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PSY 340 Final!
Child Psychology Final
143
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
12/11/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What were the first 4 differences between boys and girls that Maccoby and Jacklin found in their initial study?
Definition

1. Verbal ability

2. Visual/Spatial ability

3. Quantitative abilities

4. Aggression

Term
What are ALL the differences between boys and girls?
Definition

1. Vulnerability

2. Activity level

3. Motor Development

4. Language and Verbal abilities

5. Quantitative abilities

6. Spatial abilities

7. Emotional Development

8. Self-control

9. Aggression

10. Prosocial behavior

11. Activities and interests

12. Friends and companions

Term
What did Piaget focus on?
Definition
The way children follow rules
Term

Moral Development: Piaget (What Stage?)

 

No real conception of morality; mostly play behavior w/no formal rules (may invent play restrictions)

Definition
Stage One: 2-4 Years old
Term

Moral Development: Piaget (What Stage?)

 

Moral realism; social rules externally dictated, commands by authority (parents), rules cannot be changed; do not question rules

 

Evaluate moral situations only physical/objective consequences

 

Immanent justice: punishment must occur when rule is broken

Definition
Stage Two: 5-7 Years old
Term

Moral Development: Piaget (What stage?)

 

Rules created to protect/help, obeying is autonomous/personal decision

 

Moral relativism: rules as agreements that can be altered & consider motives/intentions when evaluating moral conduct. 

Definition
Stage Three: 8-11 Years old
Term
View rules as agreements that can be altered & consider motives/intentions when evaluating moral conduct
Definition
Moral Relativism
Term

Moral Development: Piaget (What Stage?)

 

More autonomous in moral reasoning: capable of viewing rules critically & develop new rules when required

 

Extend moral reasoning to societal/political concerns & abstract principles of justice

Definition
Stage Four
Term
What did Piaget believe?
Definition
That interactions w/peers, learn there can be multiple perspectives of issue & rules are result of negotiating, accomodating & respecting points of view of others
Term
What are the social and personality differences between boys and girls?
Definition

1. Self Control

2. Aggression

3. Friends & Companions

4. Emotional Development

5. Prosocial Behavior

Term

Gender: Social & Personality Differences (which one?)

 

Girls develop self-regulatory capabilities more rapid

 

Boys have difficulty with tasks demanding impulse control (whispering command)

Definition
Self-Control
Term

Gender: Social & Personality Differences (Which one?)

 

Males more; typically aggression involving violence

 

Girls more relational aggression (harm through social relationships- gossip & exclusion)

Definition
Aggression
Term

Gender: Social & Personality Differences (Which one?)

 

Boys have more friends

 

Girls have fewer friends but have more intimate relationships with friends

Definition
Friends and Companions
Term

Gender: Social & Personality Differences (which one?)

 

Gender Scripts: widely accepted expectations for behavior

 

Females more likely to seek social support

 

Males more likely to employ distraction or engage in physical activity

 

Boys more likely to express anger & show disappointment in situation

 

In later childhood: girls more likely to feel sad

Definition
Emotional Development
Term
Widely accepted expectations for behavior
Definition
Gender Scripts
Term

Gender: Social & Personality Differences (Which one?)

 

Girls more generous, helpful, cooperative

Definition
Prosocial Behavior
Term
What are the Cognitive differences between male and female?
Definition

1. Spatial abilities

2. Language & Verbal abilities

3. Quantitative abilities

Term

Gender: Cognitive Differences (Which one?)

 

Males outperform girls

Definition
Spatial abilities
Term

Gender: Cognitive Differences (which one?)

 

Girls use words sooner, make more sounds as infants, size of earlier vocabulary is larger

 

Girls higher scores on reading & writing

 

Boys more likely to suffer language difficulties

 

Males exposed more to high levels of testosterone in prenatal; slow development of left hemisphere & enhances development of right hemisphere (Right hemisphere specialized for quantitative and spatial)

Definition
Language & verbal abilities
Term
Specialization of functions in the right & left hemispheres of the brain
Definition
Brain lateralization
Term

Gender: Cognitive differences (which one?)

