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Details

PSYC161
Child Developement
48
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
12/10/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Peers:
Definition
Age Mates. (Sex segregation is common)
Term
Developmental changes in peer relationships.
Definition
Cognitively and socially. Allows them to defend their beliefs and learn what is expected of them.
Term
Cliques:
Definition
Interaction based voluntary groups and are based on friendships. (Normally same sex/age/race. 3-9 people. Share similar academics, athletics, and popularity).
Term
Crowds:
Definition
Reputation based non-voluntary groups. ( Emerges in adulthood, and are not interaction based).
Term
Peer Status:
Definition
How your peers rate you by likability.
Term
Two ways to measure Peer Status:
Definition
Peer Ratings: Scale 1-10
Peer nominations: Pick 3 you like, 3 you don't.
Term
Popular:
Definition
Receive a lot of liked nominations and not a lot of disliked.
Term
Neglected:
Definition
Receive few of either nominations
Term
Rejected:
Definition
Receive Many disliked nominations
Term
Average:
Definition
Average number of liked and disliked nominations
Term
Controversial:
Definition
Receive many of both nominations
Term
Sociometric popularity
Definition
How liked a peer is
Term
Perceived popularity
Definition
A student may be considered popular by their peers, but not necessarily liked. (Regina George).
Term
Cultural Differences in Peer status:
Definition
Popular students tend to be more pro-social and having leadership skills. Also, rejected children tend to be more aggressive. Shy Chinese children were considered liked by their peers. Shy children in the U.S are rejected by their peers.
Term
Friendships:
Definition
Intimate reciprocated positive relationships between two people.
Term
Developmental changes in Friendships:
Definition
Friendships allow children to discuss their beliefs without being told what to believe and how to think by an adult of some sort. Friendships provide support and validation, the older the friendship, the more intimacy.
Term
Benefits of peers:
Definition
Helps children learn pro social skills, and cognitive skills. Making the right friends could prevent them from doing drugs, drinking alcohol, etc.
Term
Consequences of Peers:
Definition
A child may pick the wrong group of friends and may be influenced into doing drugs and drinking alcohol.
Term
Gender segregation; Why does it happen?
Definition
Occurs in cliques because girls and boys tend to socialize differently. Boys tend to be more physically aggressive, while girls tend to be more relational aggressive.
Term
Parents role in their child's peer relationships:
Definition
Having a good relationship preditcts how well a child will be at making friends. This includes how well a parents gatekeeping role is in their child's social life, their coaching skills, and their modeling of social behavior. Also, parents must not be the stress of the family on the child, (financial, marital, etc).
Term
Pro-social behavior:
Definition
engaging in actions that we as a society agree to be positive and beneficial to others.
Term
Developmental changes in pro-social reasoning:
Definition
Shift from hedonistic reasoning to importance of empathy and internalized values. Ex. You encounter a scenario where someone needs your help, what do you do?
Term
Cognitive and emotional factors that predict pro-social behavior:
Definition
Sympathy, role-taking, pro social reasoning, pro social concept.
Term
Kohlbergs 3 levels of moral development:
Definition
Preconvential: least sophisticated, most common in younger children. They see it as there are rules and we need to follow them. This is the right thing to do because we could benefit as well.
Conventiional: We have rules to promote social approval, harmony, order. Feel like they HAVE to follow the law. Middle level reasoning.
Principal/post-conventional: Thinking about broader principles of justice. Say he should steal the drug based on principle that life is more important than property. Thinks law violates moral justice. Higher level reasoning.
Term
Cultural differences in Moral development:
Definition
Certain cultures may value freedom, more than order, and vise versa. Which behaviors are considered moral values across cultures. Someone will not behave against their morals.
Term
Critique of Kohlbergs stages of Moral development:
Definition
It is biased on western culture because they value obedience, elders and religion over freedom and individual rights. Also, he claims this development may be discontinuous, but research shows that higher stages of moral reasoning, may be used for certain situations, may may use lower stages for other situations. Also, his study was male oriented,
Term
Factors that account for individual differences in prosocial behavior:
Definition
Gender, emotions, cognitive skills, parental socialization, genetics, temperament, assertiveness, confidence.
Term
Gender identity:
Definition
2.5 - 3 yrs. Do you understand if you are male or female. Do you understand if others are male or female?
Term
Gender stabibility:
Definition
Understanding that gender is unchanging.
Term
Gender constancy
Definition
5 -7 yrs. Understanding that appearance does not change gender.
Term
Gender role stereotypes and development:
Definition
Kohlberg says gender roles develop as cognitive skills develop. Once kids reach gender constancy they self-socialize. (im a boy, i should learn to act like one). Gender schema theory argues that this happens as soon as a child knows that they are a boy or a girl.
Term
CAH females:
Definition
activity interests, personality, sexual orientation (lesbians), gender identity tend to be that of males.
Term
socialization approaches to gender development:
Definition
parents gender steroptyped beliefs. types of play with peers. Boys: Construction, sports, video games. Girls: domestic role-play.
Term
Physical aggression:
Definition
physical aggression is intentionally harming the physical well being of another.
Term
relational aggression:
Definition
indirectly or directly harming relationships. Your own or others.
Term
Developmental changes in aggression:
Definition
Physical: decreases in frequency over-time. relational: emerges in late elementary school.
Term
Gender differences in aggression:
Definition
Females tend to be more rationally aggressive, while boys tend to be more physical. these differences tend to emerge around 2.5 yrs. May be because of their new knowledge of what society expects of them. (Gender identity)
Term
Adjustment issues associated with aggression:
Definition
Low-intimacy levels, mental health problems, peer relationship problems, academic problems, criminality, drug use and abuse, and later anti-social conduct.
Term
Gender non-normative adjustment:
Definition
Physically aggressive girls and relationally aggressive boys are more rejected because it goes against social norms.
Term
Friendships of physically aggressive children:
Definition
Low intimacy, low in physical aggression with friend, tend to gang up on peers.
Term
Friendships of relationally aggressive children:
Definition
Very intimate, highly exclusive, high in relational aggression towards friend.
Term
Biological factors for aggression:
Definition
Genetics, heredity and also environmental factors, difficult temperament, hormones, neurological deficits, testosterone levels.
Term
Socialization factors for aggression:
Definition
Poor parenting, physical punishment, abusive parents, abusive punishment, neglection, inconsistency, parental conflict, socioeconomic status, older peer relationships, gangs.
Term
Cognitive priming:
Definition
Bring hostile thoughts to the forefront of ones mind. Learning results from reinforcements. If children see violent actions being reinforced, they are more likely to repeat such actions because they will think that they are also going to be reinforced.
Term
Evidence that tv causes violence:
Definition
Bobo doll studies, power rangers experiment found that boys who watched it at 8 were more likely to be violent by 19, and more likely yo be criminals by 30.
Term
Portrayals of violence most likely to lead to aggression:
Definition
Hero participating in violent acts, humor, rewards, reinforcements, presence of weapons, knives, guns, consequences for victims, outcome for perpetrator.
Term
Who is most at risk for being influenced by violent tv:
Definition
Preschoolers have more difficulty in porttraying what is reality vs. fantasy, identity with violent characters, negative emotional states are more susceptible, social and academic effectiveness (rejections, aggression, failure).
Term
How do educational programs such as sesame street help:
Definition
children learn how to deal with difficult social situations such as pregnancy, marriage, divorce, death, etc. They learn words, how to count, numbers, colors, body parts, etc. these things stay with the children from 10-12 yrs.
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