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PSYCH&100: Chapter 1
Study Guide
27
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/30/2012

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Term
Psychology
Definition
scientific study of behaviour and mental processes
Term
What is Psychology meant by the definition terms?
Definition
By scientific, it involves collecting and evaluating information using systematic observations and measurements. Behavior involves anything we do that can be directly observed and recorded, like sleeping, text messaging, etc. Mental involves our private, internal experiences – thoughts, perceptions, feelings that cannot be observed directly.
Term
Four Basic Goals of Psychology: What questions do they answer?
Definition

Description – What is their nature?

Explanation – Why do they occur?

Prediction – When do they occur?

Change – How can we change them?

Term
Six Steps of Scientific Method
Definition
1. Question and Literature review

2. Testable Hypothesis

3. Research Design

4. Data Collection and Analysis

5. Publication

6. Theory Development

Term
Hypothesis
Definition
specific, testable prediction about how one factor or variable, is related to another
Term
Informed Consent
Definition
The participant’s agreement to take part in a study after being told what to expect
Term
Debriefing
Definition
when the research is completed, participants are informed of the study’s design and purpose and answer questions
Term
Deception
Definition
used in research to reveal natural responses to the experiment by not telling participants the true purpose
Term
Purpose, Advantages, Disadvantages of Experimental Method
Definition
Purpose: Identify cause and effect, meeting goal of explanation

Advantages: Allows researches precise control over variables, helps identify cause and effect

Disadvantages: Ethical concerns, practical limitations, artificiality of lab conditions, uncontrolled variables

Term
Purpose, Advantages, Disadvantages of Description Method
Definition
Purpose: Observe, collect, and record data

Advantages: Little artificiality, easier data collection, allows description of behavior and mental processes as they occur

Disadvantages: Little or no control over variables, researcher and participant biases, cannot identify cause and effect

Term
Purpose, Advantages, Disadvantages of Correlational Method
Definition
Purpose: Identify relationships and assess how well one variable predicts another

Advantages: Helps clarify tensions between variables, which cannot be examined by other methods, and allows prediction

Disadvantages: No control over variables, cannot identify cause and effect

Term
Experimental research has the unique advantage that it is the only type of research to identify c________ and e________.
Definition
Cause and Effect
Term
Experimenter Bias
Definition
Occurs when research influences research results in the expected direction
Term
Participant Bias
Definition
Occurs when experimental conditions influence the participant's behavior or mental processes.
Term
Placebo
Definition
Inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control technique, usually in drug research or given by medical practitioner to patient.
Term
How do they address problems of experimenter bias?
Definition
Blind observers, single- and double-blind studies, placebos
Term
How do they address problems of participant bias?
Definition
Anonymity, confidentiality, deception, sing- and double- blind studies, placebos
Term
Sample Bias
Definition
Occurs when research participants are not representative of the larger population
Term
Sample
Definition
group of research participants
Term
Population
Definition
larger group represented by a sample
Term
Random/Representative Sampling
Definition
Sampling that likely produces a representative, unbiased sample by choosing participants who constitute a representative sample of the entire population
Term
Random Assignment
Definition
Using chance methods to assign participants to experimental or control conditions, minimizing bias or preexisting differences in the groups
Term
Naturalistic Observation
Definition
Observation and recording behavior and mental processes in the participant's natural state of habitat
Term
Survey
Definition
Research technique that questions a large sample of people to assess their behaviors and attitudes
Term
Case Study
Definition
In-depth study of a single research participant
Term
Does correlation imply causation?
Definition
NO NOPE NOPENO SDJLFK
Term
Does correlation allow prediction?
Definition
Yes.
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