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PSYC 3030
Neurochemical Basis of Behaviour
98
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
10/01/2014

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Term
Neuropsychopharmacology is compose of what 2 disciplines?
Definition
Psychopharmacology + Neuropharmacology
Term
Neuropharmacolgy is:
Definition
drug induced changes in the functioning of the cells of the nervous system
Term
Psychopharmacology is:
Definition
Drug induced changes in behaviour, mood, and thinking
Term
a strong urge to take a drug is defined as a _____
Definition
craving
Term
Chronic relapsing is:
Definition
periods of remission, followed by relapse; remain addicted for long periods of time
Term
Drug addiction AKA substance dependence is defined as:
Definition
compulsive drug use maintained despite adverse consequences for the user
Term
what is the difference between specific and non specific drug effects?
Definition
specific drug effects are related to outcome of basic drug receptor interaction.
non specific drug reaction is related to the unique characteristics of an individual
Term
pharmacology is:
Definition
is the scientific study of the actions of drugs and their effect on a living organism.
Term
Drug action refers to:
Definition
the specific molecular changes produced when a drug interacts with a particular target site or receptor
Term
Therapeutic effect:
Definition
meaning that the drug-receptor interaction produces the desired physical or behavioural changes
Term
a double blind experiment is:
Definition
when neither the experimenter or subject knows what treatment the subject has received
Term
Bioavailability is:
Definition
the amount of drug in the blood that is free to bind to target sites to elicit drug action
Term
List 3 determinants of drug action:
Definition
1. chemical composition of the drug
2. where the drug acts
3. dose
Term
Pharmacokinetics is:
Definition
how fast a drug reaches its target sites, and for how long it is available at target sites (think ADME)
Term
The movement of the drug from the site of administration to the blood circulation is called ___________.
Definition
absorption
Term
what is meant when the route of administration is "systemic"?
Definition
it means that the drug passes through the blood stream first before reaching target sites
Term
what is meant when a drug has 'first pass metabolism'?
Definition
means that drug must pass through the liver first before reaching it target sites
Term
concentration gradient
Definition
the concentration difference on each side of a membrane
Term
what does the pka of a drug represent?
Definition
the pH of an aqueous solution in which that drug is 50% ionized and 50% not ionized
Term
name the brain area (termed the 'vomiting centre') that is NOT isolated from materials in the blood
Definition
area postrema, or CTZ - chemical trigger zone; located in the medulla of the brain stem
Term
median eminence is:
Definition
another area of the brain that is not isolated from materials in the blood. Capillary fenestrations allow for neurohormones made in the hypothalamus to move through the blood to the pituitary gland
Term
_________ are agents that induce developmental abnormalities
in the fetus.
Definition
Teratogens
Term
drug binding occurs at inactive sites where no measurable biological effect is initiated. these sites are called?
Definition
drug depots
Term
what is half life?
Definition
the time it takes for 50% of the drug in the blood to eliminated
Term
what is zero order kinetics?
Definition
means that drug molecules are cleared at a constant rate regardless of drug concentration
Term
_______ _________ are genetic
variations among individuals that produce multiple forms of
a given protein
Definition
genetic polymorphisms
Term
Pharmacodynamics is:
Definition
the study of physiological and biochemical interactions between drug molecules and receptors
Term
what does a does response curve describe?
Definition
describes the amount of biological or behavioural effect for a given drug concentration
Term
threshold dose is?
Definition
the smallest dose of a drug to produce a measurable effect
Term
Potency is:
Definition
Effects of drugs at
any arbitrary dose (how strong it is) / a measure of drug activity expressed in terms of the amount required to produce an effect of given intensity.
Term
Efficacy refers to:
Definition
refers to the maximum response achievable from a drug.
Term
Passive diffusion moves from ____ concentration to _____ concentration
Definition
high; low
Term
which family of microsomal enzyme in the liver metabolizes psychoactive drugs? Is this family non-specific or specific?
Definition
Cytochrome P450; non-specific (metabolized a variety of psychoactive drugs not just specific one)
Term
In drug metabolism, what is non-synthetic reactions (aka phase 1/ types 1)?
Definition
when the parent drug is modified by oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis in an attempt to become more polar
Term
In drug metabolism, what is synthetic reactions (aka phase 2/ type 2)?
Definition
chemical coupling of the drug with a molecule provided by the body. Drugs / metabolites from phase 1 that are not sufficiently polar are made hydrophilic by conjugation reactions with endogenous compounds provided by the liver (eg. glucuronic acid) so they can be excreted by the kidneys
Term
what are the factors influencing drug metabolism?
