach that makes enzymes to help the body digest food; contains the Islets of Langerhans which have alpha cells that make glucagon, beta cells that make insulin, and delta cells that make somatostatin.
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Term
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Definition
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A pancreatic hormone that raises the level of glucose in the blood.
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Term
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Definition
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A pancreatic hormone that helps the body use glucose for energy.
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Term
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Definition
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A pancreatic hormone that regulates the secretion of glucagon and insulin.
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Term
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Definition
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The pair of female reproductive organs on either side of the uterus that produce eggs and the hormones estrogen, estradiol, progesterone and small amounts of testosterone.
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Term
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Definition
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Powerful female hormone that occurs naturally in the ovaries; synthesized and used to treat estrogen deficiency and breast cancer.
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Term
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Definition
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One of the male gonads located in the scrotal sac that are the site of sperm and testosterone production.
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Term
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Definition
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Hypothetical functional system that controls emotional behavior and expression and certain forms of memory; includes the amygdala.
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Term
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Definition
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A limbic structure in the very front of the temporal lobe; involved in emotion and specific types of learning and memory.
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Term
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Definition
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Brain region that provides ability to plan, reason, concentrate, and adjust behavior, (right response for the right circumstances).
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Term
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Definition
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To construct and maintain our own organs; to obtain energy (for nervous system activities, muscular movements and body warmth).
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Term
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Definition
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Mouth —> esophagus —> stomach —> small intestine —> large intestine
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Term
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Definition
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Mixes food with saliva, releases the enzyme amylase.
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Term
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Definition
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Enzyme released in saliva that helped break down starchy carbohydrates into glucose, maltose and dextrins.
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Term
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Definition
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Acid produced in stomach that breaks down proteins in food.
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Term
|
Definition
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Enzyme produced in stomach that breaks down proteins in food.
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Term
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Definition
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Section of digestive tract between stomach and large intestine which produces pancreatic juice and bile; most of digestion occurs here as nutrients are absorbed from food.
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Term
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Definition
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Fluid secreted into the small intestine by the pancreas; important for breaking down starches, proteins and fats.
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Term
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Definition
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Fluid by-product of liver which flows to small intestines; important for waste removal and breaking down starches, proteins and fats.
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Term
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Definition
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Lower portion of the digestive tract whose role is the absorption of sodium chloride and water as well as forming and expelling of waste (feces) from the body.
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Term
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Definition
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Because of the delay between ingestion and the replenishment of the depleted stores, these are controlled by satiety mechanisms as well as by detectors that monitor the system variables.
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Term
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Definition
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These monitor the activity of correctional mechanisms, not the system variables, stopping eating in anticipation of the replenishment that will occur later. (That’s why we stop drinking after a few glasses of water when dehydrated, even before the fluid has reached our cells)
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Term
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Definition
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Fullness; this conveys satiety signals to the brain via the vagus nerve and to the spinal cord via the splanchnic nerves.
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Term
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Definition
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Nerve involved in stomach distention which conveys satiety to the brain through the stretching of stomach walls.
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Term
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Definition
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Nerve involved in stomach distention which conveys satiety to the spinal cord through the nutrient content of the stomach.
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Term
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Definition
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Part of the hypothalamus which produces feelings of hunger; destruction of this part eliminates hunger while stimulation amplifies it.
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Term
| Ventromedial hypothalamus |
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Definition
|
Part of the hypothalamus which produces feelings of satiety; destruction of this part causes obesity while stimulation suppresses the urge to eat.
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Term
|
Definition
|
Taste preferences and taste aversions are aspects of feeding which originate in this organ.
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Term
| Inferior prefrontal cortex |
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Definition
|
Part of the prefrontal cortex that’s connected to the olfactory bulb; when damaged, olfactory input drops and urge to feed decreases.
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Term
|
Definition
|
The effect of a hormone on tissue differentiation and development.
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Term
|
Definition
|
The effect of a hormone that occurs in the fully developed organism; may depend on the organism's prior exposure to the organizational effects of hormones.
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Term
|
Definition
|
The principal male sex steroid hormone.
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Term
|
Definition
|
The principal estrogen of many mammals, including humans.
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Term
|
Definition
|
Produced in the liver and brain of a fetus and excreted into the amniotic fluid; levels tends to increase in the amniotic fluid when a fetus has open neural tube defect or abdominal wall defect.
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Term
| Medial Preoptic Nucleus/ Area (MPA) |
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Definition
|
Area which plays an essential role in male sexual behavior (destruction, stimulation, physiological recordings, c-fos); receives somatosensory information from genitals through connections with reticular formation and medial amygdala.
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|
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Term
| Sexually dimorphic behavior |
|
Definition
|
A behavior that has different forms or that occurs with different probabilities or under different circumstances in males and females.
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Term
| Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus (SDN) |
|
Definition
|
Area within the MPA first observed in rats which plays a role in male sexual behavior; larger in heterosexual men and smaller in homosexual men and in heterosexual women.
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|
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Term
|
Definition
|
Area of the amygdala that receives olfactory information; involved in the effects of odors and pheromones on reproductive behavior; sexually dimorphic.
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Term
| Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) |
|
Definition
|
Large nucleus of the hypothalamus that plays an essential role in female sexual behavior; located near the walls of the third ventricle; connected to PAG.
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|
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Term
| Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) |
|
Definition
|
Region of the midbrain that plays an essential role in various species-typical behaviors, including female sexual behavior; surrounds the cerebral aqueduct.
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Term
| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) |
|
Definition
|
A condition characterized by hypersecretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex; in females, causes masculinization of the external genitalia.
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
A daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
Causes feminization/ undermasculinization of the external genitalia at birth, abnormal secondary sexual development in puberty, and infertility.
