Shared Flashcard Set

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Psych 101 EMU Fall 2012
Takes Chapters 1-16 for Psych 101 with Billy McCloksey
179
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/13/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Cognitive Psychology
Definition

Study of how we perceived information, how we learn and remeber, how we acquire and use language, and how we solve problems.

(how thoughts are organized)

Term
Developmental Psychology
Definition
Study of how thought adn hebavior change and show stability across the life span (Erikson development)
Term
Behavorial Neuroscience
Definition

Study of the lings among brain, mind, and behavior.

Brain=Structure

Mind= use

Term
Biological Psychology
Definition

Medication.

Study of the connections between bodily systems and chemicals, and their relationship to behavior and thought

Term
Personality Psychology
Definition

Study of what makes people uniqure and the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations

Personality traits/disorders

Term
Social Psychology
Definition

Study of how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feelings, and behavior.

Interactions with others

Bystander Effect

Term
Clinical Psychology
Definition

Study of the treatmetn of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and ways to promote psychological health

More severe

Term
Counseling Psychology
Definition
Similar to clinical psych but may work with less severe psychological disorders and more stable client populations
Term
Health Psychology
Definition

Study of the role that psychological factors play in psychical health and ilness

Hospital settings

Term
Educational Psychology
Definition
Study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, the dynamics of school populations and the psychology of teaching.
Term
Industrial/Organizational Psychology
Definition

Industrial- Focuses on selecting workers, matching employees to jobs and evaluating job performance.

Organizational- Focuses on worker satisfaction, performance, and productivity, by examining management styles and work enviroment.

Term
Sports Psychology
Definition
Examines the psychological factors that affect performance and participation in sports and exercise.
Term
Forensic Psychology
Definition
Field that blends, psychology, law, and criminal justice.
Term
Prehistoric Views
Definition
  • Shamans, medicine men or women
  • treated problems by driving out deams with exorcisims, prayer, ect
  • Might use Trephination
  1. Drilling a small hole in persons skull to release demons
  2. relief from brain tumor
Term
Ancient Views
Definition

Ancient Chinese-made connections between bodily organs and emotions

Ancient Egyptians and Greeks-used narcotics to treat pain

 

Term
Midieval - Early Moder Views
Definition

Supernatural causes blamed again

Asylums (16th Century)- horrible conditions movements for moral treatment.

Term
Ego
Definition
What we see in our personalities
Term
Philosophy of Empiricism
Definition

All knowledge and thoughts come from experience.

John Locke (blank slate)

Term
Psychophysics of Human Perception
Definition

First scientific form of psychology.

Laboratory studies of the subjective experience of physical sensations

Term
Structuralism
Definition

Argued that breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior.

 

Term
Introspection
Definition
Looking into one's own mind to determine the structure of conciousness
Term
Functionalism
Definition
Argued it was better to look at the way the mind works in the way it does than to describe its parts.
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
School of thought that asserts that psychology can be true science only if it examines observable behavior not thoughts, ideas, feelings, or motives.
Term
B.F. Skinner
Definition
Mouse box. pushes button to recieve heroin until it dies.
Term
Pavlov
Definition
Dogs. Bell to salvate and food.
Term
Humanistic Psychology
Definition

Theory of psychology that promotes personal growht and meaning as a way of reaching one's highest potential

Inherently good.

Term
Positive Psychology
Definition

New Humanistic Theory

Scientific approach to studying, understanding, and promoting healthy adn positive psychological functioning

Term

Cognitivism

 

Getsalt Psychology

Definition
Theory of psychology that maintians that we perceive things as wholes rather than as a compilation of parts
Term
Nature Only
Definition
Who we are comes from inborn tendencies and genetically based traits
Term
Nurture Only
Definition
We are all esentially teh same at birth adn we are the product of our experiences.
Term
Mind-Body Dualism
Definition
The mind and the body are seperate entities the body only controls the mind when we abandon good judgement.
Term
Evolution
Definition
The change over time in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species
Term
Evolutionary Psychology
Definition
Branch of psychology that studes human behavior by asking what adaptive problems it may have solved for our early ancestors
Term
Generalization
Definition
We think that things we have already experienced apply to all different situations
Term
3 "flavors" to science
Definition
  1. Physical
  2. Biological
  3. Social
Term
Scientific Thinking
Definition
cognitive skills required to generate, test, and revise theories
Term

O

P

T

I

C

 

Definition

Observe

Predict

Test

Interpret

Communicate

Term
Theories
Definition
A set of related assumptions form which testable predictions can be made
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
Specific, informed, and testable predictions of the outcome of a particular set of condintions in a research design.
Term
Correlational Designs
Definition
Studies that measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another
Term
Random Assignment
Definition
Each participant in the study has the same chance of being in an experiental or control group
Term

Meta-Analysis

 

Definition
A quantitative method for cobining all published research results on one question and drawing a conclusion
Term
Monogenic Transmission
Definition
the hereditary passing on of traits determined by a single gene.
Term
Polygenic Transmission
Definition

When many genes interact to create a single characteristic.

