Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Psych 102 Final
Lecture + Book Info
178
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/19/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Sherif Autokinetic Effect
Definition
Project spot of light which our mind thinks moves but does not.
Term
Asch Impression Formation
Definition
See how people make inferences based on descriptions of other people.
Term
Primacy Effect
Definition
First impressions
Term
Latame & Darley Bystander Effect
Definition
Stabbing of New York woman. Goes with diffusion of responsibility.
Term
Diffusion of Responsibility
Definition
More people around, less likely to help. Thinks everyone else would help so we don't have to.
Term
Social Psychology
Definition
The scientific study f how we are influenced by (Sherif, conformity) relate to (Latame & Darley) and think about (Asch) one another.
Term
Ecological Validity
Definition
Research results apply to the real world
Term
Pros vs Cons of Field Studies
Definition
Pro: high ecological validity, no moral issues

Cons: no experimental control, multiple interpretations of results
Term
Pros vs Cons of Lab Studies
Definition
Pros: High experimental control, infer causality

Cons: lacks ecological validity, moral issues
Term
Self
Definition
Cannot be defined. Built by a social setting
Term
Aspects of Self
Definition
Body (lose body do not lose self), Brain, Conscious, Social, Language, Emotion, Develop, Internal/external, Memories (even if you wake up w/o memories, still have sense of self), Personality
Term
William James
Definition
Self-as-known, Self-as-knower, Material self, Spiritual self, Social self
Term
Self-as-known
Definition
"all a person can call his own", the self as experienced, the self as perceived. Things that are properties of "you". The "me". The properties
Term
Self-as-knower
Definition
the experiencer, the perceiver. Properties of "I". Awareness of the properties.
Term
Reflexive self
Definition
Self that is aware of its properties
Term
Meta-self
Definition
able to think about our own thoughts
Term
Material Self
Definition
contains things that are observable. Our body, eyes, tangible things such as our cars and clothes. Body most important. Relations as well, family, friends, etc.
Term
Spiritual Self
Definition
mental states
Term
Social Self
Definition
possess as many social selves as we have people with whom we interact
Term
Theory of Mind
Definition
ability to see a person as operating from the spiritual self. Understanding the meaning behind others' actions. Required for language. Autistic people lack it.
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
the idea that to understand people you must study behavior (stimulus -> response). Why should "black box" matter (brain and thoughts)
Term
Who were the Symbolic Interactionists?
Definition
Mead, Cooley, Gallup
Term
Symbolic Interactionism
Definition
Without others with whom one interacts, there can be no sense of self
Term
Mead & Cooley
Definition
Develop empathy: place oneself in someone elses shoes (theory of mind).

No others = no self
Term
Looking Glass Self
Definition
you see yourself through the eyes of other people
Term
Gallup Study
Definition
chimps isolated to test sense of self. Paint on brow. Chimps in group develop sense of self, if isolated do not.
Term
Self-Perception Theory
Definition
sometimes we don't know how we're feeling or thinking until we see what we do
Term
Bem's Rules
Definition
1.we observe our behavior and the context in which it occurs

2.if context can explain behavior we attribute behavior to context (situational attribution)

3.if context cannot explain behavior than we attribute behavior to the person (self): dispositional attribution
Term
Situation Attribution
Definition
if context explains behavior we attribute behavior to context
Term
Dispositional Attribution
Definition
if context cannot explain behavior than we attribute behavior to the person
Term
Festinger & Carlsmith Study
Definition
Insufficient Reward: recruit people for boring test. Paid if they help test next subject (1 vs 20 $). Those paid $1 enjoyed study more (could not justify themselves lying to the payment while those getting paid $20 could)
Term
Lepper Study
Definition
Bing Nursery @ Stanford. Saw how long kids played with markers, 3 groups. Expected reward, unexpected reward, no reward. Example of underlying intrinsic motivation
Term
Underlying Intrinsic Motivation
Definition
If one gives an external reason for performing an action, once that external reason is taken away the subject will no longer enjoy the action as much
Term
James-Lange Study
Definition
Bodily changes follow directly from the perception of an exciting fact. (Ex. see a bear -> get scared)

