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PSU-A: Nurs 250 Exam 1
This is all the key content for exam 1
97
Nursing
Post-Graduate
09/11/2012

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Term
Health
Definition
The state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.
Term
Illness
Definition
The body's natural, unique response to a disease; an abnormal process involving changes in the body's normal functioning.
Term
5 Dimensions of Health
Definition
Physical, emotional, social, intellectual, environmental, sociocultural, spirtual - All are interrelated.
Term
Acute Illness
Definition
The rapid onset of disease symptoms that last a relatively short period of time.

Ex- appendicitis, diarrhea, etc.
Term
Chronic Illness
Definition
A broad term that applies to a disease that causes permanent physical and mental alterations within one's health.
Term
3 Characteristics of Chronic Disease
Definition
1) They're permanent alterations,2) Requires special pt education/rehabilitation, 3) Typically requires a long period of care or support.
Term
Stages of Illness - Experiencing symptoms
Definition
It's the first stage of illness. At this point, the pt begins to experience signs/symptoms of a disease process, but try to treat it themselves or "ride it out."
Term
Stages of Illness - Assuming the sick role
Definition
The second stage of illness. The pt now seeks social affirmation that they are experiencing a disease process and can be excused from their social responsibilities.
Term
Stages of Illness - Assuming the dependent role
Definition
The third stage of illness. The pt accepts they need help, seek the assistance of a physician and accept their diagnosis. They now seek external resources for coping and treatment.
Term
Stages of Illness - Achieving Recovery and Rehab
Definition
The 4th stage of the illness. The pt is now recovering from the symptoms and terminates their relationship with whatever external resources they tapped to cope with/treat the illness.
Term
Agent-Host-Environment Model
Definition
Health model that examines the cause of disease in an individual. Identifies the interaction of the agent, host, and environment in the precipitation of risk factors.
Term
AHE Model - Agent Factors Examples
Definition
Include:
1) The type of pathogen
2) The virulence of the pathogen
3) Other agent-specific factors
Term
AHE Model - Environment Factors Examples
Definition
Include:
1) Effects from cultural practices (ex- the pt does not regularly clean their living space due to cultural constraints, resulting in an excessive breeding ground for pathogens).

2) Effects of the physical environment (ex- the pt lives in a swamp where West Nile Virus is present).