Definition
1.Enzyme induction
2.Enzyme inhibition
3.Drug competition
4.Genetic factors
5.Environmental factors
Term
what are the known functions of glial cells?
Definition
to provide metabolic support, protection, and insulation to nerve cells
Term
what do sensory neurons do?
Definition
they convert physical external and internal stimuli into electrical signals and transmit that information to circuits of interneurons
Term
what do motor neurons do?
Definition
they direct appropriate biobehavioural responses to the situation/ sensory stimuli
Term
what is the mitochondria responsible for?
Definition
generating energy from glucose in the form of ATP
Term
myelin sheaths are created by _____ _____
Definition
glial cells
Term
peripheral nerve cells are myelinated by what type of glial cell?
What type of glial cell is responsible for myelination of nerve cells in the CNS?
Definition
Schwann cells; Oligodendroglia
Term
What are transcription factors?
Definition
they are nuclear protein that direct protein production
Term
What is the function of microglia cells?
Definition
these small glial cell are responsible for the immune response in the CNS. They are scavengers that collect around sites of neuron damage to remove the dying cell
Term
What is the axon hillock, and what does it do?
Definition
it is the junction of where the soma meet the axon. It is responsible for the summation (aka integration) of the multiple signals received by receptor on the dendrites, dendritic spines, and soma to generate an action potential
Term
what type of neurons are preganglionic fibers?
Definition
Cholinergic (so they release ACh)
Term
at target organs, parasympathetic neurons release __________, and sympathetic neurons release _________
Definition
ACh, norepinephine
Term
In cerebral cortex lobes, the primary cortex is responsible for what?
Definition
provides conscious awareness of sensory experience and initial cortical processing of sensory qualities
Term
In cerebral cortex lobes, the secondary cortex is responsible for what?
Definition
responsible for analyzing the information from the primary area and providing recognition/perception of the stimulus
Term
The activation of gene expression requires:
Definition
1 - Transcriptional activator proteins:
Activate formation of RNA polymerase
2 - Transcription factors
3 - the enzyme RNA polymerase
Term
Phospholipids are
amphipathic molecules, which means:
Definition
That they posses both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties
Term
Passive diffusion is determined by:
Definition
the concentration gradient of lipid soluble molecules
Term
Primary active transporters are:
Definition
those that break down ATP (via ATPase); secondary active transporters do not break down ATP
Term
which type of channel/transporter is used typically for larger molecules?
Definition
Uniporter
Term
which type of transporter is characterized by allowing a ion and another larger molecule (eg. neurotransmitter) to move in the same direction? Give an example
Definition
Symporter (facilitates co-transport of neurotransmitter and ion); eg. serotonin reuptake transporter
Term
what is the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km)?
Definition
Km is the extracellular
concentration of a substrate
that yields one-half of the
maximum velocity (Vmax)
of the membrane transport
of the substrate for a given
amount of the transporter
protein
Term
axodendrite synapses:
Definition
are the most common synapse in the brain - when an axon terminal from a presynaptic neuron communicates with the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron
Term
______ _______ are synapses between a nerve terminal and a nerve cell body
Definition
axosomatic synapses
Term
______ _______ involve one axon synapsing on the terminal of another axon. What does this allow?
Definition
Axoaxonic synapses; allows presynaptic cell the alter neurotransmitter release from the postsynaptic cell directly at the terminals
Term
Enhanced release of transmitter is called:
Definition
presynaptic facilitation
Term
the voltage gated channels responsible that makes neurotransmitter release possible are?
Definition
calcium channels
Term
active zones
Definition
sites of neurotransmitter release from vesicles through the presynaptic membrane
Term
SNARE protiens:
Definition
mediate docking of vesicle to presynaptic membrane
Term
vesicle recycling:
Definition
continuous process of release (endocytosis) and reformation of vesicles
Term
Terminal autoreceptor:
Definition
are located at the axon terminal, and when they are activated by their neurotransmitters their main function is to inhibit further neurotransmitter release
Term
Somatodendritic autoreceptors:
Definition
they are autoreceptors found on the cell body (soma) or dendrites.

When activated, they slow the rate of cell firing, which causes less neurotransmitter release, as fewer action potentials reach the axon terminals to stimulate exocytosis
Term
Heteroreceptors:
Definition
differ from autoreceptors in that they may either enhance or reduce the amount of transmitter being released from the axon terminal.

Also can be receptors for other transmitters released at axoaxonal synapses.