 

In adolescence: boys greater interest in math

 

Boys perform better on standardized tests

Definition
Quantitative abilities
Term
What are the physical differences between males and females?
Definition

1. Vulnerability

2. Activity level

3. Motor development

 

Term

Gender: Physical differences (which one?)

 

Males physically more                                  from conception on; more miscarried, suffer from mental illness

Definition
Vulnerability
Term

Gender: Physical Differences (which one?)

 

Boys higher levels; first emerges in prenatal period

 

Boys                                                                   increases when in company of other boys.

Definition
Activity Level
Term

Gender: Physical Differences (which one?)

 

Age 5: Boys can jump farther and run faster

 

Girls better gross motor skills (skipping) that require a combo of balance & precise movement; better fine motor skills (tie shoes, cut paper)

Definition
Motor Development
Term
Widely held beliefs in a culture regarding how males and females should behave
Definition
Stereotypes
Term
Pattern or set of behaviors considered appropriate for males or females in a particular culture
Definition
Gender Roles
Term
One's perception of oneself as male or female
Definition
Gender Identity
Term

Process by which children develop the behaviors & attitudes considered appropriate for their gender.

 

Starts from the very beginning

Definition
Gender Typing
Term
What are the four differences that Maccoby and Jacklin found between boys and girls in their 1974 study
Definition

1. Verbal ability (more vocab than men)

2. Visual/Spatial abilities

3. Mathematical ability (females exceed males in computational skill)

4. Aggression

Term

Developmental process (relying on cognitive & social skill)

 

Ability to discriminate between males & females

 

Accurately label stuff

 

Consideration of gender- recognition unchanging

 

Gender can change by appearance

 

Expansion of gender identity to include preference

 

Gender identity becomes most important

Definition
Gender Schema
Term
What are the sources of gender schema?
Definition

1. Parents (structure of environment)

2. Chores, TV, games, other adults (grandparents)

3. School systems (nurse, teacher, etc.) children notice hierarchy

4. Books

5. Teachers behavior

6. Motives to avoid success

7. Sports & athleticism

 

Term

  • Extremely powerful in gender socialization
  • We are so well programmed to accept inherent injustices of sports that appear normal to us
    • Defining/reinforcing traditional concepts of masculinity
      • Hierarchies of performance: physical size, strength, power
    • Providing a safe contest for male intimacy
      • Physical expression of closeness; time together --> intimacy
    • Establishing status among males ("Jocks")
    • Reinforcing status among other males
    • Reinforcing heterosexuality
      • To be on a sport team means to be masculine, to be masculine means to be straight.

 

Definition
Sports & athleticism
Term

Empathy & Sympathy: Hoffman: 5 stage development of empathy (Which stage?)

 

Precursor; when infants hear another cry, they cry too

Definition
Stage 1
Term

Empathy & Sympathy: Hoffman: 5 stage development of empathy (What stage?)

 

Respond to distress of other as though they themselves were distressed- lack clear boundaries between self & others

Definition
Stage 2
Term

Empathy & sympathy: Hoffman: 5 stage development of empathy (what stage?)

 

Develop sense of self as distinct individual; help they give is usually in terms of what they would want

Definition
Stage 3
Term

Empathy & Sympathy: Hoffman: 5 stage development of empathy (what stage?)

 

Develop greater empathy because they understand how other people have inner state different from own

Definition
Stage 4
Term

Empathy & sympathy: Hoffman: 5 stage development of empathy (what stage?)

