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Psych 101 Test 2 (Tri-C)
Intro to Psych Chap 5
31
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/17/2006

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Term
learning
Definition
a relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude that is acquired through experience and cannot be attributed to illnes, injury, or maturation
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
a type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another
Term
stimulus
Definition
any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds
Term
pavlov's experiments
Definition
he used tones, bells, buzzers, lights, geometrics shapes, electric shocks, and metronomes in is conditioning experiments
Term
UR
Definition
Unconditioned Response
An unlearned response
Term
US
Definition
Unconditioned Stimulus
stimulus that elicits a specific unconditioned response without prior learning
Term
CR
Definition
Conditioned Response
A learned response
Term
CS
Definition
Conditioned Stimulus
A learned stimulus
Term
extinction (in classical conditioning)
Definition
in classical conditioning, the weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response as a result of repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus
Term
spontaneous recovery (in classical conditioning)
Definition
the reappearance of an extinguished response (weaker in a form) when an organism is exposed to the original conditioned stimulus following a rest period
Term
generalization (in classical conditioning)
Definition
in classical conditioning, the tendency to make a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus
Term
discrimination (in classical conditioning)
Definition
the learned ability to distinguish between similiar stimuli so that the conditioned response occurs only to the original conditioned stimulus but not to similar stimuli
Term
taste aversion
Definition
the intense dislike and/or avoidance of a particular food that has been associated with nausea or discomfort
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
a type of learning in which the consequences of behavior are manipulated so as to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an entirely new response
Term
law of effect (Thorndike)
Definition
One of Throndike's laws of learning, which states that the consquence, or effect, of a response will determine whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future will be strengthened or weakened
Term
reinforcer
Definition
anything thar follows a response and strengthens it or increases the probability that it will occur
Term
reinforcement
Definition
any event that follows a response and strengthens or increae the probability that the response will be repeated
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
any pleasant or desirable consequence that follows a response and increase the probabilty that will response will be repeated
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
the termination of an unplesant condition after a response, which increases the probability that the response will be repeated
Term
punishment
Definition
the removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus, thereby lowering the probabilty of a response
Term
primary reinforcer & punishers
Definition
the reinforcer that fulfills a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning
Term
secondary reinforcer & punishers
Definition
a reinforcer that is acquired for learned through association with other inforcers
Term
shaping
Definition
an operant conditioning technique that consists of gradually molding a desired behavior by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response, thereby gradually guiding the responses toward the ultimate goal
Term
successive approximations
Definition
a series of gradual steps, each of which is more similar to the final desired response
Term
extinction (in operant conditioning)
Definition
the weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response as a result of the withholding if reinforcement
Term
generalization (in operant conditioning)
Definition
the tendency to make the learned response to a stimulus similar to that for which the response was originally reinforced
Term
discriminative stimulus (in operant conditioning)
Definition
a stimulus that signals whether a certain response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished
Term
behavior modification
Definition
a method of changing behavior through a systematic program based on the learning principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or observational learning
Term
taken economy
Definition
a program that motivates socially desirable behavior by reinforcing it with tokens that can be exchanged for desired items or privileges
Term
observational learning
Definition
learning by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior; learning imitation
Term
modeling
Definition
another name for observational learning
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