Term
Neurotransmitter molecules can be inactivated by:
Definition
1. enzymatic breakdown
2. reuptake by the axon terminal
3. uptake by nearby glial cells
Term
what is the distinction between terminal autoreceptors and transporters?
Definition
Terminal autoreceptors modulate
transmitter release, but they don't transport the neurotransmitter.
Transporters take up the transmitter from the synaptic cleft, but they are not autoreceptors
Term
Different varieties of receptors for the same transmitter are called ______ _______ for that transmitter
Definition
receptor subtypes
Term
another name for ionotropic receptors are?
Definition
ligand-gated channel receptors
Term
Metabotropic receptors are sometime abbreviated as?
Definition
7-TM receptors
Term
Another name for metabotropic receptors are?
Definition
G-protein-coupled receptors
Term
what are effector enzymes?
Definition
enzymes that produce biochemical and physiological in the postsynaptic cell
Term
what are the 2 ways in which G-proteins operate:
Definition
1. When neurotransmitter binds to metabotropic receptor G-protein is activated and stimulates or inhibits the opening of an ion channel
2. When neurotransmitter binds to metabotropic receptor G-protein stimulate of inhibit certain enzymes in the cell membrane (ie. effector enzymes)
Term
What are protein kinases?
Definition
they are enzymes that phosphorylate a protein; activated by second messengers
Term
The protein kinase activated by Ca2+ requires the participation of an additional protein known as __________
Definition
calmodulin.
Term
what do the tyrosine kinase receptors mediate?
Definition
they regulate the action of neurotrophic factors
Term
What are neurotrophic factors?
Definition
they are protein that regulate neuronal growth, development, survival, and regulation/maintenance of synapses,
Term
Two toxins traditionally used
in identification and study of
G proteins:
Definition
1. Vibrio Cholerae bacterium
2. Bortadella Pertussim bacterium (whooping cough)
Term
how does Cholera effect G proteins?
Definition
it stimulates G protein activation by blocking GTPase activity
Term
how does Pertussis effect G proteins?
Definition
by blocking the ability of G proteins to interact with receptors
Term
what is the name of the stereotaxic device used for humans?
Definition
a halo bracket
Term
to locate specific brain sites for stereotaxic surgery in animals, a _____ ______ is used. What is(are) used for humans?
Definition
Brain atlas; MRI, CT
Term
what is stereotaxic surgery?
Definition
it is an essential technique in neuroscience that allows researchers to implant one of various devices into the brain of an anesthetized animal with great precision - used to help determine function of various brain areas
Term
what is an advantage of using chemical lesions over electric lesions in stereotaxic surgery?
Definition
Chemical lesions have the advantage of being significantly more specific because neurotoxic chemicals, such as kainic acid or ibotenic acid, kill the cell bodies in the vicinity of the cannula tip but spare the axons passing through the same area.
Term
Microdialysis:
Definition
is a technique used in stereotaxic surgery that measurement of neurotransmitters released in a specific brain region while the subject is actively engaged in behaviour
Term
what are the 3 3D coordinates in stereotaxic surgery?
Definition
1- medial lateral
2- dorsal ventral
3- anterior posterior
Term
To study the number of receptors in a given brain region and their affinity for drugs, the _____ _____ _______ was developed.
Definition
radioligand binding method
Term
what technique is used to study the function of individual ion channels?
Definition
the patch clamp electrophysiolosy technique
Term
Immunocytochemistry:
Definition
A method that identifies a tissue constituent (protein) by means of a specific antigen-antibody reaction labeled with a visible tag
Term
What does In situ hybridization (ISH)do?
Definition
ISH makes it possible to locate cells in tissue slices that are manufacturing a particular protein or peptide. Useful in detecting mRNA molecules
Term
What is meant by "breaking point" in an operant conditioning using incentive motivation experiments?
Definition
it means the point at which the effort required exceeds the reinforcing value
Term
where do we source choline for use in Acetylcholine synthesis?
Definition
1. from fats in our diet (ie. choline containing liipids)
2. previously released ACh from the liver (recycles)
Term
how is acetyl CoA generated?
Definition
it is generated in the mitochondria(which contains coenzyme A) in all cells via the metabolism of sugars and fats
Term
where is Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)synthesized and how is it transported and to where?
Definition
ChAT is synthesized in the rough edoplasmic reticulum, and in transported to the axon terminal via axoplasmic transport
Term
what is the transporter for acetylcholine called? Name a drug that blocks this transporter
Definition
Vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT); Vesamicol
Term
what type of protein in a the VAChT (vesicular ACh transporter)?
Definition
it is an anitporter (proton comes out as ACh goes in)
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