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PSYC23
Final Exam Lecture
56
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
04/21/2015

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
3 types of childhood abuse
Definition
physical, sexual, and exposure to intimate partner violence
Term
Neurobiology of Child Abuse
Definition
- reduction in left hippocampus
- reduction in left amygdala
- alterations in GABA receptors in amygdala
Term
Abused as a child and committed suicide
Definition
- fewer stress receptors compared to normal suicide or control
- more methylation on genes that code for stress receptors
Term
Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA)
Definition
- genes that code for an enzyme that metabolizes neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, and epinephrine) and renders them inactive
- deficiencies in this gene and low activity is linked to aggression in mice and men
Term
greater chance of expressing antisocial behaviour
Definition
MAOA gene + child abuse =
Term
measures of harsh parenting
Definition
hostility, angry coercion, physical attack, and antisocial behaviour
Term
measures of a warmth and supportive partner
Definition
warmth/support, endearment, escalate warmth, and reciprocate warmth
Term
Generation 1 -> Generation 2
harsh parenting
Definition
r = 0.30 (moderately associated, still significant)
Term
with warm romantic partner
Definition
r = 0.04
Term
without warm romantic partner
Definition
r = 0.48
Term
unresolved trauma or loss
Definition
this dirsupts the ability of a mother to respond sensitively to infant and possibly intensifies the behaviour of the child when alarmed
Term
Reorganization of past
Definition
when unresolved mothers show evidence of this, their infants will have secure attachments
Term
Evolutionary: Cinderella Effect
Definition
- child abuse and child murder is more common by step parents then natural parents
- especially in the 0-2 age range
Term
Power dynamic
Definition
- low perceived power = assume children are more powerful
- child as an agent; parent as victim
Term
physiological arousal
Definition
- adults low on powerlessness show elevated heart rates in response to an unrelated child who ignored them
Term
Harsh Parenting
Definition
- child with difficult temperament and a parent who has perceived lower power leads to
Term
Executive Function
Definition
- regulates, controls, and manages thoughts and actions
- capacities for self-control
- goal-directed problem solving and persistence
Term
5 types of Executive Functions
Definition
1. ability to inhibit behaviour
2. ability to use visual images
3. ability to talk to yourself
4. ability to control our emotions and motivation
5. ability to plan and problem solve
Term
working memory
Definition
parent needs to keep track of recent caregiving events and remember caregiving priorities in the face of competing demands for her attention
Term
inhibitory control
Definition
parent needs to recognize automatic responses to emotionally upsetting parent-child interactions and consider alternative responses
Term
selective and flexible control
Definition
parent needs to focus and switch attention while ignoring other competing pressures or signals
Term
Fewer maternal depressive symptoms
Definition
greater attention bias to infants distress face is associated with
Term
Distractibility or less parenting distress
Definition
greater attention bias to infants emotion face is associated with
Term
Goldilocks model
Definition
- too little or too much of an infant cry may be problematic for parent responsiveness, reflecting and imbalance in feeling and thought
Term
Greater vagal suppression
Definition
- in response to infant cries in securely attached mothers
- in response to infant cries in highly sensitive and non-harsh parents
Term
Anterior cingulate cortex
Definition
divided into ventral (emotional) and dorsal (cogntive)
- blood flow increases in ventral and decreases to dorsal during a conflict task with emotional distractions
Term
P200
Definition
early positive ERP that is associated with enhanced attention to a task following an emotional distraction (laugh)
Term
N450
Definition
a late negative ERP that is associated with conflict processing and activation of ACC and with modulation by emotional stimuli (cry)
Term
cry bias effect
Definition
- regulated to attachment, perceived emotions and vagal regulation
- appears to be produced by reciprocal suppression between emotional and cognitive processes associated with sub-regions of the ACC
Term
alloparenting
Definition
- humans evolved because there is more than one person taking care of the child