3) Effects from social atmosphere (ex- the pt does not live in a safe family environment. As a result, the pt is at an increase risk for domestic abuse).
Term
AHE Model - Host Factors Examples
Definition
Include:
1) Genetic predispositions for disease.
2) Unchangeable biometrics, such as age.
3) Lifestyle habits such as lack of exercise, over-eating, etc.
Term
Health-illness continuum
Definition
Views health as a constantly dynamic process that can range from high-level wellness to death.
Term
Health Belief Model
Definition
Created by Rosenthal. The model is based on people's perception of A) the complications that would arise if they contract disease process, B) the chance they can catch the disease, and C) the benefits of action to either prevent or treat the disease.
Term
The Health-Promotion Model
Definition
Illustrates the multi-dimensional nature of persons interacting with their environment as they pursue health. This model incorporates individual experiences and behavior-specific knowledge and beliefs to motivate health-promoting behavior. Behavior is directed towards attaining positive health outcomes.
Term
General Risk Factors for Illness
Definition
1) Age
2) Genetic factors
3) Health and lifestyle habits
4) Environment
Term
Physical Dimension of Health
Definition
Include the interaction of age, genetics, race, and sex
Term
Emotional Dimension of Health
Definition
How the mind affects the body and reacts to certain physiological conditions
Term
Intellectual Dimension of Health
Definition
Include a person's cognitive abilities, educational background, and past experiences.
Term
Environment Dimension of Health
Definition
Involves the person's current living arrangement, namely housing location, proper sanitation, possible pollution, and ensuring they have adequate food and water.
Term
Sociocultural Dimension of Health
Definition
Includes factors such as: economic situation, lifestyle, and family situation.
Term
Spiritual Dimension of Health
Definition
The spiritual beliefs and values that a person has.
Term
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Definition
From Bottom to Top:
1) Physical Needs
2) Safety and Security
3) Love and Belonging
4) Self-esteem needs
5) Self-actualization
Term
Physical Needs
Definition
Eating, drinking, sleeping, etc.
Term
Safety and Security Needs
Definition
Having a place to sleep, being safe from the elements, etc.
Term
Love and Belonging Needs
Definition
The first social need. Consists of a person's need to feel accepted and loved by those around him/her.
Term
Self-Esteem Needs
Definition
The need to feel self-confident, respect for self, and respect for others.
Term
Self-Actualization
Definition
The need to achieve one's maximum potential.
Term
Primary Promotion
Definition
Preventing the disease process for occurring to begin with (ex- getting immunized against various diseases).
Term
Secondary Promotion
Definition
Screening for the disease to enable early detection (ex- getting a mammogram to detect breast cancer or a colonoscopy to detect colon cancer early).
Term
Tertiary Promotion
Definition
Managing an illness once it's manifested (ex- taking medication to manage diabetes and monitoring one's blood sugar regularly).
Term
Nuclear Family
Definition
Considered a "traditional" family. Consists of 2 parents and their biological children.
Term
Extended Family
Definition
The nuclear family with the addition of distant relatives (such as aunts, uncles, and grandparents).
Term
Blended Family
Definition
Family structure that consists of 2 parents and children from previous relationships, as well as new children from their current relationship.
Term
Family Stages - Couple with Children
Definition
The new parents have to adjust to raising kids in terms of both social and economic needs.
Term
Family Stages - Family with Adolescents and Young Adults
Definition
Difficulties in maintaining open lines of communication can arise in this stage. Also, parents must learn to balance freedom and responsibility with their children.
Term
Family Stages - Family with Middle Adults
Definition
This could be the "sandwich generation" due to their fact that they may still have to support their children while beginning to help support their parents. This is also the stage where they begin preparing for retirement.
Term
Family Stages - Family with Older Adults
Definition
This is the stage where the kids are fully launched and potentially with children of their own. Retirement is now a factor within their lives and they may have to deal with the loss of spouses.
Term
Law
Definition
A standard or rule of conduct that is established and enforced by the government.
Term
Litigation
Definition
The process of bringing a lawsuit to court.
Term
Public Law
Definition
The government is directly involved with the creation of this type of law. It regulates the relationship between the government and the people.
Term
Private/Civil Law
Definition
Regulates the relationships between people that are not criminal cases.
Term
Criminal Law
Definition
Involves the concerns surrounding state and federal criminal statues. It also defines criminal actions and the penalties for certain crimes.
Term
Four Sources of Law - Constitutions
Definition
serves as guides in the legislative process.
Term
Four Sources of Law - Statutes
Definition
Enacted by a legislative body. Nurse practice laws fall under statutory law.
Term
Four Sources of Law - Admin Law
Definition
Body of law that governs the actions of administrative officers.
Term
Four Sources of Law - Common Law
Definition
A system of laws and judiciary precedents that reconcile controversies within various bodies of laws.
Term
Nurse Practice Acts
Definition
Most important piece of legislation for us. It defines the scope of practice, liscensure requirements, the roles/responsibilities of various levels of nurses, and other items that impact our day-to-day operations.
Term
Accreditation
Definition
The process in which education programs are reviewed and certified to meet minimum standards within the education community.
Term
Licensure
Definition
Ensures entry-level competency for a practioner. Requirements are determined by the state (ex- the PA State Board of Nursing).
Term
Certification
Definition
Denotes competency within a sub-field or specialty. Requirements are determined by the government body (ex- the National Association of Critical Care Nurses)
Term
Crime
Definition
Wrong against a person or their property as well as the public.
Term
Misdemeanor
Definition
A crime punishable by fines or less than 1 year in prison.
Term
Felony
Definition
A crime punishable by imprisonment for more than 1 year.
Term
Tort
Definition
A wrong committed by a person against another person that cannot be considered a crime. They are tried in civil court.