 

Able to consider broader features of other people's lives; able to empathize with those who have sad and unpleasant lives

Definition
Stage 5
Term
Moral Behavior: Psychological Influences
Definition
Fearfulness
Term
Inborn trait that influences whether or not child internalizes parents' rules
Definition
Fearfulness
Term
Fearful children are prone to                          &                      ; gentle discipline & avoidance of power assertion tactics work best to promote internalization
Definition
Timidity & anxiety
Term
Aspect of moral conduct; includes socially desirable behaviors (sharing, helping)
Definition
Prosocial Behavior
Term
Ability to experience another's emotional state or condition vicariously
Definition
Empathy
Term
Concern for another in response to a person's situation or emotional state without necessarily sharing the same emotions
Definition
Sympathy
Term

 

  •  Positive relationship between aspects of a child’s peer interactions & level of child’s moral maturity
  • Discussing moral issues w/peers can foster advances in moral reasoning; interactions with peers that have  different perspectives on the dilemmas = most beneficial.
  •      Parent influences
    • Discussing hypothetical dilemmas challenges child’s reasoning, discipline of misconduct
    •   Development of self-regulation, learning to control desire to engage in forbidden behavior, done by internalizing rules & prohibitions presented by parents.
    •    Punishment Types:
      • Power assertion (commands, threats), love withdrawal (verbal disapproval), induction (reasoning w/child)

 

 

Definition
Moral reasoning: peer influences
Term
What are the 3 punishment types?
Definition

1. Power assertion (commands, threats)

2. Love withdrawal (verbal disapproval)

3. Induction (reasoning w/child)

Term

What type of punishment?

 

Commands, threats

Definition
Power assertion
Term

What type of punishment?

 

Verbal disapproval

Definition
Love withdrawal
Term

What type of punishment?

 

Reasoning with child

Definition
Induction
Term

1. Moral domain

2. Social Domain

3. Matters of personal choice

4. Cultural construction approach

Definition
Moral Development: Turiel
Term

  • People's rights & welfare; cognitive domain in which people make decisions about right & wrong
    • Lying, stealing, killing

 

Definition
Moral Domain
Term

Social conventions: rules that guide social relations among people

 

Being polite, addressing people properly

Definition
Social Domain
Term
Rules that guide social relations among people
Definition
Social conventions
Term

Individual preferences take priority

 

Preferences do not violate rights of others/harm others and are not socially regulated

Definition
Matters of personal choice
Term
Explanations of moral behavior as cultural constructions based on experience in that society
Definition
Cultural construction approach
Term
What are the 6 stages of Kohlbergs Moral Development?
Definition

Stage 1: Avoidance of punishment

Stage 2: Satisfaction of one's own needs

Stage 3: Good girl/Bad girl

Stage 4: Law and order

Stage 5: Social contract

Stage 6: Universal Ethical

Term

Moral Development: Kohlberg (What stage?)

 

Needs of others not considered; ie find wallet, return because of the fear of punishment

Definition
Stage 1: Avoidance of punishment
Term

Moral development: Kohlberg (what stage?)

 

Right actions are those that satisfy own needs; needs of others considered for the benefit of you

Definition
Stage 2: Satisfaction of one's own needs
Term
Conforming to others' expectations
Definition
Conventional
Term

Moral Development: Kohlberg (what stage?)

 

Living up/gaining approval of others by being nice/good

 

ie wallet: decide between keeping because that's what other people would do or return because people will see you as nice

Definition
Stage 3: Good girl/Bad girl
Term

Moral Development: Kohlberg (what stage?)

 

Maintaining social order & expectation of authorities

 

Post conventional: individual rights & consensus of society

Definition
Stage 4: Law & order
Term

Moral Development: Kohlberg (what stage?)

 

Laws of society made to uphold common good- when 2 laws conflict, then a person & society must weigh their relative value

 

ie wallet: return because honesty & integrity are personal values that also benefit society as whole

Definition
Stage 5: Social contract
Term
Individual rights & consensus of society
Definition
Postconventional
Term

Moral Development: Kohlberg (what stage?)

