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PSYC1101/test 3
learning, memory, intelligence
87
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/22/2008

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Term
relatively permanent change in organisms' behavior due to experience
Definition
learning
Term
learning that certain events go together
Definition
associative learning
Term
process of learning association
Definition
conditioning
Term
three main types of learning
Definition
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning
Term
type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to produce a response that was originally produced by another stimulus
Definition
classical conditioning
Term
a stimulus that naturally triggers a response
Definition
unconditioned stimulus
Term
the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the UCS
Definition
unconditioned response
Term
learned response to a previously neutral CS
Definition
conditioned response
Term
previously neutral stimulus that after association with an UCS comes to trigger a response
Definition
conditioned stimulus
Term
the initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened
Definition
acquisition
Term
the diminishing of a CR
Definition
extinction
Term
the reappearance of an extinguished CR
Definition
spontaneous recovery
Term
tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to evoke the CR
Definition
generalization
Term
learned ability to distinguish b/n a CS and other stimuli
Definition
discrimination
Term
developing aversion to certain tastes when you become ill shortly after experiencing that taste
Definition
taste aversion
Term
type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or weakened if followed by a punisher
Definition
operant conditioning
Term
anything that strengthens behavior and makes it more likely to occur; if something is added
Definition
reinforcement
Term
anything that weakens a behavior and makes it less likely to occur; when something is taken away
Definition
punishment
Term
procedure in which reinforcers gradually guide organisms' actions toward desired behavior
Definition
shaping
Term
reinforce desired response every time it occurs; learning and extinction rapid
Definition
continuous reinforcement
Term
reinforce desired response only sometimes; learning is slower; more resistant to extinction; 4 types
Definition
partial reinforcement
Term
reinforces response after set # of responses
Definition
fixed ratio
Term
reinforces response after unpredictable # of responses
Definition
variable ratio
Term
reinforces response after set amount of time has passed
Definition
fixed interval
Term
reinforces response after unpredictable amount of time passes
Definition
variable interval
Term
the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
Definition
intrinsic motivation
Term
desire to perform a behavior to get a reward or avoid a punishent
Definition
extrinsic motivation
Term
learning that occurs through watching others
Definition
observational learning
Term
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Definition
modeling
Term
processes that allow us to record, store, and retrieve experiences and information
Definition
encoding, storage, and retrieval
Term
recording info in memory
Definition
encoding
Term
holding info in memory
Definition
storage
Term
getting info back out of memory
Definition
retrieval
Term
the more deeply we process info, the better we remember it
Definition
levels of processing theory
Term
shallow level of encoding
Definition
structural
Term
intermediate level of encoding
Definition
phonemic
Term
deep level of encoding
Definition
semantic
Term
deepest level of encoding
Definition
self-referent
Term
process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about info
Definition
rehearsal
Term
repeating info
Definition
maintenance rehearsal
Term
focusing on the meaning of the info and trying to expand on it
Definition
elaborative rehearsal
Term
creation of images to represent items that need to be remembered
Definition
visual imagery
Term
encoding info using multiple codes enhances memory
Definition
dual coding theory
Term
mlinks things to be remembered with specific places so that places can be used as memory cues
Definition
method of loci
Term
forming a word out of the first letters of words you want to remember; ex. ROY G. BIV
Definition
acronyms
Term
forming a phrase in which the first letter of each word serves as a memory cue
Definition
acrostics
Term
use computer metaphor to explain memory
Definition
information processing theorists
Term
Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of memory
Definition
sensory, short-term, long-term
Term
holds incoming sensory info for less than a second; without attention, fades very quickly
Definition
sensory memory
Term
temporarily holds limited amount of info; can hold for a max of ~20 sec.
Definition
short-term memory
Term
limited capacity system that temp. stores and PROCESSES info
Definition
working memory
Term
unlimited capacity storage area that holds info over long periods of time
Definition
long-term memory
Term
detailed and vivid recollections of momentous events
Definition
flashbulb memories
Term
memory for skills and actions; usually automatic, effortless to recall; conscious effort may reduce recall
Definition
procedural memory
Term
memory for factual info; recall takes some effort
Definition
declarative memory
Term
types of declarative memory
Definition
semantic, episodic
Term
memory for general factual knowledge; not dated
Definition
semantic memory
Term
memory for personal experiences; dated memories of specific events
Definition
episodic memory
Term
accessing info that has been stored in memory
Definition
retrieval
Term
must reproduce info w/o any extra cues
Definition
recall measures
Term
must select previously leanred info from list of options
Definition
recognition measures
Term
must learn info once, let time pass, then learn info again
Definition
relearning measures
Term
developed first intelligence test in 1905
Definition
Binet and Simon
Term
updated intelligence test in 1916
Definition
Terman
Term
(mental age/actual age) X 100
Definition
IQ
Term
consistency of scores from one testing to the next
Definition
reliability
Term
accuracy
Definition
validity
Term
genetically determined limits on intelligence
Definition
reaction range
Term
central executive, phonological loop, visual sketchpad, episodic buffer
Definition
parts of working memory
Term
memory is enhanced when conditions during retrieval match conditions during encoding
Definition
encoding specificity principle
Term
easier to remember something in the same environment as where you encoded it
Definition
context-dependent memory
Term
memory is enhanced when our internal state at encoding matches our internal state of retrieval
Definition
state-dependent memory
Term
we tend to recall things that match our current mood
Definition
mood-congruent recall
Term
ability to recall item influenced by the item's position in the series to be remembered
Definition
serial position effect
Term
superior recall of items from beggining of list; due to first words getting more rehearsal and moving to LTM
Definition
primacy effect
Term
superior recall for words at the end of the list; due to last words still being in STM; only happens when recall is immediate
Definition
recency effect
Term
organized framework of knowledge about an object or event; help encoding by organizing info making it easier to recall
Definition
schemas
Term
recall of events can be altered by introducing misleading information
Definition
misinformation effect
Term
process of determining the origins of your memories
Definition
source monitoring
Term
information never was stored well to begin with; one reason forgetting occurs
Definition
ineffective encoding
Term
forgetting occurs because memory fades with time
Definition
decay
Term
reasons we forget
Definition
ineffective encoding, decay, storage problem
Term
forgetting occurs because of competition from other information
Definition
interference
Term
forgetting information because we don't want to remember it
Definition
repression
Term
memory loss that usually occurs after head trauma or injury, illness or disease, or psychological trauma
Definition
amnesia
Term
loss of memory for events that happened before illess/injury
Definition
retrograde amnesia
Term
inability to form memories after the injury
Definition
anterograde amnesia
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