Can be intentional or unintentional.
Term
Intentional Tort
Definition
A tort that is purposefully, or willfully committed against another. Ex- Assault and Battery; Fraud; Defamation of Character.
Term
Unintentional Tort
Definition
A unwillful tort committed against another person. Ex- negligence, malpractice.
Term
Negligence
Definition
The commitment or omission of an act that another person with equal training would do or not do under similar circumstance.
Term
Malpractice
Definition
The commitment or omission of an act that another person with equal training would do or not do under similar circumstance WITHIN A PROFESSIONAL SETTING.
Term
Four Elements of Liability - Duty to act
Definition
the legal obligation to act or intervene if determined to be appropriate within your scope of practice.
Term
Four Elements of Liability - Breach of that duty to act
Definition
failure to fulfill your duty to act within your scope of practice.
Term
Four Elements of Liability - Causation
Definition
The breach of duty resulted in injury to the pt.
Term
Four Elements of Liability - Damages
Definition
The extent of the actual injuries sustained.
Term
Modeling
Definition
Someone provides an example to facilitate value transmission. Can be from peers, parents, authority figures, etc.
Term
Moralizing
Definition
A mode of transmission where a moral code or value system is imposed on someone by their culture or society. Ex- Church
Term
Laissez-Faire
Definition
Individuals are allowed to develop their own values with little or no guidance.
Term
Rewarding and Punishing
Definition
A mode of value transmission where an individual is rewarded for "acceptable" behavior and punished for "unacceptable" behavior which reflects their values.
Term
Responsible Choice
Definition
A mode of value transmission where an individual is encouraged to explore and learn through consequence.
Term
Seven Steps of the Valuing Process
Definition
1) Choosing freely- consequence spurs action.

2) Choosing from alternatives- a choice is made after review the options.

3) Choosing after the consider of consequences- the individual examines the options based on potential consequences.

4) Prizing and Happiness- the person is intrinsically satisfied with their values and choices.

5) Prizing with Public Affirmation- society expresses satisfaction with an individuals values and choices.

6) Acting with incorporation into their behaviors- the person's actions begin to reflect their internal value system.

7) Acting with consistency and regularity- the individuals actions will consistently reflect that person's personal beliefs and values.
Term
Altruism
Definition
Our concern for others.
Term
Autonomy
Definition
A person's right to self-determination and free choice.
Term
Human Dignity
Definition
Respect of all people's worthiness and their beliefs and values.
Term
Integrity
Definition
Acting in accordance with accepted ethical codes and standards.
Term
Social Justice
Definition
Upholding moral, legal, and humanistic principles.
Term
Ethics
Definition
The systematic inquiry into what is considered "right" and "wrong."
Term
Bioethics
Definition
Ethics regarding the life sciences.
Term
Clinical Ethics
Definition
Ethics regarding situations and challenges that occur at the bedside.
Term
Nursing Ethics
Definition
Formal study of ethics that arise while practicing nursing. These ethical decisions are reflected within a nurse's clinical judgements.
Term
Utilitarian
Definition
The rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by the consequences of the action.
Term
Deontological
Definition
An action is inherently right or wrong regardless of the consequence.
Term
Nonmaleficence
Definition
Avoiding the cause of harm.
Term
Beneficence
Definition
The act of benefiting the pt through nursing intervention.
Term
Justice
Definition
Giving each pt appropriate recognition and acting fairly towards them.
Term
Fidelity
Definition
Keeping promises made to the pt.
Term
Ethical Sensibility
Definition
The ability for the nurse to sense when an "ethical moment/challenge" arises.
Term
Ethical Responsiveness
Definition
The ability to appropriately respond to that challenge once it arises.
Term
Ethical Reasoning and Discernment
Definition
Adequately thinking through the dimensions of a challenge and potential response options.
Term
Ethical Accountability
Definition
Taking responsibility for an ethical challenge and its outcome once a decision is made.
Term
Ethical Character
Definition
Act as you feel one should ethically act when confronted with an ethical challenge.
Term
Ethical Valuing
Definition
Placing a high value on ethical behavior.
Term
Transformative Ethical Leadership
Definition
Do the ethical thing simply because it's the ethical thing to do.
Term
Code of Ethics for Nurses
Definition
A succinct, non-negotiable statement of the profession's accepted practices and standards.
Term
Ethical Dilemma
Definition
Two or more moral principles apply, but support mutually inconsistently course of action.
Term
Ethical Distress
Definition
The nurse knows the correct, ethical course of action, but cannot perform that action due to institutional or other external factors.
Term
Paternalism
Definition
Acting in what the nurse perceives is the pt's best interest without the pt's consent.
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