Term
theory of mind
Definition
understanding the minds of others
Term
maternal reflective function
Definition
critically transforms the infants emotional responses into a mental content that become associated with a language of desire and belief (early social origins of theory of mind)
Term
2 classes of behaviours
Definition
1. internalizing - insecure (anxiety and depression)
2. externalizing - disorganized (impulse control and anti-social)
Term
Internalizing
Definition
insecure attachment strategy, and if you show a lot of anxiety then that means you’re worrying about whether your parent is going to come in the room or not; if you’re depressed or avoidant, then you’ve resigned and you’ve realized your parent isn’t coming back and you don’t care anymore
Term
Externalizing
Definition
no strategy at all; you don’t have a way to narrate your deregulated experience you just act it out – if you feel upset…it’s not because your mom not coming back, it’s just about not having any person to think about in regards to your dysregulation, so you take it out on anyone; usually in children who have an impulse control problem
Term
internet addiction disorder
Definition
- a decrease in brain functional connectivity in adolescents who have this
Term
schematic representation of memory reactivation and consolidation during sleep
Definition
o Memory fragments retrieved during sleep -> dreams -> new memory connections formed -> memory storage selectively improved
Term
Baby sleep
Definition
- know how to self-soothe themselves back to sleep when they wake up
- at 4 months increase capacity in memory
Term
reduced sleep duration
Definition
behaviour problems - externalizing and internalizing symptoms
neurocognitive functions - such as executive functioning
Term
disorganized attachment
Definition
- might be due to the fact that they don’t sleep enough, or don’t go to sleep on their own, or because they don’t have good sleeping patterns
- they had later bedtime, less sleep duration, shorter period of interrupted sleep, and more signaling during the night – they’re not self-soothing
Term
Sympathetic = Pre-ejection period (PEP)
Definition
can be measured with impedance cardiography to approximate duration of isovolumetric contraction. Defined as the interval between systole (Q-wave) and left ventricular ejection (B-point of the thoracic Impedance signal); measures the amount of time that your valve of your heart is being opened
Term
Parasympathetic = Respiratory Sinus Arythmia (RSA; vagal tone)
Definition
computed from spectral analyses of inter-beat interval data
Term
sleep poverty and SES
Definition
adults with lower SES are more likely to have inappropriate sleep duration and poorer sleep quality due to the multiple jobs and long shifts
Term
arousal disorders
Definition
inability to fully arouse from SWS (i.e. states of confusion & lowers cerebral reactivity) – examples can include nightmares, night terrors, somnambulism, enuresis
Term
low internalizing problems
Definition
lower parasomnia and high cortisol
Term
high internalizing problems
Definition
high parasomnia and higher cortisol
Term
pre-natal alcohol syndrome
Definition
people who were exposed to more alcohol, showed greater elevation in stress response (boys), but in girls, no significant differences for girls whose mothers had more than 1 drink a week or less than one drink a week
Term
moderate amounts of sleep
Definition
leads to excelled memory, and increases explicit memory
Term
stress receptors in hippocampus
Definition
- involved with enhancement and destruction of memory
- increase cortisol - dirsupt long-term potentiation
Term
dendritic spines and synapses
Definition
these are forming during the night after you have learned something
Term
3 stages of memory
Definition
encoding, retrieval and consolidation/reconsolidation
Term
consolidation
Definition
o Occurs between retrieval and encoding
o You can damage learning something if this process is disrupted
o Have to learn plasticity and learning to our advantage
Term
in human mothers from 2 weeks to 4 months, structural increases in
Definition
PFC, hypothalamus, amygdala, ACC, and substantia nigra
Term
greater maternal sensitivty
Definition
greater activation in the amygdala was associated with
Term
Breaking the cycle of abuse
Definition
- having a good close relationship with a romantic partner (showing positive communication)
Term
adults with low SES
Definition
more likely to have inappropriate sleep duration and poorer sleep quality due to multiple jobs and long shifts
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