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psy 205 exam 2
2
60
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/27/2012

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Term
discovered classical conditioning while studying salivation responses in dogs
Definition
Ivan Pavlov
Term
Little Albert developed a fear of white rats through this process
Definition
classical conditioning
Term
Dr. Palfai’s stories about his niece Susie, who coughed a lot, and Lisa, a 13-year-old who kept getting on her hands and knees, illustrated this type of conditioning
Definition
operant conditioning
Term
Kohler’s experiment with the chimp who stacked up boxes so he could reach a banana illustrated this type of learning
Definition
insight learning
Term
this schedule of reinforcement is the most resistant to extinction (hint: slot machine)
Definition
variable ratio SOR
Term
the three main processes in memory: encoding, __________, and retrieval
Definition
storage
Term
the three types of memory stores, according to Atkinson & Shiffrin’s information processing memory
Definition
sensory, short-term, long-term
Term
the part of the brain essential for laying down long-term memories
Definition
hippocampus
Term
This phone number has 11 numbers, so it is too long for me to remember: 17462842934. What should I do so I can remember it?
Definition
chunk it: 1-746-284-2934
Term
What is the difference between declarative and non-declarative memory? What are the 2 subdivisions of declarative memory?
Definition
Nondeclarative (procedural info: actions, skills)
Declarative (factual info)
Semantic (encyclopedia)
Episodic (autobiography)
Term
giving a reward to increase the recurrence of a behavior
Definition
positive reinforcement
Term
memory store with limited duration (20 seconds) and limited capacity (7 +/- 2 items)
Definition
short-term memory
Term
characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity
Definition
temperament
Term
previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response
Definition
conditioned stimulus
Term
when newly-learned information interferes with the ability to remember previously-learned information
Definition
retroactive interference
Term
psychologist who put operant conditioning on the map, starting with his experiments using rats and pigeons
Definition
B. F. Skinner
Term
first person to experimentally study memory, which he did by learning nonsense syllables
Definition
Herman Ebbinghaus
Term
known for her work on the misinformation effect (car crash study) and false memories (meeting Bugs Bunny study)
Definition
Elizabeth Loftus
Term
his study with the story “The War of the Ghosts” showed that memory is reconstructive, and people use schemas to fill in missing details
Definition
Frederick Bartlett
Term
this pioneer in cognitive neuroscience worked with H.M. and discovered that people have multiple memory systems
Definition
Brenda Milner
Term
Solomon Asch’s famous line experiment demonstrated 2 kinds of _________
Definition
conformity
Term
what does “caveat emptor” mean?
Definition
buyer beware
Term
What kind of attribution is this? He’s only acting like a jerk because he had a bad day at work.
Definition
external attribution
Term
Name 3 of Cialdini’s weapons of influence
Definition
reciprocation, commitment, social proof, authority, liking, scarcity
Term
Sandra and her friend Joan both cheated on their boyfriends. Sandra says she only cheated because she was really wasted at the time, but she says Joan cheated because she’s a skanky ho. What error is Sandra making?
Definition
fundamental attribution error
Term
close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers
Definition
attachment
Term
Kohlberg’s Theory about morality focuses on moral _______ rather than _______
Definition
reasoning; behavior
Term
this concept allows this child to understand that these 2 beakers hold the same amount of water
Definition
conservation
Term
Piaget’s term for changing your schema to be able to fit new experiences
Definition
accommodation
Term
Arguing that we should not go to war because war means killing, and killing is against the law (no matter what) illustrates this stage of moral reasoning from Kohlberg’s theory
Definition
Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
Term
in Pavlov’s salivation studies, the conditioned stimulus
Definition
sound of a tone
Term
You have used operant conditioning principles to train your dog to sit when you say “sit.” If you want to make the response more resistant to extinction, should you reinforce your dog every time he sits, or just some of the time he sits?