 

Decision of conscious in accord with self-chosen ethical principles that are logical, universal, and consistent

 

When laws violate principles, one must act in accordance with principles of justice

Definition
Stage 6: Universal Ethical
Term
Purpose is to obtain something desired
Definition
Instrumental aggression
Term
Purpose is to cause pain/injury
Definition
Hostile aggression
Term
What are the 3 types of hostile aggression?
Definition

1. Physical: Hitting

2. Verbal: Name calling

3. Relational: Social exclusion

Term

Age 2: use physical aggression to resolve conflicts

 

Physical & instrumental decline over preschool years & continue through adolescence

 

Peak age for violent crime age 16

 

Boys display more physical & verbal aggression as preschoolers & continue throughout elementary years

 

Girls display more relational aggression beginning preschool into elementary years 

Definition
Age and Gender Differences in Aggression
Term

Evolutionary standpoint: function is to increase the likelihood of survival of an individual's group/genes

 

Attacker may obtain possession of desired property & those who retreat may avoid injury or death

 

Dominance hierarchy: structured social group in which members higher on the dominance ladder control those who are lower, initially through aggression & conflict, but eventually through threats (primates)

 

Aggression at age 8 good predictor of aggression & other antisocial behaviors at age 30

 

Levels of male hormone testosterone, linked to adult aggression

 

Temperament --> impulsivity & poor self-regulation

Definition
Aggression: Biological Determinants
Term
Function is to increase the likelihood of survival of an individual's group/genes
Definition
Evolutionary standpoint
Term

·      Age 5: Children can comprehend more complex forms of aggression

·      Displaced aggression: retaliatory aggression directed at persona or object other than the one against whom relation is desired

·      Moral reasoning & empathy tend to be lower; less likely to take in account a person’s motives when making a moral judgment

·      Display a :self-protective” interpretation of their social world (tend to minimize negative feelings that others have toward them)

·      Have difficulty reading social cues of the environment à do not view world in same way other kids do; have difficulty process social information (pick aggression à produce most & outcomes)

Definition
Aggression: Cognitive & affective influences
Term

  • Learn when, where, with whom, & how to be aggressive through their social experiences
  • Family process
    • Parents: may be modeling behavior --> power-assertion discipline, physical punishment
  • Coercive family process: families control one another with aggression & other coercive means; do not use prosocial behavior to get control
  • peer relations
    • children high in aggression tend to hang together
  • TV & real life
    • imitate violent acts seen especially when good guy
    • TV violence stimulates aggression & more aggressive kids watch more violence
    • Children who are exposed to vicarious & real-life
      • increased aggressive words, play & general preoccupation with aggressive themes

Definition
Aggression: Sociocultural & family determinants
Term
One of the primary socialization contexts of kid's lives
Definition
School
Term

School = one of primary socialization contexts of kid's lives

 

Program: reduce aggression behavior & increase prosocial behavior by altering social environment of school

 

Universal interventions: school-based programs for improving children's social competence & reducing aggression --> aim to create caring school communities

 

Key to success: helping teachers foster prosocial orientation among students toward classmates & their community

Definition
Aggression: School-based programs
Term
School-based programs for improving children's social competence & reducing aggression --> aim to create caring school communities
Definition
Universal interventions
Term

What age?

 

Look at, vocalize to, smile & touch other infants; behaviors limited in frequency/complexity

Definition
6 months old
Term

Type of play: Cognitive level

 

Simple, repetitive movements performed with or without object (jumping, shaking rattle)

Definition
Functional play
Term

Type of play: Cognitive level

 

Manipulation of object with intention of creating something else (building block tower)

Definition
Constructive play
Term

Type of play: Cognitive level

 

Use of object or person to symbolize something it's not (playing hose w/friends)

Definition
Pretend Play
Term

Type of play: Cognitive level

 

Playing games in accordance w/pre-arranged rules (playing checkers)

Definition
Games w/rules
Term

Types of Play: Social Level

 

Watching others play w/o participation

Definition
Onlooker
Term

Type of Play: Social level

 

Playing along & independently, no attempt to get close to one another

Definition
Solitary
Term

Type of play: Social level

 

Playing alongside other kids & with similar materials but with no real interaction

Definition
Parallel
Term

Type of play: social level

 