1.For every E, a unique P
2.If no P no E
3.Maranon. If on can simulate P->E

All wrong (1&2 tested by Cannon)
Term
Schacter & Singer Study
Definition
Injected people with "suproxin" epinephrine. IV = (1) epi informed. (2) epi uninformed (3) epi misinformed (4) placebo

Second IV: confederate placed in room
Term
Nisbett & Storm
Definition
Insomnia test. Given pill, either told it is excitatory or calming. Those told it makes them anxious slept easier.
Term
Duvalle & Wickland "Self-Awareness Theory"
Definition
Self-Awareness Theory: when awarness is directed inwardly (self) we tend to see (a) what we are doing (actual self) or (b) how that behavior measures up (ideal self)

If actual falls below ideal = negative. We either change actual or stop being self aware
Term
Diener
Definition
Halloween Study: kids take candy from bowl. Reduced when made self-aware with mirror
Term
Duvalle & Wickland "Bogus IQ"
Definition
students give false IQ test and told they were top 10 or bottom 10%. Asked to wait, everyone was slow to leave except the bottom 10% made self aware
Term
High Self-Monitors
Definition
don't need mirror to be made self-aware
Term
Alcohol Study
Definition
another bogus IQ study. High self-monitors that did poor drank more wine in subsequent study
Term
Egocentric Bias
Definition
take credit for good things that happen to us (whether because us or not) Attribute negative things to external
Term
Cialdini "Vicarious Bias"
Definition
ASU football games. "We" vs "They"
Term
Self-Handicapping
Definition
if not confident in an outcome we tend to build excuses
Term
Jones-Berglas
Definition
Bogus IQ w/analogies. Half group hard, half easy. All told they did well, then given another with choice of smart or dumb drug. (they were given contingent or noncontingent feedback). If given noncontingent feedback (hard test) took dumb drug to self-handicap (because they "lucked out" originally)
Term
Heider
Definition
Believes most people are "naive psychologists". Look at behaviors and try to attribute a cause
Term
Correspondence Inference Theory
Definition
Under what circumstances are we justified in assuming that the person's behavior corresponds to their dispositions
Term
Social Desirability
Definition
Discount desirable behaviors more than undesirable (they're shocking)
Term
Choice in Behaviors
Definition
If free to choose behavior -> more likely to attribute dispositions to the self
Term
Castro Study
Definition
Free/not free to write & pro/anti castro. Correlates to correspondence inference theory. (F/P 60) (F/A 16) (N/P 40) (N/A 25)
Term
Heuristic
Definition
Rule of Thumb. Not necessarily logical
Term
Kelley
Definition
Covariation Model: Kelley Cube.

Model of how I can attribute causes to people's behavior. Distinctiveness, Consensus, and Consistency.
Term
Fundamental Attribution Error
Definition
when people behave we attribute it to the person
Term
Correspondence Difference
Definition
Person's actions correspond to one's traits
Term
Informational Explanation of FAE
Definition
we have different amounts of information about ourselves than of others, so we take our own information into account
Term
Perspective Explanation of FAE
Definition
a function of where one's eyes are located; when we observe others we see them and their behavior so we are attuned to assume the behavior is because of the person.

Can test by videotaping conversation and reverse views to person
Term
Social Cognition
Definition
70% of social psychology performed this way today.

The attempt to understand the behavior; what's going on in the "black box"
Term
Mental Representation
Definition
the brain "represents" (A stands for B, something stands for something they are not) the world (doesn't capture all aspects)
Term
Srull Impression Formation
Definition
Sit someone down @ a computer and present them w/list of behaviors for "Bob". Congruent, incongruent and irrelevant information given. In surprise recall test people remembered incongruent first then congruent then irrelevant.
Term
Inconsistency Resolution
Definition
We resolve the inconsisency by referencing it to what we know about the person already
Term
Short Term Memory
Definition
18-30 seconds, 7 items +- 2, remains as long as rehearsed as well
Term
Long Term Memory
Definition
Lasts "REAL LONG TIME" holds a "REAL LOT". Not infinite, we don't know.