Very common.

Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
Brain and spinal cord
Term

Peripheral Nervous System

  1. Somatic Nervous System
  2. Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
  1. Controls muscle contraction (voluntary)
  2. Controls breathing heart rate, ect. Parasympathetic nervous system (Invouluntary)

 

Term
Glial Cells
Definition

The glue that holds the nervous system together

Maintains body homeostasis, protect neurons, makes myelin

Term
Neurons
Definition

Cells that process and transmit information in the nervous system.

Building blocks.

information tranvles within a neron in the form of an electical signal

Term
Soma (cell body)
Definition
Nucleus
Term
Axon (long tube)
Definition
Myelin Sheath
Term
Dentrites (tree part)
Definition

Picks up information from other neurons

 

Term
Synapes (space between)
Definition

Terminal button

Synaptic cleft

Term
Sensory Neurons
Definition
Receive incoming sensory information
Term
Motor Neurons
Definition

Carry commands for movement.

Mirror Neurons

Term
Interneurons
Definition

Communcate only with other neurons

most common type

Term
Action Potential
Definition

Na+ Outside-> In

and

K+ Inside-> Out

 

Term
Synaptic Vesicles
Definition

Tiny sacs in the terminal buttons that contain neurotransmitters.

Send messages to other neurons.

Term

Two ways to remove excess neurotransmitters from synaptic cleft!

 

Definition

1. Enymatic Degradation

2. Reuptake!

Term
HindBrain
Definition

Medulla

Pons

Cerebellum

Term
Medulla
Definition
Imprtant in reflexes, breathing, and blood pressure.
Term
Pons
Definition

Connection between hindbrain and mid/forbrain

Involved in both sleep and arousal

Term
Cerebellum
Definition

AKA Little brain

Aww. :]

involved in learning and language development

Involved in mother coordination and fine motor skills.

Term

MidBrain

Reticular Formation

Definition

goes thru the hindbrain and the midbrain

involved in arousal and heaviors that we do everyday.

 

Term

Forebrain

 

Thalamus

Definition

sensory relay station

takes sensory information and relays it to the cerebral cortex

smell is the only sensory system that doesn't use the thalamus.

 

Term
Limbic System
Definition

Hypothalamus

Hippocamus

Amygdala

Cingulategyrus

Basal Ganglia

Term
Hypothalamus
Definition

regulates major drives.

hunger, thirst, yadda yadda yadda

Term
Hippocampus
Definition
Learning and memory
Term
Amygdala
Definition
Alarm center of the brain
Term
Cingulate gyrus
Definition

Attention and behavioral control

malfunctioning in people with schizophrenia

Term
Basal Ganglia
Definition

Voluntary motor control

damaged in disorderst that go along with impared movements.

(Parkinsons Disease)

Term
Cerebrum
Definition

Frontal lobe

Temporal Lobes

Parietal Lobes

Occpital Lobe

Term
Frontal Lobe
Definition

attention, planning, social awareness, creative problem solving

(Phinneas Gage's Injury!)

Term
Temporal Lobe
Definition
Auditory, memory, and emotion
Term
Parietal Lobes
Definition
Sensation and perception of touch.
Term
Occiptial Lobe
Definition
Visual Stimuli
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition

outler layer of the brain

planning perception and conciousness take place here.

What makes us human.

Term
Left Hemisphere
Definition
Analytical and focused
Term
Right Hemisphere
Definition
insight and solutions to ideas
Term
Corpus Callosum
Definition
A thick bundle of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres
Term
Broca's Area
Definition
Damage to this area leads to problems with speech production
Term
Wernicke's Area
Definition

Damage to this area can result in problems with speech comprehension

May speek gramatically and rhythmically but do not understand language

Term
Neurogenesis
Definition

Arborization

grown and formation of new dendrites

more and different connections between neurons

Term
EEG
Definition

Records electrical activity

shows when brain activity occurs but not where

 

Term

MRI

Magetic Resonance Imaging

Definition
uses magnetic fields to produce a very finely detailed images of the structure of the human brain and other soft tissues.
Term
Sensation
Definition

A physical process

stimulation of our sense organs

process of receiving information not making sense of it.