Playing with other children in some common activity but w/o division of labor

Definition
Associative play
Term

Type of play: social level

 

Play in group that's organized for purpose of carrying out some activity; behaviors of other members in pursuit of the common goal

Definition
Cooperative
Term
What does peer mean?
Definition
Equal
Term
Enduring relationship between two, characterized by loyalty, intimacy, & mutual affection
Definition
Friendship
Term

Focus on concrete, external attributes (fun to play with)

 

Often momentary state dependent on specific acts performed

 

Qualities such as intimacy & loyalty not central

Definition
Friendships as seen by young children
Term

More capable of caring for another person

 

Enduring relationship that persists across time & even face conflicts

Definition
Friendships as seen by older children
Term
One general central to most friendship decisions
Definition
Similarity
Term

  • Similarity
    • Age
    • Gender
    • Behavior homophyly

Definition
Determinants of friendship
Term
Similarities in behaviors & interests
Definition
Behavioral homophyly
Term

Orientation towards school

 

Orientation towards culture (music, sports, games)

 

Ethnic & racial identity

Definition
Amount older children, similarities in
Term

Finding common-ground activities- exchanging info

 

Communicating clearly- resolving conflict- self disclosure

Definition
Elements of successful friendship formation
Term
Prosocial behavior characterizes                                   
Definition
Friendships
Term
Conflict or opposition between individuals
Definition
Refusing, denying, objecting, disagreeing
Term
What is the difference between friends & non-friends?
Definition

Friends are more likely to attempt to reason with others & less likely to get in chains of disagreement

 

Agreement = mutually satisfactory

Term
mutually satisfactory
Definition
Agreement
Term
Frequently increases as child gets older, typically females
Definition
Intimacy
Term
Benefits: adjust more successfully to school, feel better about life (self-esteem), social support
Definition
Effects of friendships
Term
What are the 4 kinds of social support?
Definition

1. Emotional

2. Instrumental

3. Informational

4. Companionship

Term
Comfort or reassurance, enhance self-esteem
Definition
Emotional social support
Term
Provision of tangible resources to help solve practical tasks (fix flat tire)
Definition
Instrumental social support
Term
Information or advice about how to cope with problems
Definition
Informational social support
Term
Sharing of activities & experiences (going to movies together)
Definition
Companionship social support
Term

High in social competence, generally do well academically; well liked by others for ability to solve conflicts peacefully & to interact with peers in cooperative yet assertive way

 

Also skilled at initiation interaction, maintaining interaction & resolving conflict

Definition
Popular children
Term
What are the two categories of rejected children?
Definition

1. Rejected-Aggressive

2. Rejected- Withdrawn

Term

High aggression, show antisocial behavior that's inappropriate to situation at hand & disruptive of group activities 

 

Actively disliked

Definition
Rejected-Aggressive
Term

Find social interactions to be very anxiety-provoking

 

Attempts to enter new groups or to make new friends tend to be clumsy & often end in rebuff

 

At risk for abuse by bullies

Definition
Rejected-withdrawn Children
Term
Less disliked than ignored; perceived as shy; less talkative & less socially active
Definition
Neglected
Term

Both positive & negative evaluations from peers

 

High aggression but high sociability

Definition
Controversial
Term
What are the 4 types of peer status?
Definition

1. Popular children

2. Rejected children

3. Neglected children

4. Controversial children

Term
Rejected & neglected children show deficits in                                                         -                                                      
Definition
Social problem-solving skills
Term
Responses of the peer group are utilized to elicit more effective social behaviors from the target children
Definition
Peer-mediated intervention
Term
In North America, most consistent predictor of peer rejection is                                   --> finding extend across a range of cultures
Definition
Aggression
Term
Collection of individuals who interact regularly in a consistent, structured fashion & who share values & sense of belonging to group
Definition
Group
Term
Typical in adolescence, 5-10 members whose shared interests & behavior patterns set them apart. Usually same-sex; emotional support & companionship
Definition
Cliques
Term
Loosely organized groups that serve to structure social identity in high school
Definition
Crowds
Term

What age groups characterize the following social contexts?

