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PSY Ch 1
Child Psychology
133
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
07/25/2011

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Term
What, in simple terms, influences child development?
Definition
A combination of biological and environmental factors
Term
What are 2 effective approaches for parents to help deal with their child's anger?
Definition
Expressing sympathy and helping gchildren find positive alternative to expressing anger
Term
What was the "turtle technique"?
Definition
A way to help preschool age children to release their anger by thinking it out.
Term
What is a big Social issue with children?
Definition
How much trust toput in preschoolers' courtroom testimony.
Term
What are 3 ways to obtain an accurate testimony?
Definition
Wuestions should be stated in a neutral fashion, play dolls should not be used, and answers should not be asked to be repeated.
Term
In the Romanian experiment, what children were least affected by the orphanage time?
Definition
Children under 6 months
Term
What were the effects of the orphanage on the children right when they got to Britain?
Definition
Severely malnourished, more than half in the lowest 3% of children in terms of hight, weight, and head circumfrence, varying degrees of mental retardation, and they were socially immature.
Term
What were the lasting effects that the children who spent longer in the orphanage suffered from?
Definition
Underweight, intellectual incompetence, social development, werent' able to differentiate between tier parents and unfamiliar adults, didn't look to parents for reassurance, and tended not to form friendships with peers.
Term
What was the final conclusion of the Ramanian orphanage experiment?
Definition
The time of experiences influences their effects.
Term
What are 3 good reasons to learn about child development?
Definition
Gain information and understanding that can help parents raise their own children sucessfully, insight into social-policy issues related to children better understand human nature in general.
Term
Who recorded the earliest ideas about children's development?
Definition
Plato and Aristotle
Term
What were Plato and Aristotle interested in?
Definition
How children's development is influenced by their nature and by te nurture they recieve.
Term
What did Plato exmpasize in child raising and schooling?
Definition
Boys were demanding. Self control and disipline were the most important goals of education. Children are born with innate knowledge
Term
What did Aristotle emphasie in child raising and schooling?
Definition
He was mor concerend with fitting child rearing to the needs of the individual child. Children needed experience to gain knowledge
Term
What was Locke's goal in child rearing?
Definition
Children need a growth of character so parents needed to set good examples and no indulging. After they have these characters, authority should be relaxed.
Term
What was Rouseau's goal in child rearing?
Definition
Believed that freedom should be given to a child from the start. They shouldn't have schooling until the age of 12.
Term
What was a social reform that started bettering the lives of developing children?
Definition
The first child labor laws.
Term
What did Charles Darwin do to increase awareness of child development?
Definition
He wrote "A Biographical Sketch of an Infant" that was an intensive study of his son's development.
Term
What is Fred's psycholanalytic theory?
Definition
Biological drive4s, especially sexual ones, are a crucial influence on development
Term
What is John Watson's behaviorist theory?
Definition
Proposed that children development is determined by environmental factors, especially the rewards an dpunishments that follow particular events and behaviors.
Term
What is the most basic question in child development?
Definition
How nature and nurture interact to shape the develomental process.
Term
What is the most basic question in child development?
Definition
How nature and nurture interact to shape the develomental process.
Term
What is the nature influence?
Definition
This is our biological endowment, the genes we recieve from our parents. It influences every aspect of our make-up.
Term
What is the nurture factor?
Definition
This is the environments, both physical and social, that infuence our development. This includes the womb, homes where we grew up, attended schools, broade communities where we live, and the people we interact with.
Term
What is the answer to the nature-nurture question?
Definition
Every characteristic we posess is created through the joint workings of nature and nurture, the constant interaction of our genes and our environment.
Term
How do children first begin to shape their own development?
Definition
By their selection of what to pay attention to.
Term
How do children first begin to shape their own development?
Definition
By their selection of what to pay attention to.
Term
Where is the infant's attention most drawn to?
Definition
Faces, especially the mother's face
Term
When is their an emotional attachment to the mother's face?
Definition
By the end of the second month depending on how the mother reacts. This strengthens the mother-infant bond.
Term
What is "crib speech"?
Definition
When children (9 to 15 months) talk when nobody is around. This may help them improve.
Term
What are some ways that young children contribute to their own development?
Definition
Crib speech, attaching to the mother, make believing, and playing by themselves.
Term
What may keep a child from dropping out of school?