Term
Perception
Definition

A psychological process of organizing and interpreting sensory experience

making sense of it.

 

Term
Sensory Adaptation
Definition
process by which our sensitivity diminishes when an object constantly stimulates our senses
Term
Transduction
Definition

Conversion of physical into neural information

process that occurs between sensation and perception

Term
Psychophysics
Definition
study of how we make psychological meaning out of physical stimuli
Term
Absolute Thresholds
Definition
Smallest amount of a stimulus needed for us to be able to detect it.
Term
Cornea
Definition
Sheilds the eye and focuses light
Term
Iris
Definition
Colored part of the eye that regulates the amout of light that enters the eye
Term
Pupil
Definition
the "hole" in the iris that light travles through
Term
Lens
Definition
Focuses light and images onto retina
Term
Retina
Definition

has photo receptors

Rods- black and white

Cones- color

concentrated on Macula (fovea)

Term
Optic Nerve
Definition

Transmits signals from the eye to the brain

Made up of the axons and ganglion cells

Term
Optic Chasim
Definition
point at which the strants of the optic nerve cross over.
Term
Feature Detectors
Definition
analyze the retnial image and respond to specific aspects of shapes
Term
Simple Cells
Definition

Respond to specific information

shapes, lines, angles

only in middle of receptive field

Term
complex cells
Definition

receive info from many simple cells.

fire in response to an object in any part of the visual field.

Term
Hypercomplex cells
Definition
get information form a bunch of complex cells.
Term
Apparent motion
Definition
the brain inaccurately interprets the sensation of light on our retinas
Term
Real Movement Neurons
Definition

help our brain to distinguish between real movement and false movement.

Only fire when the object moves, not the eye.

Term
Size Consistancy
Definition
We see things as the same size no matter how they may look if they are far away
Term
Shape consistancy
Definition
we overrade actualy images for shapes that we are familiar with
Term
Similarity
Definition
Tendency to group similar objects together
Term
Continuity
Definition
We see things in such a way that they travel a continuous path
Term
Proximity
Definition
we group things that are close to onee another
Term
closure
Definition
we see a whole object evenif the object is not clearly formed
Term
figure-ground
Definition
we see things as either figure or ground and never at the same time.
Term
Bottom Up Processing
Definition
perception is a process of building a perceptual experience from smaller pieces. small pieces = whole picture.
Term
Top-Down Processing
Definition
Perception of the whole guides perception of smaller elemental features.
Term
Trichromatic Color Theory
Definition

color that we experience results from a mixing of three colors of light, red, green, and blue.

 

Term
Opponent Process theory
Definition

cones linked together in three color pairs that oppose one another, so that the activation of one in each pair inhibits activity in the other.

Blue/yellow

Red/green

Black/white

Term
Amplitude
Definition
reveals volume
Term
Frequency
Definition
Reveals Pitch
Term
Purity
Definition
Reveals timbre
Term
Outer Ear
Definition

Pinnae-ear lobe

Auditory Canal

Tympanic Membrane-ear drum

 

Term

Middle Ear

3 tiny bones

Definition

Hammer

Anvil

Stirrup

Term
Inner ear
Definition

Semicircular canals- assist with balance

Cochlea- basilar membrane and hair cells.

Term
mechanoreceptors
Definition
Receptor cells in the skin that are sensitve to different tactile qualities
Term
nociceptive pain
Definition
- pain that comes form damage to the skin.
Term
Germinal Stage
Definition

From conception to 2 weeks

30-50% of pregnancies end during this stage.

 

Term
Zygote
Definition
Fertilized egg
Term
Embryonic Stage
Definition

2 weeks to 8 weeks

formation of major organs

Term
Fetal Stage
Definition

from 8 weeks until birth

formation of bone cells

heartbeat is detectable between 8 and 12 weeks

Term
When are fetuses suceptible to structural defects?
Definition

Embryonic Stage

 

Term
When is the fetus suceptible to functional defects?
Definition
Fetal Stage
Term
Neural Migration
Definition

Movements of neurons from one part of the fetal brain to their more permanent destination

3 to 5 months of the fetal stage

 

Term
Blood Brain Barrier
Definition

absent until age 1.

protects the brain from toxions.