Thinking of two things contiguously in short term memory associates the two in long term memory
Term
Memory Associations
Definition
Incongruent to Incongruent
Congruent to Incogruent
Congruent doesn't link to Congruent
Term
Converging Evidence (Memory)
Definition
any theory can explain a given outcome; it's which theory predicts the most set of results -> this theory we go with
Term
"Stupid" Theory
Definition
The stronger an association the better the recall. Fails converging evidence test because cannot predict order of recall, only amount of recall.
Term
Schema
Definition
A body of real world knowledge and when information is consistent with that knowledge we are better able to organize, interpret,and recall that information (expecting can lead to stereotypes)
Term
Bransford "Laundry"
Definition
by knowing the title of the paragraph it becomes easier to remember
Term
Brewer's "Room" Study
Definition
People asked to wait in an office because they are early. Soon taken from office and told experiment is over. Asked what they remember from the office (incongruent, congruent, and irrelevant items present). Inc. Con. then Irr. remembered best in that order.

Most remembered books due to "default value" despite there being no books
Term
Default Value
Definition
May remember expectations as reality
Term
Sulin & Dooling's "Carol Harris"
Definition
Participants told a story about "Carol Harris" then after 20 minutes and/or a week they were asked what they remembered. Asked if she was "deaf, dumb, and blind". After 20 minutes 5% said yes, after a week 50% said yes (after name was changed to Helen Keller)

Longer time passes more likely to fill in by default
Term
Snyder & Worowitz's "Betty K"
Definition
Participants told story about "Betty K's" social life. Told she has never had a steady boyfriend but goes on dates. Asked if she (a) occassionally dated men (b) never went out with men (c) went steady or (d) none of the above.

Answer is D. Ind Var was whether participants were told she was lesbian or straight.
Term
Loftus "Eyewitness" Study
Definition
Scene of car accident shown of "fender bender". Later asked how fast cars and the word to describe the accident changed which changed the responses (bumped, slammed, smashed, etc.)

Ex. of Framing
Term
Framing
Definition
The wording of a question to eyewitnesses
Term
El Paso Study
Definition
Read paragraph about subject X who lives in El Paso. Asked if they vandalize, are hispanic, are male, are in a gang. None are stated, after 20 min (87, 53, 87, 40% respectively) after 1 day (87, 67, 93, 93% respectively)

Ex. of stereotyping
Term
Stereotyping
Definition
a set of beliefs about a person based on his or her group affiliation
Term
Prejudice
Definition
a feeling about a person based on his/her group affiliation (can be positive or negative)
Term
Discrimination
Definition
a behavior toward a person based on his or her group affiliation
Term
La Pierre Study
Definition
Asked 200 restraunts and hotels if they'd serve orientals. 99% said no, but when he took the asian couples 98% let them in anyways.

Didn't contact motels because didn't exist yet.

Ex. of discrimination
Term
Midwest Jury Study
Definition
women says allegedly raped (white or black rapist ind var 1). (strength of evidence ind var 2) Both black and white averaged guilty the same unless "moderate" evidence was shown in which black had a high discrepenacy.
Term
Realistic Conflict Theory
Definition
Competition exists of limited resources
Term
Sears & Hovland "Lynching Study"
Definition
Looked at records of cotton acre prices in earlier times and correlated with number of black lynchings. Saw when prices (Economy) went down lynchings went down. Negative correlation of -.7 (strong)
Term
Sherif's Robber's Cave Study
Definition
Eagles vs. Rattlers in summer camp. Tournament = "limited resources" Prejudice and discrimination begins, only quelled by superordinate goal introduced
Term
Superordinate Goal
Definition
a common enemy. Something too big for one group to tackle on its own
Term
Social Categorization
Definition
The mere act of dividing the world into categories of "me" and "not me" is sufficient in and of itself to lead to prejudice, discrimination and stereotyping
Term
Linville "Outgroup Homogeneity Effect"
Definition
Members of outgroups more likely to seem homogenous that members of ingroup.