Definition
Participation in at least one club/sport between the grades of 6th and 10th
Term
What is continuous debvelopment?
Definition
The idea that changes with age occurs gradually in small increments.
Term
What is discontinuous development?
Definition
The idea that changes with age include occasional large shifts.
Term
What does qualitatively different mean and what developmental theory does it support?
Definition
This is the difference between ages and how they differ in not how much they know but also how they think about the world. This supports discontinuous development.
Term
What does children's behavior on Piaget's conservation of liquid problem support?
Definition
The idea that development is discontinuous.
Term
What does children's behavior on Piaget's conservation of liquid problem support?
Definition
The idea that development is discontinuous.
Term
What are stage theories and what development theory does it support?
Definition
They propose that development occurs in a progression of distinct ageprelated stages. The entry into a new stage is a sudd3en change that affect the child's thinking or behavior in a broad way. This is discontinuous development.
Term
What is cognitive development?
Definition
The development of thinking and reasoning. Between birth and adolescence, children go through four stages of cognitive growth.
Term
What stage is a 2-5 year old at in cognitive development?
Definition
Tehy can focus only on one aspect of an event or one type of information at a time.
Term
In cognitive development, what stage is a 6-7 year old at?
Definition
The can simultaneiously focus on and coordinate two or mor aspects of an event and can do so on many different tasks.
Term
In the continuous-discontinuous argument, what is the conclusion?
Definition
Changes are gradual rather than sudden and that development occur skill by skill rather than in a broadly unified way. Less dramatic than that of stage theories, but a great deal of evidence supports it.
Term
What is effortless attention?
Definition
An aspect of temperament involving voluntary control of on'es emotions and thoughts. Includes process such as inhibiting impulsues, controlling emotions, and focussion attention.
Term
What is the Anterior cingulate?
Definition
Brain structure involved in setting adn attending goals.
Term
What is the limbic area?
Definition
Part of the brain that pays a large role in emotional reactions.
Term
What is the limbic area?
Definition
Part of the brain that pays a large role in emotional reactions.
Term
What does the connection of the anterior cingulate and the limbic area do?
Definition
It is needed to perform tasks that require control of thoughts and emotions s
Term
When do the connections in the brain develop?
Definition
During childhood which is why children are majorly affected.
Term
What are neurotransmitters?
Definition
Chemicals involved in communications among brain cells
Term
How do genes influence neurotransmitters?
Definition
This ends up being the quality of performance on tasks that require effortless attention.
Term
How does the environment play in the expression of genes?
Definition
Experiences can cange the wiring of the brain just as brain processes can influence children's reactions to experiences.
Term
What is the sociocultural context?
Definition
The physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical circumstances that make up any child's environment. It influences every aspect of children's development.
Term
How do developmentalists understand the influence of sociocultural context?
Definition
Compare the lives of children who grow up in different cultures.
Term
How do developmentalists understand the influence of sociocultural context?
Definition
Compare the lives of children who grow up in different cultures.
Term
Sociocultural context
Definition
The physical, social, cultural, conomic, and historical circumstances that make up any child's environment. It influences every aspect of children's development.
Term
What are four important parts of a child's sociocultural context?
Definition
People with whom they interact; the physical environments in which they live; the institutions that influence the child's life; and generay characteristics of the child's society.
Term
What is a method that develomentalists use to understand the influence of the sociocultural context?
Definition
To compare the lives of children who grow up in different cultures.
Term
What is a major difference in sleeping arrangements of the U.S. from different countries?
Definition
In othe countries the babies often sleep with their mothers and sometimes all through childhood. The father may even move away.
Term
What is a major difference in sleeping arrangements of the U.S. from different countries?
Definition
In othe countries the babies often sleep with their mothers and sometimes all through childhood. The father may even move away.
Term
What are the advantages of having a child slep with their mothers?
Definition
Fall asleep the same time as parents, no comfort items needed, no bedtime ritual, strengthened bond of the mother-child relationship, and prizing interdependence among people.
Term
Why do people of the U.S. seperate child and mother during sleep?
Definition
U.S. culture prizes independence and self reliance as well as continual intimacy between husband and wife.
Term
What does studying other cultures and comparing often reveal?
Definition
Practices that are rare or non existant in other cultures that have important advantages for the culture that uses those practices.
Term
In multi-cultural societies, what are the contextual differences related to?