Term
Hearing
Definition
Ears are connected to the brain by about 18 weeks.
Term
Smell and Taste
Definition
May be influenced by chemicals in amniotic fluid
Term
Vision
Definition
vision does most of its development after birth.
Term
Teratogens
Definition
substances that interfere with development and can cause birth defects
Term
Temperament
Definition

biological based tendency to behave in certain ways from very eary in life.

Thought to be more nature than nurture.

Term
Personality
Definition

stems from temperament.

involved behaviors, thoughts, and feelings.

Can be affected by parental personality but more based on experience than temperament.

Term
Reflexes
Definition

Grasping

Rooting-Mouth directed towards fingers/breasts.

Moro- response to being scared. Enlarged eyes and arms and legs go out to catch themselves.

Term
Fine Motor Skills
Definition

coordination of smaller muscles

often assessed using drawing skills

Term
Early Sensory Development
Definition

five major senses develop at different rates.

Experience is critical

 

Term
Pruning
Definition

Degradation of synapses and dying off of neurons that are not strengthened by experience.

 

Term
Rate of Brain Growth
Definition

Slows down after age six then slowes even more after adolescence.

Continues throughout life span.

Term
Sensorimotor Stage
Definition

Age 0-2

infants learn about the world by using their senses by moving their body.

Term
Object Permanence
Definition
knowing an object is still there even if it is hidden from view.
Term
Preoperational stage
Definition

Age 2-5.

Begins witht he emergence of symbolic thought

Term
Animistic Thinking
Definition
giving non-humans more humanlike qualities
Term
Concrete Operational Stage
Definition

Age 6-11.

limitations of the preoperational stage are overcome.

 

Term
Formal Operational Stage
Definition

age 12 and up.

Reasoning about abstract concepts and problems become possible

Term
Theory of Mind
Definition
Knowledge and ideas and about how other people's minds work.
Term
Preconventional level
Definition
Avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards.
Term
Conventional Level
Definition
valuing caring, trust, and relationships as well as the social order and lawfulness.
Term
Postconventional Level
Definition
universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules.
Term
Three categories of infant temperament
Definition

Easy Child 40%

Diffcult child 10%

Slow to warm up to child 15%

Term
Imprinting
Definition

Phase sensitive learning.

Occurs in lower animals but not human beings.

Follow what's around them. Learning right @ birth. Very Important.

Term
Attachment Theory
Definition

emotinoal connection between an infant and his/her caregivers.

Seperation Anxiety.

 

Term
Secure attachment
Definition
Happy connection and evident warmth
Term
Insecure attachment
Definition

Avoidant-absence of obvious distress during separation.

Resistant- difficultingbeing comforted and may be actively resist contact with parent.

Disorganized/Disoriented-inconsistent behaviors and demonstrates possible fear of the parent.

Term
Social Referencing
Definition

Mimicry of others.

Development of emotions

Term
Emotional Competence
Definition
ability to control emotinos and know when its appropriate to express certain emotions
Term
Adolescence
Definition
a transition period between childhood and adulthood that brings challenges and excitement.
Term
Menarche
Definition
first period D:
Term
Spermarche
Definition

First ejaculation.

 

Term
Emerging Adulthood
Definition

18-25

A transitional time between adolescence and young adulthood.

3 important issues.

1. career identity

2. sexual identity

3. ethnic identity

Term
Young Adulthood
Definition

(Mid 20s)

Begins with key tasks of emerging adulthood have been completed.

Marriage

Parenthood.

Term
Conciousness
Definition
Awareness of one's surroundings and of what's in one's mind at any given moment.
Term
Wakefulness
Definition
Individuals degree of alertness.
Term
Awareness
Definition
Knowing what's going on
Term
Coma
Definition
Severity assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale.
Term
Vegitative State
Definition
Awake without awareness.
Term
preconcious
Definition
not concious at the time but information is accessible.
Term
Tip of the Tounge Phenomenon
Definition
failure to find a word but the feeling that it's right there.
Term
Mindfulness
Definition

Heightened awareness at the moment.

We very rarely do this in everyday lives.

Term
Sustained Attention
Definition
Ability to maintain focused awareness on the idea or thing.
Term
What waves do you have when you're awake?
Definition
Beta Waves.
Term
What kinds of waves do you have when you're awake but drowsy
Definition
Alpha waves
Term
Characteristics of non REM sleep
Definition

From stages 1 - 4.

Theta waves and Delta waves

Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
Randomly falling asleep
Term
What is the AIM theory
Definition
Activation, Input, Mode
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