Definition
some of the time – intermittent reinforcement is more resistant to extinction
Term
Jason made fun of his sister at the dinner table. As a result, his parents said he could not watch TV the rest of the week. Jason’s parents are using…
Definition
negative punishment
Term
Your studying increases substantially just before the exam and then decreases substantially until right before the next exam. This pattern of studying for the exam illustrates this effect, which occurs on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.
Definition
scalloping effect
Term
A rat has to find his way through a maze to find food. Tolman argued that instead of learning a stimulus-reinforcer (S: go a certain route – R: get food) connection, the rat is really learning this
Definition
mental map
Term
guy who developed the savings score and the forgetting curve
Definition
Herman Ebbinghaus
Term
This guy was beaten up severely. He can’t remember anything that happened since the beating (unless he takes a Polaroid of it or tattoos it on his body). He has this type of amnesia.
Definition
anterograde amnesia
Term
Backward-masking studies and Sperling’s partial report study provide evidence for the existence of this kind of memory store
Definition
sensory memory
Term
the shape of the serial position effect curve resembles this letter of the alphabet – why?
Definition
U – primacy effect and recency effect
Term
the difference between iconic memory and eidetic memory
Definition
iconic: sensory memory
eidetic: photographic memory (very rare)
Term
“It was that guy – I can’t remember his name. I know I know it. It starts with a B. I can picture him clear as day, I just can’t think of his name.” This illustrates what phenomenon in memory?
Definition
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Term
organized cluster of knowledge about an object or event based on our past experience with it
Definition
schema
Term
reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response
Definition
shaping
Term
Piaget’s term for fitting information into your existing schema
Definition
assimilation
Term
This process occurs when a rat learns to press the bar (in order to get a food pellet) only when a blue light is on. He does not bother pressing the bar when the blue light is off because he will not get food then.
Definition
stimulus discrimination
Term
A rat is reinforced for the first lever press he makes after a 5-minute interval has passed. Name the schedule of reinforcement.
Definition
fixed interval SOR
Term
Harry Harlow’s studies with monkeys showed that this was the key factor in the development of attachment
Definition
contact comfort
Term
Name 2 common measures of retention. Which one is easier and why?
Definition
recall test and recognition test
recognition easier because you choose from options rather than having to reproduce the answers yourself with no clues
Term
In the Bobo doll study, young children who saw an adult beating up a Bobo doll beat up the Bobo doll when they were allowed to play with it. They learned to beat up Bobo through what kind of learning?
Definition
observational learning
Term
Every time you take a shower, someone in the house flushes the toilet, causing the water to turn cold, which causes you to get cold. Now every time you hear a toilet flush, you get cold. Name the UCS and CS.
Definition
UCS: cold water
CS: sound of toilet flushing
Term
organized clusters of ideas about social events and people (our idea of how someone will be)
Definition
social schema
Term
what effect did the case of Kitty Genovese illustrate?
Definition
bystander effect
Term
name 2 things that make us less likely to conform to group pressure
Definition
if you have an ally (someone else breaks the unanimity of the group)
if your decision is made in secret (e.g., secret ballot)
Term
Dr. Palfai’s “ribbon story” (students were given a red or blue ribbon at the beginning of lecture) illustrates our tendency to divide people into 2 kinds of groups…
Definition
ingroup and outgroup
Term
name 2 of the 3 ways we acquire attitudes
Definition
socialization (we hear what our friends & family say/think and that rubs off on us)
modeling (we imitate our friends’ & family’s behavior)
reinforcement (we get benefits for having certain attitudes)
Term
this woman advanced the aquatic ape hypothesis
Definition
Elaine Morgan
Term
until infants develop this mental concept, a game of peek-a-boo will provide them with hours of endless entertainment
Definition
object permanence
Term
Basing your idea of right and wrong on society’s rules, with the understanding that there may be some exceptions to these rules, is indicative of this stage of moral reasoning in Kohlberg’s theory
Definition
Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation
Term
this woman ran the visual cliff experiment with infants
Definition
Eleanor Gibson
Term
children in this stage of cognitive development are starting to engage in symbolic thought but focus on only one aspect of a problem and can’t mentally undo actions
Definition
preoperational stage
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