Definition
Ethnicity, race, and socioeconomic status (SES)
Term
In multi-cultural societies, what are the contextual differences related to?
Definition
Ethnicity, race, and socioeconomic status (SES)
Term
Socioeconomic status
Definition
A measure of social class based on income and education. Influences children's lives. (SES)
Term
Socioeconomic status
Definition
A measure of social class based on income and education. Influences children's lives. (SES)
Term
How do children from poor families do less well than other children?
Definition
Health problems, social/emotional or behvioral problems, smaller vocabularies, lower IQs, lower math and reading skills, more likely to have a baby, or drop out of school.
Term
What is the greatest obstacle to poor children's development?
Definition
Not one single disadvantage, instead it's the accumulation of problems.
Term
What characteristics do relient children in poverty usual carry?
Definition
Positive personal qualities, close relationship wih atleast one parent, and a close relationship with another adult that's not a parent.
Term
What characteristics do relient children in poverty usual carry?
Definition
Positive personal qualities, close relationship wih atleast one parent, and a close relationship with another adult that's not a parent.
Term
What are four factors that can lead children to turn out different from each other in one family?
Definition
Gentic differences; differences in treatment by parents and others; differences in reactions to similar experiences, and different choices of environment.
Term
How do parents treat children different from each other?
Definition
Parents tend to provide more care to easy going infants than a difficult one.
Term
How can teachers react to children's individual characteristics and treat them differently?
Definition
hey tend t provide positive attention to children who are learning well and behaving unlike children who aren't.
Term
How can teachers react to children's individual characteristics and treat them differently?
Definition
hey tend t provide positive attention to children who are learning well and behaving unlike children who aren't.
Term
What is the active child?
Definition
Children choose activitis and friends for themselves as they grow older influencing their own development.
Term
What can be done about developmental problems now?
Definition
Thanks to child-developmentalists they can identify problems earlier and correct them.
Term
What increases child education that cild develomentalists have realized?
Definition
If it's believed that intelligence is a changeable factor by putting effort into learning.
Term
What was the Blackwell, ,Trzeniewski, and Pweck's experiment in education and intelligence?
Definition
They showed children about hwo learning will make you smarter and another grow was shown memory. The first group actually was able to increase their test scores.
Term
Reliability
Definition
The degree to which independent measurements of a given behavior are consistent.
Term
Interrater reliability
Definition
The amount of agreement in the observations of differet raters who witness the same behavior. They can be qualitive (secure or insecure) or quanitive (1-10)
Term
Test-retest reliability
Definition
The degree of similarity of a child's performance on two or more occassions.
Term
Validity
Definition
The degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure: internal and external.
Term
Internal Validity
Definition
The degree to which efects observed within experiments can be attributed to the variables that the researcher intentionally manipulated. Invalidity can void out an experiment bacause that could be the reason instead of the manipulation.
Term
External Validity
Definition
The degree to which results cam be genralized beyond the particulars of the research. The first experiment can't always apply to everybody. Re experiments need to take place.
Term
How do researchers obtain data about children?
Definition
Interviews, naturalistic observation, and structured observation.
Term
Structured interview
Definition
A research procedure in which all participants are asked to answer the same questions.
Term
Why is the stuctured interview helpful?
Definition
Helpful when the goal is to collect self reports on the same topic, provides a straight forward way to learn what is typical at different ages and how beliefs and feelings are related.
Term
Clinical Interview
Definition
A procedure in whichquestions are adjusted in accord with the answers the interviewee proveds. Begins with a set number of questions, but they leave the script to follow the child's lead.
Term
What are the advantages of interviews?
Definition
Yield a great deal of data quickly and can provide indepth information about individual children
Term
What are the disadvantanges of interviews?
Definition
Answers are biased, ofter report past events inadequately, avoide facts that put them in bad light, distort the way that events happen, and fail to udnerstand their motivations.
Term
Naturalistic Observation
Definition
Examination of ongoing behavior in an environment not controlled by researcher.
Term
What is Gerard Patterson's comparitive study of fmily dynamics in troubled and "typical" families?
Definition
He observed dinnertime interactions in both homes. Realized children in troubled families responded to parental punishment agressively.
Term
What are limitations of naturalistic observation?
Definition
Naturally occuring contexts vary and it's hard to know which ones influenced the behavior and many important behaviors only occur occasionally.
Term
What are limitations of naturalistic observation?
