Shared Flashcard Set

Details

PSY 306
final exam
34
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
12/12/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
types of language diversity
Definition
(dialects, creoles, pidgins)
Term
dialect
Definition

regional or social varieties of language

 

-develop when people are separated by

geographical or social barriers

 

-sometimes one particular dialect becomes the "standard" (SAE)

Term
pidgin
Definition

languages that are created by peoples who share no common language

 

-they invent a language that uses the lexical items from one or more of the contact languages but has very primitive grammar

Term
creole
Definition
a language that was once a pidgin but which subsequently became a native language for some speakers
Term

Whorfian Hypothesis

(definition)

Definition
language forms thought
Term

Whorfian Hypothesis

(2 types and explanations)

Definition

(Strong) Linguistic Determinism- language determines thought

 

(Weak) Linguistic Relativity- language influences thought

Term

Whorfian Hypothesis

(Evidence for and against)

Definition

For- Eskimos have many names for snow

 

Against- The cross-cultural color spectrum experiment. Regardless of their language, everyone picked the bluest blue, redest red, etc.

Term
socialized speech
Definition

an increase in the number of contingent responses and contingent queries

 

-a decrease in the amount of noncontingent responses

Term
decontextualized language
Definition
talking about things other than what's present
Term
Story grammars
Definition

-setting: introduce the characters

-initiation: introduce the problem or goal

-elaboration: protagonists actions to solve the problem

-consequences: affects of actions

-resolution: outcome

Term

Protonarratives (Age 3-5)

 

Definition

centering- (heaps) often lacks beginning,

middle, and end

-i.d. of setting may be nonexistent

 

chaining- (organizing "and then..") temporal organization, but vague sense of time

Term
Narritive forms in the school years
Definition

-recounts: past experience (audience usually

shares the experience)

-eventcasts: explaining a current or anticipated event

 

-accounts: spontaneous sharing of experience

(usually not shared by the audience)

-stories: fictionalized accounts (usually has a theme with a main character overcoming a problem or challenge)

Term
Later grammar stories
Definition

-evaluations: of character's internal states

-orientations: greater detail of setting (Appendages- orientation cues)

-causlity: can move forward and backward in time

Term
verbal aggression
Definition

Reprimands, commands, and insults

 

-tattling

-rejections

-criticisms

-taunts, teases, ritualized forms

Term

genderlects

(boys v. girls)

Definition

girls: collaborative, supported, more

mitigated speech and negotiation

 

boys: more assertive and controlling

Term
metalinguistic awareness
Definition

kids treat language the same as any other object, something to play around with

 

(Have an appreciation for riddles, rhyme, etc.)

Term
homonyms
Definition
spelled the same but sound different
Term
homophones
Definition
sound the same, different meanings (stuff, tie)
Term
riddles
Definition

word games that depend on phonological, morphological, lexical or syntactic ambiguity

 

-polysemus: more than one meaning

 

-solving a riddle requires insight into the ways that words can be ambiguous

Term

figurative language

(definition)

Definition
using and understanding words in an imaginative sense rather than a literal sense
Term

figurative language

(examples)

Definition

-metaphors

-idioms (throw a party)

-opaque idioms: little relationship

-literal and figurative meaning

-simile

-hyperbole (sarcasm, emphasis)

-irony

-proverbs

Term
concept development
Definition

knowledge about the way the world works

(contributes to understanding figurative language)

 

-richer word representations provide more possible interpretations

Term
metamorphic transparency
Definition

how clear is the literal-figurative relationships

 

frozen metaphor- kick the bucket

 

transparent- hold your tongue

Term
language disorder
Definition

impaired comprehension or use of a spoken, written, or signed symbol system

 

(may involve form, content, or use or some combination)

 

Term

SLI

(Characteristics)

Definition

Specific Language Impairment- largest

class of impairment

 

have atypical hearing, normal range intelligence, no other obvious neurological impairments

Term

SLI

(profiles)

Definition

1. tend to have differential difficulties with language

2. delayed vocab. development

3. difficulty with grammar

4. associated with general academic difficulty

5. tend to have long-term language problems

6. Anomia: problems in retrieving words for concepts they appear to understand

7. problems in pragmatics (less appropriate requests, tend to interpret literally)

Term

SLI

(Causes)

Definition

may reflect underlying brain dysfunction

 

-auditory processing: phonemic processing

-symbolic processing: representations in your head

-general cognitive deficits

Term

SLI

(Treatment)

Definition

kids respond to treatment in a number of cases

 

-SLI kids may learn language differently- appear to be poor incidental learners

Term
Autism spectrum disorder forms
Definition

-forms

-childhood disintegrative disorder

-asperger's syndrome

-pervasive developmental disorder

Term
childhood disintegrative disorder
Definition
appear to develop normally and then regress in language, social skills, bowel and bladder control, play, motor skills
Term

Asperger's Syndrome

"high functioning autism" 

Definition
marked by well developed (but idiosyncratic) language skills
Term
pervasive developmental disorder
Definition

show some signs, particularly social and communication

 

-don't otherwise meet criteria

Term

Autism

(criteria for diagnosis)

Definition

severe problem establishing and maintaining social relationships

 

3 areas of evaluation:

1. social interactions- lack of desire for social contact, awkward facial expressions, etc.

2. communication: extremely slow development

3. Behavior (abnormal focus, must have routines)

Term

Autism

(Impact on Language Development)

Definition

-about half of the autistic comminity never develops expressive vocab.

-Good: phonological, lexical, syntactic development

-Poor: pragmatic, social domains

-trouble engaging prelinguistic communication

-trouble developing joint social interactions

-may demonstrate hyperlexia

-echolalia

-delayed echolalia: repeating utterances days, even weeks after it was first heard

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