 

Group: 

Cliques: 

Crowds: 

Definition

Preschoolers

Grade school years

Early Teen years

Term
What influences to parents have in the frequency/nature of peer interaction?
Definition

1. Designers: of child's environment; make choices that affect availability of peers & settings which interactions happen

 

2. Mediators: Arrange peer contacts of children, regulate

 

3. Supervisors: Monitor peer interactions, offer support & guidance

 

4. Consultants: Provide more general advice & emotional support with respect to peer relations

Term
Children who adapt positively in the face of significant adversity
Definition
Resilient Children
Term
What factors contribute to resiliency?
Definition

1. Personal characteristics (high self-esteem, socially responsive temperament)

 

2. Aspects of family (availability of alternative caregiver) 

 

3. Characteristics of child's wider social network (supportive neighbors or social agencies)

Term
Acceptance/Responsiveness
Definition
Parental Warmth
Term
Demandingness opposed to unsupervised
Definition
Parental Control
Term
What are the four parenting styles?
Definition

1. Authoritative

2. Authoritarian

3. Permissive

4. Uninvolved

Term

What parenting style?

 

High control, high warmth

 

accepting, high standards, consistent discipline & limit setting, reason rather than force

Definition
Authoritative
Term

What parenting style?

 

High control, Low warmth

 

high standards for behavior, strict obedience, harsh discipline, does not listen to point of view

Definition
Authoritarian
Term

What parenting style?

 

High warmth, low control

 

Highly accepting, frequent expression of affection, undemanding of behavior, lax rules, encourages point of view

Definition
Permissive parenting style
Term

What parenting style?

 

Low control, low warmth

 

Emotionally detached, undemanding of behaviors

 

Definition
Uninvolved parenting style
Term
Theoretical perspective that views family as complex set of interacting relationships, all of which are influenced by larger social & cultural factors, as well as by individual characteristics & behaviors of each family member
Definition
Family Systems
Term
Feelings of competition, resentment, & jealousy that can arise between siblings
Definition
Sibling Rivalry
Term
What are the cognitive benefits (especially w/older siblings) of having siblings?
Definition

1. Accelerated development of theory-of-mind skills

 

2. Teach/convey household chore as social expectation & child influenced

 

3. Models of gender role behavior & potential agents of reinforcement of punishment for behaviors they see in siblings

Term
What are the recent changes in family systems?
Definition

1. increased number of single adults

2. Active postponement of marriage

3. Decreased Childbearing

4. Increased female participation in labor force

5. Increase in divorce

6. Reconstituted families

7. Increased single paretn family

8. Increase of children living in poverty

Term
FAmily unit that consists not only of parents & children but also of at least one & sometimes several other adult relatives
Definition
Extended Family
Term
What are the benefits of an extended family?
Definition

1. Provides social & financial support

 

2. Facilitates transmission of cultural history & values

 

3. Reduces probability of negative development outcomes

Term
What are the 5 types of social support in the FAMILY SYSTEM?
Definition

1. Emotional

2. Instrumental

3. Informational

4. Companion

5. Material

Term
Emotional support in the family system is defined as what?
Definition
Expressions of empathy & encouragement that inspires confidence
Term
How is instrumental support defined in the family system?
Definition
Concrete help (household chores)
Term
How is informational support defined in the family system?
Definition
Advice or information
Term
How is informational support defined in the family system?
Definition
Advice or information
Term
How is companion support defined in the family system?
Definition
Engage in activities with other adults
Term
How is material support defined in the family system?
Definition
People who can provide financial support during difficult times
Term
How is social support beneficial to families?
Definition

1.  Reduce amount of stress in parent’s life (baby-sitting)


2. Buffer parent from adverse affects of stressful events


3.    Aids in construction of effective coping strategies


4. Positive developmental outcomes in children (happiness with family, stronger peer-related social skills, development of positive peer friendships)

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