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Psych 101 Test 2 (Tri-C)
Intro to Psych Chap 6
34
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/17/2006

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Term
memory
Definition
the process of encoding, storage, consolidationg, and retrieval of information
Term
encoding
Definition
the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory
Term
retrieval
Definition
the process of bringing to mind information that has been stored in memory
Term
storage
Definition
the process of keeping or maintaining information in memory
Term
consolidation
Definition
a physiological change in the brain that allows encoded information to be stored in memory
Term
sensory memory
Definition
memory system that holds information from the senses for a period of time ranging from only a fraction of a second to about 2 seconds
Term
short-term memory (STM)
Definition
memory system that codes informationg according to sound and holds about seven (from 5-9 words) items for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal; also called working memory
Term
long-term memory (LTM)
Definition
the memory system with a virtually unlimited capacity that contains vast stores of person's permanent or relatively permanent memories
Term
displacement
Definition
the event that occurs when short-term memory is filled to capacity and each new, incoming item pushes an existing item, which is then forgotten
Term
chunking
Definition
memory strategy that involves grouping or organzing bits of information into larger units, which are easier to remember
Term
maintenance rehearsal
Definition
repeating information over and over again until it is no longer needed
Term
elaborative rehearsal
Definition
memory strategy that involves relating new information to something that is already known
Term
declarative
Definition
subsystem within long-term memory that stores facts, information, and personal life events that can be brought to mind verbally or in the form of images and then declared or stated; also called explicit memory
Term
episodic memory
Definition
type of declarative memory that records events as they have been subjectively experienced
Term
semantic memory
Definition
type of declarative memory that stores general knowledge, or objective facts and information
Term
nondeclarative memory
Definition
subsystem within long-term memory that stores motor skills, habits, and simple classically conditoned responses; also called implicit memory
Term
recall
Definition
memory task in which a person must produce required information by searching memory
Term
retrieval cue
Definition
any stimulus or bits of information that aids in retrieving particular information from long-term memory
Term
recognition
Definition
memory task in which a person must simply identify material as familiar or as having been encountered before
Term
relearning method
Definition
measure of memory in which retention is experessed as the percentage of time saved when material is relearned compared with the time required to learn the material originally
Term
reconstruction
Definition
an account of an event that has been pieced together from a few highlights, using information hat may or may not be accurate
Term
schemas
Definition
the integrated frameworks of knowledge and assumptions a person has about people, objects, and events, which affect how the person encodes and recalls information
Term
flashbulb memory
Definition
extremely vivid memory of the conditions surround one's first hearing the news of a surprising, shocking, or highly emotional event
Term
state-dependent memory effect
Definition
tendency to recall information better if one is in the same pharmacological or psychological state as when the information was encoded
Term
long-term potentiation
Definition
increase in the efficiency of neural transmission at the synapses that lasts four hour or longer
Term
encoding failure
Definition
cause of forgetting that occurs when information was never put into long-term memory
Term
consolidation failure
Definition
any disruption in the consolidation process that prevents a long-term memory from forming
Term
decay theory
Definition
oldest theory of forgetting, which holds that memories, if not used, fade with time and ultimately disappear altogether
Term
interference
Definition
cause of forgetting that occurs because information or associations stored either before or after a given memory hinder the ability to remember it
Term
motivated forgetting
Definition
forgetting through suppression or repression in an effort to protet oneself from material that is painful, frightening, or otherwise unpleasant
Term
repression
Definition
completely removing unpleasant memories from one's consciousness, so that one is no longer aware that a painful event occured
Term
overlearning
Definition
practicing or studying material beyond the point where it can be repeated once without error
Term
massed practice
Definition
learning in one long practice session without rest periods
Term
spaced practice
Definition
learning in short practice sessions with rest periods in between
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