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PSY 236 exam four
Neo-Freudians, Humanism, Cultural Personality Psychology, Behaviorism, and Social Learning and Personality Processes
76
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/25/2013

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Term
what were four primary disagreements that the neo-freudians had with Freud's original theory?
Definition
1. role of the unconscious
2. focus on sexuality
3. importance placed on early experience
4. gender issues - sexist
Term
What did Alfred Adler feel that the primary motivating force in life was?
Definition
feelings of inferiority
Term
According to Adler what were the inferiority and superiority complexes?
Definition

inferiority: feel lesser due to neglect

superiority: overcompensate, egotistical.

Term
Know what Adler meant by compensation
Definition
dealing with real or imagined inferiority
Term
know what Adler meant by Style of Life
Definition
your particular way of dealing with your inferiority
Term
know the 3 kinds of destructive styles of life in Adler's scheme
Definition
ruling type
getting type
avoiding type
Term
define ruling type
Definition
lacks respect for others, acts out when threatened. domineering. delinquents and criminals.
Term
define getting type
Definition
dependent on others. expects to gain satisfaction from others. passive and depends on others to solve problems.
Term
define avoiding type
Definition
lacks confidence. avoids engaging in the world - prone to escapism and daydreaming.
Term
know the features of the Socially Useful style of life
Definition
faces problems, cooperates with others, engages in social interests, forms relationships with people.
Term
explain Jung's collective unconscious
Definition
memories and ideas that all humans share, most of which reside in the unconscious.
Term
what is anima?
Definition
the idea or prototype of the female as held in the mind of a male
Term
what is animus?
Definition
the idea of prototype of the male as held in the mind of a female.
Term
how did Karen Horney reconceptualize Freud's concept of penis envy?
Definition
she said women envied men's status in society - not literal "penis" envy
Term
define phenomenology
Definition
each person has their own unique understanding of the world and unique experiences.
Term
why is phenomenology important to humanists?
Definition
to understand a person, you must understand his or her unique view of reality.
Term
problems that humanists cite with the way that traditional psychology addresses issues in the world
Definition
Psychologists are too scientific. Humans should not be studied in the same way. Focus too much on negative
Term
What was Wilhelm Wundt's major contribution
Definition
introspection - introducing experiments to psychology
Term
What is introspection? Why is it so difficult to carry out in practice?
Definition
Looking inward, trying to describe specific experience of some even.
Term
what did existentialists mean when they said someone was living in bad faith?
Definition
they were not facing mortality as a human and lived a meaningless existence.
Term
what is an authentic existence according to existentialists?
Definition
facing your mortality, being honest and insightful and morally correct.
Term
what are the two key assumptions did humanists borrow from existentialism?
Definition
phenomenology and free will
Term
what two assumptions of their own did humanists add to their theory?
Definition
1. humans are basically good
2. people have an innate need to make themselves and the world better (self actualization)
Term
what did Carl Rogers mean by saying that people Self-Actualize?
Definition
tendency to make yourself a better person and the world a better place. enhance experience.
Term
what is Carl Roger's definition of a Fully Functioning Person
Definition
facing life without fear
without doubt
without neurotic defenses (defense mechanisms)
Term
what is unconditional positive regard?
Definition
accepting someone regardless of anything about them (traits or actions)
necessary for being a fully functioning person-->
Term
what are conditions of worth?
Definition
conditions that must be met in order to get affection.
Term
what are personal constructs?
Definition
bipolar dimensions that we each have a unique set of, used to differentiate the world around us
(strong vs. weak)
Term
according to Kelly, where do our personal constructs come from?
Definition
come from, but are not determined by, experience.
you can change them
Term
What is "flow"?
Definition
altered state when in a unique activity "in your zone"
Term
how did Salvatore Maddi feel about stress and how is it related to his concept of hardiness?
Definition
stress is good. without it, we would not fully appreciate our existence. if you face stress in a positive way, you become hardier
Term
define culture
Definition
customs and sets of beliefs specific to a set of people
(shared set of beliefs, passed down from generation to generation, intended to guide the thought, feelings & behavior of group members)
Term
what is cultural relativism?
Definition
different cultures often emphasize vastly different beliefs, values, customs, etc.
-->US having high regard for basketball players.
Term
What is an Etic?
Definition
values and behaviors that are universal across cultures --> Wisdom is valued
(think T - total)
Term
What is an Emic?
Definition
specific to a certain culture.
Term
what is collectivism?
Definition
group is valued over the individuals needs
--> Japan
Term
what is individualism?
Definition
looking out for self more than the better of the group
--> United States
Term
Differences between collectivist and individualist cultures
Definition
United States has many more adjectives than a more collectivist culture, like Japan.
interdependent self vs. independent "I am _____" a mother vs. happy
Term
in individualist cultures......
Definition
Autobiographies are more common
Values self-esteem
Spend less time with more people
Emotion is more self-focused (e.g., anger)
Emphasis on personal achievement
Term
in collectivist cultures......
Definition
Group history books are more common
Values harmony in relationships
Spend more time with fewer people
Emotion is more other-focused (e.g., sympathy)
Emphasis on reputation (face)
Term
what is a vertical culture?
Definition
established hierarchy, rank, or cast system
Term
what is a horizontal culture?
Definition
no differences in status, people are equal.
Term
collectivist and vertical culture?
Definition
focus on complying with authorities and enhancing group cohesion/status, even at the expense of personal goals (e.g., Korea, Japan, India)
Term
individualist and vertical culture?
Definition
Individuals seek to stand out and be better than others via competition, achievement, and power (e.g., U.S., Great Britain, France)
Term
collectivist and horizontal culture?
Definition
Eschew status differences, focusing instead on common social ethic values equality and sharing (e.g., an Israeli kibbutz)
Term
individualist and horizontal culture?
Definition
Eschew status differences, focusing instead on each individual’s expression of unique talents (e.g., Sweden, Denmark, Norway)
Term
what is the key difference between holistic and analytic thought?
Definition
tolerance for ambiguity. holistic is okay with contradictory ideas, whereas analytic is more rigid: which one is right and which is wrong.
Term
Robert Levine’s studies on helping within the United States and across other countries.. what were the connections?
Definition
smaller population density - more helpful
smaller population - more helpful
lower crime rate - more helpful
Term
What is the Culture of Honor and where in the United States are you likely to find people that ascribe to it?
Definition
people value saving face, good reputation.
Southern and Western United States
Term
historical explanation for Culture of Honor?
Definition
people who settled southern and western lands were herders, ranchers, and had mobile stock. they had to police their herds and make sure no one stole them. Had to display they wouldn't be taken advantage of.
Term
Culture of honor applies to..
Definition
white males in southern and western US
Term
what is behaviorism?
Definition
we learn association between things.
award + punishment = learning
Term
how is behaviorism different from phenomenology?
Definition
behaviorism deals with physical behavior. phenomenology deal with thoughts
Term
what are the historical roots of behaviorism?
Definition
reaction to introspection and phenomenology.
Term
what are the philosophical roots of behaviorism?
Definition
Empiricism, associationism, and hedonism
Term
what is empiricism?
Definition
personality comes from experience. when born, you're a "blank slate"
Term
what is associationism?
Definition
learn to associate things together in time (if two things occur in a timely manner)
Term
what is hedonism?
Definition
we seek pleasure and avoid pain
Term
what is habituation?
Definition
after being repeatedly exposed to the same stimulus, it has less of an effect.
Term
what is classical conditioning?
Definition
(Pavlov's dogs) Unintentional conditioning. two seemingly unrelated things become related because of their proximity in time
Term
what is Watson's S-R theory?
Definition
(related to CC) personality consists of repeated exposure of different STIMULI and our RESPONSES to those stimuli.
Term
what is Operant Conditioning?
Definition
active form of conditioning
ex. animal presses lever, gets reward or punishment.
Term
What was Thorndike's Law of Effect and what did it have to do with cats in a box?
Definition
behavior that gives you a reward is more likely to be repeated.
behavior that gets desired outcome is more likely to occur faster.
Term
what were the five principles of effective punishment?
Definition
1. Provide an alternative
2. Behavioral and Situational Specificity (don't reward after)
3. Timing and Consistency
4. Secondary punishing stimuli (threat of punishment)
5. Avoid mixed messages
Term
what were the five reasons that punishment can backfire?
Definition
1. It arouses emotion (in punisher and punishee)
2. It is difficult to be consistent
3. It is difficult to gauge the severity of the punishment
4. Punishment teaches about power
5. Punishment motivates concealment
Term
what were some complaints about behaviorism that were addressed by social learning theorists?
Definition
1. it ignores motivation - what is going on in our heads
2. experiments done on animals - translate to humans?
3. ignores socialness of learning.
4. ignores selection (we chose to be/put ourselves in certain situations
Term
what was Dollar and Miller's Habit Hierarchy? and how does it deviate from traditional behaviorist ideas?
Definition
states that in an situation there are many behavior options and the most likely is at the top of your mind (based on rewards and punishment)
ex. taking notes in class or dancing in class.