20 year olds vs. 70 year olds
Term
Tajfel's Minimal Groups
Definition
Shows that dividing into groups is sufficient enough to cause stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination.

Shows college students paper with dots on it, seperated into overestimators and underestimators
Term
Meindl & Lerner Study
Definition
Tested Canadians. If self-esteem of English-Canadians was brought down they'd be more likely to discriminate against French-Canadians

Survey on table with computer cards that falls over.
Term
Cialdini
Definition
ASU study. Lowers self esteem more likely to say they rather than we
Term
Jenning's et. al. "Advertisement Study"
Definition
Group of girls shown ads, either with women acting stereotypically male or female. Then asked if they'd say an impromptu speech.

Ex. of Priming
Term
Priming
Definition
bringing stereotypes into action
Term
Condry & Condry "Baby Study"
Definition
Show undergrads clip of baby in front of jack-in-the-box. If told it was a boy they said the baby was angry, if told it was a girl said it was scared.
Term
Taylor's "Salience Study"
Definition
taped voices of 3 males and 3 females. Asked people what they thought of the voices, nothing interesting. When only one male played however with all women they said male sounded dominant. If one woman they said she sounded bitchy, and like group secretary.
Term
Salience
Definition
something sticks out from the background.

Minorities are salient
Term
Snyder & S Krypnck "Self Fulfilling Prophecy"
Definition
Study with two participants communicating electronically. Given set of jobs to do. Male gets to assign first. If female given female jobs she will act stereotypically female in next trial, if given male jobs she will split evenly
Term
Conformity
Definition
a set of generally accepted norms provided by a culture
Term
Norm
Definition
a set of culturally trasmitted expectations that don't require in store demands
Term
Compliance
Definition
abiding by what one is told
Term
Obedience
Definition
abiding by sated rules which have consequences
Term
Sherif Study
Definition
autokinetic effect, spot of light in pitch black room.

Ex. of Informative Conformity
Term
Asch Study
Definition
Given three lines. 3 confederates and 1 subject. Confederates give wrong answer every trial. Subject will conform 1-3 times 50% of the time

Ex. of Normative Conformity
Term
Informative Conformity
Definition
the desire to be right
Term
Normative Conformity
Definition
the desire to be liked
Term
Private Conformity/Acceptance
Definition
Sherif Study -> informative

Begins to believe privately.
Term
Public Conformity/Acceptance
Definition
Publicly conforms but does not believe. Will go back to right answer without group.

Asch Study -> normative
Term
Group Size
Definition
Size of UNANIMOUS group matters (levels off around 4 people)
Term
Milgram Study (New York)
Definition
Had people in New York stand on a street corner and look up. The more people standing there the more likely passersby would look up as well.

Another study confederate would disagree with issues of participants. Participants began to demean confederate.
Term
Wilder Study
Definition
Isn't size of group, but number of independent opinions (homo/heterogeneity counts)

Had 4 confederates try and get a subject to conform. Results showed people are more likely to conform to a hetergenous group
Term
Group Unanimity
Definition
unanimity a big part of conformity. If just one dissenter is there conformity greatly drops (applies more to normative influence)
Term
Allen & Levine Study
Definition
uses perception stud like Asc. If one confederate dissents conformity drops from 50 to 5%. Even if dissenter is given "coke bottle" glasses conformity still drops
Term
Timing of Dissent
Definition
when dissention comes early, conformity drops the most
Term
Moscovici
Definition
Blue/Green color study.