Definition
Naturally occuring contexts vary and it's hard to know which ones influenced the behavior and many important behaviors only occur occasionally.
Term
Structured Observation
Definition
A method that involves presenting an identical situation to each child and recording the child's behavior. Purposefully creating a situation that will elicit a behavior.
Term
What is the advantage of structure observation over naturalistic?
Definition
It ensures all the children encounter identical situations.
Term
What are the disadvantages of structured observation?
Definition
Doesn't provide as extensive informationa bout individual children's experiences, and can't provide open-ended everyday experiences like naturalistic can.
Term
Variables
Definition
Attributes that vary across individuals and situations, such as age, gender, and expectations.
Term
What do child-developmentalists try to determine about variables?
Definition
They're goal is to determine how these and other variables are related to each other.
Term
Correlation designs
Definition
Studies intended to indicate how variables are related to each other.
Term
What is the main goal of using correlation designs?
Definition
To determine whether children who differ in one variable also differ in predictable ways in others.
Term
Correlation
Definition
The association between two variables.
Term
What do variables that are strongly correlate mean?
Definition
Knowing a child's score on either one allows accurate prediction ofthe child's score on the other.
Term
When is the correlation direction negative?
Definition
When high values of one are associated with high values of the other.
Term
Correlation Coefficiant
Definition
A satistic that indicates the direction and strength of a correlation (1 to -1)
Term
What justifies that one variable doesn't cause another?
Definition
Direction of causation problem and the third variable problem.
Term
Direction-of-causatio problem
Definition
Concept that a correlation between two variables does not indicate which variable is the cause of the other. They can run either way.
Term
Third-variable problem
Definition
The concept that a correlation between two variables may stem from both being influenced by some third variable.
Term
Why are correlation designs used?
Definition
The influence of variables of great interest cannot be studied experimentally because researchers cannot manipulate them.
Term
Experimental designs
Definition
A group of approaches that allow inferences about causes and effects to be drawn.
Term
What are two techniques crucial to experimental designs?
Definition
Random assignments of participants and experimental control.
Term
Random assignment
Definition
Each child has an equal chance of being assigned to each group.
Term
What is an advantage of random assignment?
Definition
The children of the group are diverse so the varying experience caused the difference from other groups.
Term
Experimental control
Definition
The ability of researchers to determine the specific experiences that children have.
Term
Experimental control
Definition
The ability of researchers to determine the specific experiences that children have.
Term
Experimental control
Definition
The ability of researchers to determine the specific experiences that children have.
Term
Experimental group
Definition
The group that is presented with the experience of interest
Term
Control group
Definition
Group that isn't presented with the experience of interest.
Term
Independent variable
Definition
The experience of interest the children receive.
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition
The behavior that is affected by the exposure to the independent variable
Term
What are disadvantages of experimental designs?
Definition
Cannot be applied to all issues of interest and leads to artificial experimental situations.
Term
Cross-sectional Designs
Definition
A research method in which children of different ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period of time.
Term
What are the advantages of cross-sectional designs?
Definition
Yields data about different ages, and quick and easy to administer.
Term
What are the disadvantages of cross sectional designs?
Definition
Uninformative about stability of individual differences over time, uninformative about similarites and differences in individual children's patterns of change.
Term
Longitudinal designs
Definition
A menthod of study in which the same child is studied more than twice over a substantial period of time.
Term
What are the advantages of longitudinal design?
Definition
Indicates the degree of stability of individual differences over long periods and it reveals individual children's patterns of change over time.
Term
What are the disadvantages of longitudal designs/
Definition
Trying to locate the children again, question of external validity, possible effects of repeat testing.
Term
Microgenetic design
Definition
The same children are studied repeatedly over a short period of time (changes are occuring)
Term
What was Siegler and Jenkins microgenetic study on learning? The conclusion?
Definition
They studied how children learne the coundting on stragety. Generalization of new strategies are gradual.
Term
What ae the advantages of microgentic designs?
Definition
Observations of change as they're occuring and reveals individual change over short period.
Term
What are disadvantages of microgenetic designs?
Definition
Do not yield info about stability and change over long periods along with individual change.
Term
What is the Society for Research on Child Development?
Definition
Devoted to research on children. Created a code of conduct.
Term
What happens when a researcher proposes an experiment?
Definition
The board evaluates and makes sure it follows conduct.
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