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
A nucleus situated atop the optic chiasm that contains a biological clock responsible for organizing many of the body's circadian rhythms; larger in homosexual men; smaller in heterosexual men and women.
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
A thin white fiber bundle between the olfactory areas of each hemisphere; larger in homosexual men and in heterosexual women and smaller in heterosexual men.
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|
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Term
|
Definition
|
A strong surge of feeling marked by an impulse to outward expression and often accompanied by complex bodily reactions; any strong feeling, as love, hate, or joy; the power of feeling; sensibility.
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
Consists of three types of components: behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal.
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|
|
Term
| Behavioral emotional response |
|
Definition
|
This emotional response controlls posture, sounds, facial expression, exposure of teeth, etc.
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|
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Term
| Autonomic emotional response |
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Definition
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This emotional response controlls activation of sympathetic nervous system (e.g. increased heart rate) and inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system (e.g. less blood to GI tract)
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Term
| Hormonal emotional response |
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Definition
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This emotional response controlls secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla which facilitate the effects of the autonomic nervous system; controlls secretion of steroid hormones that will further facilitate the utilization of glucose.
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Term
| Amygdala (definition III) |
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Definition
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As different circuits are involved in the behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal changes associated with emotions, this organ integrates the different aspects of fear, anger and frusteration.
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Definition
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During this type of treatment, patients report feeling afraid.
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Term
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Definition
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During this type of treatment, patients emotional responses decrease.
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Term
| Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) |
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Definition
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A classically conditioned response that occurs when a neutral stimulus is followed by an aversive stimulus; usually includes autonomic, behavioral, and endocrine components such as changes in heart rate, freezing, and secretion of stress-related hormones; not an emotional response.
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Definition
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In 1966, this man climbed a tower at the University of Texas and began to indiscriminantly kill people with a rifle; post-mortem autopsy of his brain revealed a large tumor which extended into the temporal lobe and compressed the amygdala.
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Term
| Orbitofrontal cortex (definition I) |
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Definition
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Located at the base of the frontal lobes just above the eye sockets; receives direct information from the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus, temporal cortex, ventral tegmental area, olfactory system and amygdala; sends information to the cingulate cortex, hippocampal formation, temporal cortex, lateral hypothalamus, and amygdala; also communicates with other parts of the frontal cortex.
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Term
| Orbitofrontal cortex (definition II) |
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Definition
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Damage to this area reduces people’s inhibitions and self-concern, makes them indifferent to the consequences of their actions, increases their sensitivity to noxious stimuli, and lowers the producuction of emotional reactions to pain.
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Definition
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In the mid-1800s this dynamite worker used a steel rod to ram a charge of dynamite into a hole drilled in solid rock; the charge exploded and sent the rod into his cheek, through his brain, and out the top of his brain; he survived but his personality changed; he became fitful, irreverant, obstinate and impulsive, while possessing the intellectual capacity and manifestations of a child and the animal passions of a strong man.
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In the 1930’s, this man developed a brain tumor in both frontal lobes which had to be cut out. Before the tumor he was disiplined and reserved. After the surgery he became relaxed, boastful, socially uninhibited, and no longer concerned with his profession or future planning. However, his fundamental intellectual ability appeared to be intact, not to mention his perfectly preserved motor, perceptual and language ability.
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These psychiatrists along with surgeon Egas Moniz worked together to bilaterally ablate the prefrontal cortex of a two chimpanzees. The animals, "Becky" and "Lucy," had been trained to perform a delayed response task. Becky, in particular, displayed a violent temper when she could not remember which of two cups contained food. Following lobotomy, "Becky" made repeated errors without evidence of any emotional response. "Lucy" also showed no loss of intellectual abilities as a result of the frontal lobe lesion.
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Term
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Definition
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Surgeon who performed a bilaterally lobotomy on the chimpanzee “Lucy” and later went on to perform the first lobotomy on a human female in order to treat mental illness.
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Term
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Definition
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Type of cheap bilateral prefrontal lobotomy invented by Walter Freeman. An ice pick is inserted through the upper eyelid, pushed past the orbital bone, and finally swept back and forth; used in the 1940’s and 50’s on over 100,000 people with psychiatric disturbances.
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Definition
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These two psychiatrists defined the four major outcomes of total bilateral frontal lobotomy in 1966: decreased drive, decreased self-concern, depression of outwardly directed behavior and social sense, and shallower affective life.
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Term
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Definition
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Constraining force or influence as a force exerted when one body or body part presses on, pulls on, pushes against, or tends to compress or twist another body or body part; the deformation caused in a body by such a force; a physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension and may be a factor in disease causation; a state of bodily or mental tension resulting from factors that tend to alter an existent equilibrium.
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Definition
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A stimulus or situation that produces a stress response.
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Term
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Definition
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1) acute physical stress
2) chronic physical stress
3) psychological and social stressors
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Definition
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One of the three types of stress; includes a lion’s need to hunt.
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Term
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Definition
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One of the three types of stress; includes dought, famine, parasites, etc...
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Term
| Psychological and social stressors |
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Definition
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One of the three types of stress; includes losing a parking spot, conflicts with a family member, worries about grades, grants, popularity, etc...
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Term
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Definition
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Physiologist in the 1920’s who introduced the term stress to refer to the physiological reaction caused by the perception of aversive or threatening situations.
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Definition
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Father of stress physiology; in the 1930’s he formalized the concept of stress physiology with two ideas: general adaptation syndrome and the ability of stressors to make you sick; injected rats with unknown extract from the ovaries of peptic ulcers. This greatly enlarged the rats’ adrenal glands and shrunk their immune tissue.
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Term
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Definition
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A physiological reaction caused by the perception of aversive or threatening situations; autonomic and endocrine components of this response act to mobilize the body’s energy resources.
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