Ex. of Minority Influence
Term
Minority Influence
Definition
must be consistent, forceful, and give the appearance of rationale.
Term
Milgram "Shock Study"
Definition
Example of COMPLIANCE.
Term
Prime: (Book)
Definition
to mentally activate a concept and hence make it accessible

Priming of specific examples leads to a manner inconsistent with category stereotype
Term
Cognitive Consistency Theories
Definition
Balance, Cognitive Dissonance
Term
Balance Theory
Definition
Theory that people try to maintain balance among their beliefs, cognitions and sentiments (Fritz Heider)
Term
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Definition
The theory that inconsistencies between a person's thoughts, sentiments, and actions create an aversive emotional state (dissonance) that leads to efforts to restore consistency (Leon Festinger)
Term
Effort Justification
Definition
the tendency to reduce dissonance by finding reasons for why we have devoted time, effort, or money to something that has turned out to be unpleasant or disappointing
Term
Sweet Lemons Rationalization
Definition
It's really not so bad
Term
Induced Compliance
Definition
subtly compelling individuals to behave in a manner that is inconsistent with their beliefs, attitudes, or values, which typically leads to dissonance and to a change in their original attitudes or values in order to reduce their dissonance
Term
When Dissonance is Experienced?
Definition
1. the behavior was freely choosen
2. the behavior was not sufficiently justified
3. the behavior had negative consequences
4. the negative consequences were foreseeable
Term
Self-Affirmation
Definition
bolstering our identity and self-esteem by taking note of important elements of our identity, such as our important values
Term
Self-Perception Theory (Book)
Definition
a theory that people cme to kow their own attitudes by looking at their behavior and context in which it occurred and inferring what their attitudes must be
Term
Interpersonal Simulations
Definition
experiments in which an "observer-participant" is given a detailed description of one condition of a dissonance experiment, is told how a participant behaved in that situation and is asked to predict the attitude of that participant
Term
Overjustification Effect
Definition
the tendency to devalue activities we perform in order to get something else
Term
System Justification Theory
Definition
the desire to think highly of the broader political and social systems to which we belong
Term
Terror Management Theory (TMT)
Definition
the theory that people deal with the potentially paralyzing anxiety that comes with the knowledge of the inevitablity of death by striving for symbolic immortality through the preservation of a valued worldview and the conviction taht one has lived up to its values and prescriptions
Term
Social Influence (Book)
Definition
the myriad ways that people impact one another, including changes in attitudes, beliefs, feelings, and behavior, that result from the comments, actions or even the mere presence of others
Term
Conformity (Book)
Definition
changing one's behavior or beliefs in response to explicit or implicit pressure (whether real or imagined) from others
Term
Compliance (Book)
Definition
responding favorably to an explicit request by another person
Term
Obedience (Book)
Definition
in an unequal power relationship, submitting to the demands of the more powerful person (demand rather than request)
Term
Ideomotor Action
Definition
the phenomenon whereby merely thinking about a behavior makes its actual performance more likely (William James)
Term
Informational Social Influence (Book)
Definition
the influence of other people that results from taking their comments or actions as a source of information about what is correct, proper, or effective
Term
Normative Social Influence (Book)
Definition
the influence of other people that comes from the desire to avoid their disapproval, harsh judgments, and other social sanctions
Term
What size juries are most effective?
Definition
12-person juries
Term
What influences the rate of informational conformity?
Definition
Expertise
Term
What influences the rate of normative conformity?
Definition
Status
Term
Internalization
Definition
Private acceptance of a proposition, orientation, or ideology (influenced by informational)
Term
Public Compliance
Definition
agreeing with someone or advancing a position in public, even if we continue to believe something else in private (influenced by normative)
Term
Minority Influence (Book)
Definition
mostly through informational social influence
Term
Tuning in the Learner
Definition
Milgram experiment, bringing learner closer to teacher. Less obedience occurred.
Term
Tuning out the Experimenter
Definition
as experimenter got further away in Milgram study less obedience occurred
Term
"Exceptionalist Thesis"
Definition
crimes like in the Milgram study are only perpetrated by "exceptional" people
Term
"Normalist Thesis"
Definition
The capacity for such destructive obedience as in the Milgram Study lies within all of us if given the right circumstances
Term
Compliance Attempt Types