-->discusses mental structure, not just behavior.
Term
according to Dollar and Miller, what are drives?
differences between primary and secondary
Definition
state of physiological tension that arises from a need that must be satisfied.
primary: hunger, thirst etc
secondary: success (more complicated)
Term
what is the frustration aggression hypothesis and which Freudian defense mechanism is it similar to?
Definition
all frustration leads to aggression and all aggression stems from frustration.
-->displacement.
Term
what is the basic idea behind Rotter's Expectancy Value theory and how does it differ from traditional behaviorist ideas?
Definition
additional mental component where we evaluate likelihood of success (high -> engage in behavior. low -> do not engage in behavior)
Term
what are the differences between Rotter's concepts of generalized and specific expectancies? (related to locus of control?)
Definition
specific: specific to a situation (if i ask this girl out, what are the chances she'll say yes?)
generalized: more global. do you feel like you can control the outcome?
Term
what is the key difference between Bandura's concept of Efficacy Expectations and Rotter's concept of Expectancies?
Definition
Bandura's initial decision of if you are capable, rather than success (can you even go talk to someone? much less ask them out)
Term
what is the basic idea behind Bandura's observational learning? (Bobo dolls)
Definition
people do not need to learn from personal experience. Watching others receive rewards or punishments can affect how you behave.
Term
Learning theories: Pros and cons
Definition
PRO: strong experimental methods
importance of environment & external things
techniques for behavioral change
CONS: effects not long lasting
underestimates degree on how people think differently
too simplistic
Term
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Definition
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Term
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
Definition
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