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PSYC3100
Psychology of Addiction
41
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
09/14/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
 Pharmacology
Definition
The scientific study of drugs; concerned with all information about the effects of drugs on living systems
Term
Psychopharmacology
Definition
The subarea of pharmacology that concerns the effects of drugs on behavior
Term
Psychology
Definition
The scientific study of behavior
Term
Drug
Definition
any chemical entity or mixture of entities not required for the maintenance of health but that alters biological function or structure when administered
Term
5 Classifications of Drugs
Definition

1. by origin (opiates)

2. by therapeutic use (antidepressants)

3. by chemical structure (barbituates)

4. by mechanism of action (opiodergic & GABAergic)

5. by street name (bud, pot)

Term

Pharmacological Factors

 Factors of the Drug Experience

Definition

1. pharmacodynamics: how a drug acts within the brain (Drug Actions)

2. Dosage: the measure of how much of the drug is consumed

3. pharmacokinetics: how a drug gets there (Route of Administration) ADME

Term

Characteristics of Drug User

Factors of the Drug Experience

Definition

1. Genetics: biologically inherited difference in reactions to drugs

2. Sex: (males have higher body water)

3. Age: (changes in metabolism)

4. Experience: drug specific

5. Developmental: (exposed as child)

6. Personality

7. Psychological Set: (expectancies)

8. Interactions: all of these factors together

Term

Context

Factors of the Drug Experience

Definition

Setting is a major role in substance abuse

1. Laws

2. Physical environment

3. People

Term
Prevalence
Definition

lifetime occurence of an event,

usually expressed in terms of a percentage of some population

Term
Incidence
Definition

Number of first time occurences of an event,

during a period of time

Term
Polydrug Use
Definition

The same person's regular use of more than 1 drug

(alcohol & tobacco)

(cocaine & heroin)

Term
Types of Alcohol Related Deaths
Definition

1. Alcohol-related accidents (MV, Falls)

2. Alcohol overdose

3. Liver Disease

4. Other cancers, heart disease

5. Alcohol-related violence

Term

Drug Abuse/ Misuse

 

Definition
any use of drugs that causes physical, psychological, legal, or social harm to the individual user or to others affected by the drug user's behavior
Term

Substance Abuse

definition

Definition

Maladaptive substance use that causes clinically important distress or impairment as shown in a single 12 month period by 1 or more of the 4 symptoms

 

 

 

 

 

considered LESS severe

 

Term
Symptoms of Substance Abuse
Definition

must have 1 or more of the following symptoms to be diagnosed:

1. failure to carry out major obligations at work, home, or school because of repeated substance use

2. repeated use of substance in situations where it is physically hazardous (swimming, driving)

3. repeated experience of legal problems

4. Continued use of substance despite knowing that it has caused or worsened social or interpersonal problems

Term
Substance Dependence
Definition

A maladaptive pattern of substance use that leads to clinically important distress or impairment as shown in a single 12 month period by 3 of the 7 symptoms

 

 

 

 

Considered MORE severe

Diagnostic form of "addiction"

Term
Symptoms of Substance Dependence
Definition

must have 3 of the following:

1. Amount or duration of use often greater than intended

2. continually trying without success to control or reduce use

3. spending much time using, recovering, or trying to obtain it

4. reducing or abandoning important work, social, or leisure activities because of use

5. continuing to use despite knowing that it has probably cause ongoing physical or psychological problems.

6. Tolerance

7. Withdrawal

Term
DSM V: Substance Use Disorder
Definition

Maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by 2 or more of the symptoms, occuring within a 12 month period

1. Failure to fulfill obligations

2. use in physically hazardous situations

3. continued use despite having social or interpersonal problems caused or worsened by the effects of use

4. Tolerance

5. Withdrawal

6. Often takin in larger amounts or for longer durations than intended

7. unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use

8. spending much time using, recovering, or obtaining

9. social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up

10. use continued despite knowing it has probably caused physical or psychological problems

11. craving or strong desire to use

 

**NOTE: absence of legal problems

Term
Major Neurotransmitter Systems
Definition

1. GABA

2. Glutamate

3. Monoamines

        Norepinephrine (NE)

        Serotonin (5HT)

        Dopamine (DA)

4. Endorphines

Term
GABA
Definition

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter

 

One of the most widespread NT

 

"Brakes" of the brain

Term
Glutamate
Definition

Primary excitatory neurotransmitter

 

"Gas" of the brain

Term
Monoamines
Definition

1. Norepinephrine(NE): associated with level of arousal; equivalent of adrenaline.

2. Serotonin(5HT): associated with array of biological function: mood, sleep, appetite

3. Dopamine(DA): 2 primary roles: reward & motivation, movement

Term
Evolutionary Origins of Drug Use/Misuse:
Definition

Powerful Reward: activate primary reward pathway in the brain.  This is the same pathway that is activated through other fitness enhancing behaviors (food & sex)

Frugivory: Fruit consumption assisted by smell of alcohol which indicates the presence of fruit and urges organism to find food aswell as stimulates appetite.

Disinfectant: Alcohol is a bactericide and although today this is not as impotant, it was important for fighting infection and was often times safer than water.