Definition
Directed at mind. Directed at heart
Term
Norm of Reciprocity
Definition
a norm dictating that people should provide benefits to those who benefit them (more tips given to waiters who give a candy with bill)
Term
Door-in-Face
Definition
AKA Reciprocal Concessions Technique. Asking someone for a large favor and then a small one which seems miniscule in comparison with the first request. Only works if requests are by the same person
Term
Foot-in-the-Door
Definition
a compliance technique in which one makes an initial small requst to which nearly everyone complies, followed by a larger request involving the real behavior of interest
Term
That's-Not-All
Definition
adding something to an original offer, which is likely to create some pressure to reciprocate
Term
Mood Maintenance
Definition
the wanting to sustain a good mood and so we help others which makes us feel good
Term
Negative State Relief Hypothesis
Definition
the idea that people engage in certain actions, such as agreeing to a request, in order to relieve negative feelings and to feel better about themselves
Term
Reactance Theory
Definition
the idea that people reassert their prerogativesin response to unpleasant state of arousal they experience when they believe their freedoms are threatened
Term
Economic Perspective
Definition
identifies the roots of much intergroup hostility int eh competing interests that set many groups apart form one another
Term
Motivational Perspective
Definition
emphasizes the psychological needs and wishes that lead to intergroup conflict
Term
Cognitive Perspective
Definition
traces the origin of stereotyping to the same cognitive processes that allow us to categorize, say, items of furniture into distinct classes of chairs, couches, and tables
Term
Stereotypes (Book)
Definition
beliefs that certain attributes are characteristic of members of particular groups
Term
Prejudice (Book)
Definition
a negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members
Term
Discrimination (Book)
Definition
unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group
Term
Modern Racism
Definition
AKA symbolic racism. prejudice directed at other racial groups that exists alongside rejection of explicitly racist beliefs (ex. that asians are smarter, etc.)
Term
Benevolent Sexism
Definition
a subjectively favorable, chivalrous ideology that offers protection and affection to women who embrace conventional roles (often coexists with hostile sexism)
Term
Hostile Sexism
Definition
antipathy toward women who are viewed as usurping men's power
Term
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
Definition
a technique for revealing nonconscious prejudices toward particular groups
Term
Priming (Book)
Definition
a procedure usedto increase the accessibility of a concept or schema
Term
Realistic Group Conflict Theory
Definition
a theory that gorup conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
glorifying one's own group while vilifying other groups
Term
Superordinate Goals (Book)
Definition
goals that transcend the interests of one individual group and that can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together
Term
"Jigsaw" Classroom
Definition
By Elliot Aronson. Groups of 6 with different races and genders each learning own part and teaching others. Reduces racial tensions and increases learning capacity.
Term
Minimal Group Paradigm (Book)
Definition
an experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examine how the members of these "minimal groups" are inclined to behave toward one another (Tajfel)
Term
Social Identity Theory (Book)
Definition
a theory that a person's self-concept and self-esteem not only derive from personal identity and accomplishments, but from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which the person belongs
Term
Basking in Reflected Glory
Definition
the tendency to take pride in teh accomplishments of those with whom we are in some way associated (even if it is only weakly)
Term
Frustration-Aggression Theory
Definition
the theory that frustration leads to aggression
Term
Paired Distinctiveness
Definition
the pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they co-occur
Term
Subtyping
Definition
explaining away exceptions to a given stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole
Term
Automatic Processes
Definition
processes that occur outside of our awareness, without conscious control
Term
Controlled Processes
Definition
processes that occur with conscious direction and deliberate thoughts
Term
Attributional Ambiguity
Definition
not knowing whether to attribute positive feedback to their own skill or to others' condescension and ot knowing whether to attribute negative feedback to their own error or to others' prejudice
Term
Stereotype Threat
Definition
the fear that we will confirm the stereotypes that others have regarding some salient group of which we are a member
Term
Contact Hypothesis
Definition
the straightforward idea that bringing together students of different races and ethnicities would reduce prejudice and discrimination
Supporting users have an ad free experience!