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PSYC23
Lecture
44
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
03/02/2015

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
biology x environment interactions
Definition
Biological acts differently depending on the environment or the environment cues act differently depending on the biology
Term
2 aspects of stress
Definition
o Exposure to more stressful events that requires greater adaptation
 Divorce, job, loss, death of relatives
o A state that occurs when you feel like you’re no longer in control and don’t have resources to meet demands
Term
subjective SES
Definition
Ask someone to rank themselves in society
Term
types of adverse childhood experienes
Definition
abuse - physical, sexual, emotional
neglect - physical, emotional
drug or alcohol abuse
mentally ill person in the home
witnessing domestic violence
incarceration of a family member
loss of parent to death, abandonment, or divorce
Term
buffering child from toxic stress
Definition
o Provide responsive relationships children need to develop healthy brain architecture
o Create a stable/healthy environment
o Create policies that address unemployment, violence, poverty, mental health, substance abuse, child care, etc
o Appropriate interventions that mitigate impacts of early adversity
Term
positive stress
Definition
brief increase in heart rate with small, temporary elevations in stress hormones
Term
tolerable stress
Definition
more serious tress buffered by supportive relationships
Term
toxic stress
Definition
prolonged activation of the stress response system without supportive adults to help
o Accumulation of ACE
o Pervasive stress producing conditions (poverty)
Term
prefrontal cortex
Definition
o Executive function, develops slowly, how we think
Term
amygdala
Definition
o Emotional perception, develops fast, responds to emotional stimuli
Term
hippocampus
Definition
o Memory, regulation of HPA, keeps track of experiences, influences how amygdala responds
Term
developmental systems theory (DST)
Definition
- Reciprocal relations between organisms and environment and genes and experiment
Term
epigenesis
Definition
an emergent process by which an organism’s structure and function change from relatively undifferentiated states to increasingly specialized, differentiated forms throughout ontogeny
Term
assumption 1: predetermined epigenesis
Definition
- Everything we become is known in advance
o All info is in our genes
o Developmental outcomes reflect the expression of pre-existing forms
Term
assumption 2: heredity as gene
Definition
- Genes are exclusive vehicles by when these instructions are faithfully transmitted from one generation to the next
Term
assumption 3: genes encapsulated
Definition
- No meaningful feedback from environment or experience of organism to the genes
Term
HPA Axis
Definition
o Corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) Hypothalamus
o Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) -> pituitary
o Glucocorticoids (GC) – Adrenal Cortex
Term
Glucocorticoids Functions
Definition
o Increase sugar in blood (via gluconeogenesis)
o Increase metabolism of fat, protein and carb
o Decrease bone growth and suppress immune function
Term
explicit memory
Definition
i remember
i recall learning to ride a bike, a phone number, the voice of the man who attacked me
Term
implicit memory
Definition
body remembers/not consciousness
my body rememebers how to a ride a bike; my fingers know how to dial the number; my heart remembers the voice of the man who attacked me
Term
prosocial behaviour
Definition
conduct intended to help or benefit other people
o Includes sharing, caring, comforting, cooperating, helping, sympathizing, and performing random acts of kindness
Term
altruistic behaviour
Definition
intrinsically motivated conduct intended to help others without expectation of acknowledgement or reward
o Often anonymous
o Ex. Guy who saved the other guy from the train
Term
social communication
Definition
facial expression, attention (head turning), vocalization, listening
Term
mobilization
Definition
fight/flight behaviours, tantrums, meltdowns
Term
immobilization
Definition
feigning death, vasovagal syncope, behavioural and physiological shutdowns
Term
emotional contagion
Definition
tendency to feel and express emotions similar to and influenced by those of others
Term
physical proximity increases
Definition
o Survival (reproductive fitness)
o Feeding
o Learning about environment
o Social interaction
Term
attachment behaviours that increase physical proximity
Definition
o Communicative (smiling, vocalizing)
o Aversive (crying)
o Active (approaching and following)
Term
physical proximity
Definition
- Maximum distance observed between infants and mothers of primate species at various ages
Term
what activates attachment behaviour
Definition
- Greater distance from caregiver
- Stress or frightening stimuli
- Fatigue and illness
Term
what deactivates attachment behaviour
Definition
- Physical proximity
- Caregiver as a safe haven
o Comfort
o Support
Term
frightened/frightening hypothesis
Definition
o Infants wouldn’t run straight to parent in a scary situation
o Care giver appeared frightened or frightening to the child
o Child concerned if there is danger and put in a bad/confusing situation (conflict) (wasn’t sure it was a safe haven
Term
the strange situation
Definition
o Separation and reunion and stranger
o Emotional challenging of negotiating separation and reunion and novelty of the setting and experience can induce fear and activate HPA axis
 Salivary cortisol collected for HPA responses
Term
dyad a parent
Definition
parent responds and infants smiles during play
- When infant becomes upset; parents derived infants attention
Term
dyad b parent
Definition
parent demands attention and infant looks away and not positive during play and parent responds more contingently after emotional challenge
Term
multiple hidden regulators
Definition
- Specific physiological responses that are regulated by specific features of parent-infant interaction
- Possibly learning to associated each of those specific features to a physiological response
Term
stockholm syndrome
Definition
phenomenon in which kidnapping victims develop positive emotional bonds with their captors
Term
nature x nurture interactions
Definition
- Natural selection future environment is uncertain
o Variation in individual characteristics enhances reproductive success
o Family benefits by having one of children survived/succeed regardless of changes in the environment
Term
oxytocin
Definition
- Produced in hypothalamus
- Released into bloodstream by nearby pituitary gland
o Signals uterus to contract during birth
o Stimulates release for milk for nursing
- Hypothesized to play a role in
o Sexual activity, social recognition, pair bonding, maternal behaviour, anxiety, social symptom cure
Term
dopamine
Definition
attention, motivation, reward
Term
biopower
Definition
a knowledge power relation in which life becomes the object of political strategy; it’s a productive power, it seeks ‘control of life and the biological processes of man as species and of ensuring that they’re not disciplined but regularized’, concerning itself with the governing of the life processes of populations
Term
why study parenting
Definition
- (1) parents is one of the most conserved behavioral systems in mammals
- (2) mothers make up ¼ of the NA population [more than 100million – 11-20% new mothers suffer post-partum depression]
- (3) mothers invest in a huge amount of resources to their children at great personal costs
Term
rat maternal brain
Definition
hormones of pregnancy trigger changes not only in the brain regions governing maternal behavior but also in areas that regulate memory and learning;
Term
3 behaviours that are common during free play
Definition
o Watching, demanding (snap fingers to get eye contact), responsiveness
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