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Psy 100 chapter 8
NA
48
Physiology
Undergraduate 1
10/20/2010

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Term
memory
Definition
the retntion of info over time through proceses of encoding, storage, and retrieval
Term
encoding
Definition
the process by which info gets into memory storage
Term
levels of processing
Definition
the idea that encoding occurs on a continuum from shallow to deep, which deeper processing producing better memory
Term
elaboration
Definition
extensiveness of processing at any given level of memory
Term
storage
Definition
retention of info over time and the representation of info in memory
Term
Atkinson-Shiffrin Theroy
Definition
The view that memory storage involves three seperate systems: sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory
Term
sensory memory
Definition
info from the world that is held in its original form only for an instant, not much longer than a brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses
Term
short term memory
Definition
a limitied capacity memory system in which info is retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless strategies are used to retain it longer
Term
working memory
Definition
a three part system that temporarily holds info as people perform cognitive tasks. Workign memory is a kind of metal "workbench" on which info is manipulated and assembled to help indivuduals perform other cognitive tasks
Term
long term memory
Definition
a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of info for a long time
Term
explict memory
Definition
the conscious recollection of info, such as specific events and, at least in humans, info that can be verbally communicated
Term
episodic memory
Definition
the retention of info about the where, when, and what of life's happenings
Term
sematic memory
Definition
a person's knowledge about the world
Term
implicit memory
Definition
memory in which behavior is affected by prior experiance without that experiance being consciously recollected
Term
rocedual memory
Definition
memory for skills
Term
priming
Definition
a type of implict memory process involving the activation of info that people already have in storage to help remember new info better and faster
Term
schema`
Definition
a preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret info
Term
script
Definition
a schema for an event
Term
connectionism
Definition
the theory that memory is stored throughout the brian in connections amoung neurons, several which may work together to process a single memory
Term
retrieval
Definition
the meory process of taking info out of storage
Term
serial postition effect
Definition
the tendency for items at the begining and at the end of a list to be recalled more readily than those in the middle
Term
autobiographical memory
Definition
a special form of episodic memory consisting of a persons recollections of his or her life experiances
Term
flashbulb memory
Definition
the memory of emotionally significant events that people often reall more accuratly and vividly than everyday events
Term
motivated forgetting
Definition
an act of forgetting something because it is so painful or anxiet-landen that remembering is is intolerable
Term
interference theory
Definition
theory stating that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other info gets in the way of what they want to remember
Term
proactive interference
Definition
situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later
Term
retroactive interference
Definition
situation in which material learned later disrupts the retrieval of info learned earlier
Term
decay theory
Definition
theory stating that when something new is learned, a neurichemical "memory trace" is formed, but over time this trace tends to disintegrate
Term
tip of the tounge phenomenon
Definition
the "effortful retrieval" that occurs when people are confident that thye know something but cannot pull it out of memory
Term
retrospective memory
Definition
remembering the past
Term
prospective memory
Definition
remembering info about doing something in the future, including memory for intentions
Term
amnesia
Definition
the loss of memory
Term
anterograde amnesia
Definition
a memory disorder that affects the retention of new info and events
Term
retrograde amnesia
Definition
a memory disorder that involves memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events
Term
mnemonics
Definition
specific visual and/or verbal memory aids
Term
sensory memory
Definition
time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds
Term
short term memory
Definition
time frames up to 30 seconds
Term
lng term memory
Definition
time frames up to a lifetime
Term
Atkinson-shiffrins theory of memory model
Definition
sensory imputs to the sensory memory, then attention and rehearsal send info to short term memory, then storage to long term memory
Term
life time periods
Definition
long segments of time measured in years and even decades
Term
eneral events
Definition
extended composite spisodes measured in days, weeks, or months
Term
event-specific knowledge
Definition
individual episodes measured in seconds, minutes, or hours
Term
hermann ebbinghaus
Definition
first psychologist to conduct scientific research on forgetting
Term
how memories are encoded
Definition
attention, levels of processing, elaboration, and imagery
Term
how memories are stored
Definition
sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory
Term
5 special cases of retrieval
Definition
autobiographical memory, emotional memory, memory for trauma, repressed memory, and eyewitness memory
Term
encoding failure
Definition
forgetting info that was never entered into long term memory
Term
4 reasons of retrieval failure
Definition
interference theory, decay theory, motivated theory, amnesia
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