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Psy 160 Ch 4 Book
Ch 4 Book Terms
24
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
02/23/2013

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Term
Social cognition
Definition
the study of how people think about the social world and arrive at judgments that help them interpret the past, understand the present and predict the future
Term
Snap judgments
Definition
making inferences about a person or situation based on very little information
Term
Pluralistic ignorance
Definition
Misperception of a group norm that results from observing people that are acting at variance with their private beliefs out of a concern for the social consequences
- these actions reinforce the erroneous group norm
- ex. not asking a question in class because you think everyone else already understands the concept
Term
Misleading secondhand information
Definition
Ideological distortions: a person's desire to foster certain beliefs or behaviors that leads them to accentuate some elements of a story and omit conflicting details
Bad-news bias: 80% of all crime in the media is violent while in real life on ly 20% is
Asymmetric attention to positive vs. negative info: we pay attn to negative events more than positive ones because neg has important effects for our well being/ survival
Term
Order effects
Definition
Primacy effect: the disproportionate influence on judgment by information presented first in a body of evidence

Recency effect: the disproportionate influence on judgment by information presented last in a body of evidence
Term
Framing effect
Definition
the influence on judgment resulting from the way information is presented, such as the order of presentation or how it is worded
Term
Construal level theory
Definition
theory that says that the temporal perspective from which people view events has important and predictable implications for how people construe them
- Psychologically distant actions are thought about in abstract terms; actions and events that are close at hand are thought about in concrete terms
Term
Confirmation bias
Definition
the tendency to test a proposition by searching for evidence that would support it
Term
Motivated confirmation bias
Definition
when someone deliberately searches for evidence that confirms their preferences or expectations
- any info that contradicts one's beliefs are subjected to critical scrutiny and discounted
Term
Bottom-up processes
Definition
"data-driven" mental processing in which an individual forms conclusions based on the stimuli encountered through experience
Term
Top-down processes
Definition
"theory-driven" mental processing in which an individual filters and interprets new information in light of preexisting knowledge and expectations
Term
Encoding
Definition
filing information away in memory based on what info is attended to and the initial interpretation of the info
Term
Retrieval
Definition
the extraction of info from memory
Term
Which schemas are activated/applied?
Definition
Prime: to momentarily activate a concept and thus make it accessible

Chronic accessibility

Similarity/feature matching: how closely a stimuli/situation resembles our the features of the schema

Misleading similarities

Expectations --> what to expect from a given stimuli/situation; diff consequences if schema wrongly applied
Term
Subliminal
Definition
below the threshold of conscious awareness
Term
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Definition
the tendency for people to act in ways that bring about the very thing they expect to happen
Term
Heuristics
Definition
intuitive mental operations that allow us to make a variety of judgments quickly and efficiently
Term
Availability heuristic
Definition
the process whereby judgments of frequency or probability are based on how readily pertinent instances come to mind
Term
Representativeness heuristic
Definition
used when we try to categorize something by judging how similar it is to our conception of the prototype of the category
Term
Fluency
Definition
the feeling of ease associated with processing information
Term
Base-rate information
Definition
Information about the relative frequency of events or of members of different categories in the population
Term
Planning fallacy
Definition
the tendency for people to be unrealistically optimistic about how quickly they can complete a project
Term
Illusory correlation
Definition
the belief that two variables are correlated when in fact they are not
Term
base-rate neglect
Definition
the tendency for people to ignore or underutilize base-rate information when assessing whether someone belongs to a particular category
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