Term
San Francisco Ordinance
Definition

1875

Banned Opium Dens

Didn't ban smoking opium!

Term
Pure Food and Drug Act
Definition

1906

designed to control opium addiction

required accurate labeling of products containing opiates, alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana

 

Term
Harrison Narcotics Act
Definition

1914

resulted from international agreement on opium control

regulated opiates and other drugs via licensing

inaccurate inclusion of cocaine as a narcotic

stimulated the creation of treatment centers in larger cities

 

counterproductive: shifted opiate and morphine addicts to heroin and doubled the number of addicts in the U.S.

 

Term

18th Amendment --Prohibition

Pros

Definition

1920 "The Noble Experiment"

prohibited the production, sale, transportation, importing of alcohol anywhere in the U.S.

Pros:

  1. victory for temperance movement
  2. reduced drinking by 30-50%
  3. reduced alcohol related arrests
  4. reduced liver cirrhosis deaths
  5. reduced alcohol-related treatment admissions

 

 

Term

18th amendment--Prohibition

Cons

Definition

Cons:

  1. extremely difficult to enforce
  2. increases in marijuana use
  3. disproportionately affected working americans--criticized for being biased
  4. highly unpopular
  5. criminal groups took over alcohol distrubution, organized crime proliferated
  6. dangers of black market alcohol use
Term
Post-Prohibition Legislation
Definition

1933: 21st amendment--Repeal of prohibition due to unpopularity and negative consequences

1937: Marijuana Tax Act-- Harrison act for MJ

1940-1970: various legislative changes increase legal consequences, expand attention, and identify need for treatment.

1965: Drug Abuse Control Amendment-- stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens are regulated under federal law

1970: Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act-- the basis for current drug regulation in the U.S.

 

Term
Schedules of Controlled Substances I-V
Definition

I: high potential for abuse; no accepted medical use

heroin, MDMA (X), Quaaludes, Marijuana

II: high potential for abuse; accepted medical use with severe restrictions; severe dependence

opium, Cocaine, Methamphetamines, Oxycodone, PCP

III: potential for abuse (lower than I & II); accepted medical use; moderate dependence

ketamine, marinol, tylenol with codeine

IV: low potential for abuse; accepted medical use; limited dependence relative to schedule III

valium, ativan, xanax

V: even lower potential for abuse; accepted medical use; even lower dependence

phernagan, robitussin A-C

 

Term
Neuron
Definition

Specialized cell in the brain; able to communicate with other cells

 

(basic building blocks of the nervous system)

 

 

Neurons are like other cells in the body, but can communicate with each other.  We have about 100 BILLION neurons in our brains.

Term
Dendrites
Definition

spiny, branchlike structures that extend from cell body of a neuron, contain numerous receptor sites and are important in neural transmission

 

"EARS" of the neuron -- recieve information

Term
Axon
Definition

long cylindrical extension of the cell body of the neuron; transmits information by conducting electrical signal (action potential) from one end of the neuron to the other

 

"MOUTH" of neuron

Term
myelin
Definition

fatty white substance that covers the axons of some neurons

 

provides insulation for the axon, silimar to a wire (not all axons are covered in myelin sheaths--"unmyelinated"

Term

Action Potential

 

and how it is created

Definition

the electrical impulse along the axon that occurs when a neuron fires

How is an action potential created?

  1. the flow of charged particles (ions) across the axon membrane reaches a threshold
  2. ion channels open and permit positive ions in, massively depolarizing the neuron
  3. which creates an ACTION POTENTIAL: (rapid change in electrochemical valence of cell, that then travels away from cell)

 

 

Term

Axon Terminal

(terminal button)

Definition

button like structures at the ends of axon branches.

 

Axon terminals store neurotransmitters.

They don't come in contact with dendrites of other neurons

Term
synapse
Definition

the junction between neurons

 

it is generally seperated by a gap called the synaptic cleft

Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition

chemical substances stored in the axon terminals that are released into the synapse when the neuron fires. 

 

 Neurotransmitters then influence activity in postsynaptic neurons.

Term
Drug Actions
Definition
  1. mimic or block neurotransmitters (stopping or enhancing communication)
  2. alter synthesis or transport (speed up, or slow down the transport)
  3. affect storage or release
  4. alter break down or reuptake (change how rapidly NTs are broken down or taken out of synapse
  • selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor: serotonin stays in synapse longer and overstimulates post-synaptic neuron
Term
Neurotransmitter Agonist and Antagonist
Definition

Agonist: increases activity of neurotransmitters

Antagonist: reduces activity of neurotransmitters

  • Nicotine = agonist        /    Atropine = antagonist of ACETYLCHOLINE
  • Cocaine = agonist       /    Chlorpromazine = antagonist of DA & NE
  • LSD = agonist            /     Chlorpromazine = antagonist of SEROTONIN
  • Morphine = agonist     /     Naloxone = antagonist of ENDORPHINS
  • barbiturates = agonist  /    Bicuculline = antagonist of GABA
  • Aspartic Acid = agonist /   PCP = antagonist of GLUTAMATE
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