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PS100 Final
n/a
77
Science
Undergraduate 1
12/14/2011

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Four Sources of Knowledge
Definition
1. Authority
2. Reason
3. Intuition
4. Sensory Data
Term
Six Self-Evident Truths
Definition
1. Causality
2. Existence
3. Position Symmetry
4. Time Symmetry
5. Noncontradiction
6. Occams razor
Term
Strong Force
Definition
Very short range (size of nucleus), but very strong
Term
Gravitational Force
Definition
long range, not very strong. Planets come together, galaxies stay together.
Term
Electromagnetic
Definition
shorter range, stronger force. Hand can't go through the table. Holds molecules together.
Term
Newton's First Law of Motion
Definition
when an object is at rest (or moving) in uniform motion, it will stay that way unless you apply another force on it.
uniform motion= same speed, straight line (circle= acceleration)
Term
Newton's Second Law of Motion
Definition
F=ma. How an object responds to acceleration. Acceleration is constant (pictures of cannonball shooting upward, then falling).
Term
Newton's Third Law of Motion
Definition
All forces result from interactions between pairs of objects. The two resulting forces have the same strength and act in exactly opposite directions.
Term
Standing on a scale in an elevator
Definition
1. balanced forces (gravity, contact force) 150 lbs
2. unbalanced upward (less gravity, more contact) 170 lbs
3. balanced forces 150 lbs
4. unbalanced forces (more gravity, less contact) 130 lbs
5. balanced forces 150 lbs
Term
Buoyant force is = ____________
Definition
the weight of the displaced fluid
Term
Three balls have the same buoyant force if ___________
Definition
they are all the same volume
Term
the greater the density of balls in water has _________ gravitational force
Definition
More.
Term
What to know about Special Relativity
Definition
1. Laws of motion are the same, even at high speeds.
2. The speed of light is constant (NOT relative).
a. because speed of light is constant, as object moves closer and closer, the LENGTH will CONTRACT, it's TIME will SLOW down, and it's MASS will INCREASE, because the speed of light is constant.
Term
Conservation of Mass
Definition
we don't create mass. it can change, but not disappear or be created.
Term
Conservation of Charge
Definition
when you transfer electrons from one object to another, the on the received the electron becomes negative. charges are changing, but the number of electrons doesn't change.
Term
Conservation of Linear Momentum
Definition
Linear momentum will continue in the same direction. Bus and Bug pictures. Equal forces on each other (no matter the size) but because of mass, the bigger one moves less.
Term
Conservation of Angular Momentum
Definition
When the radius decreases, speed increases
Term
Kinetic Energy
Electrical Potential Energy
Thermal Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy
Nuclear Potential Energy
Definition
KE= has to do with motion
EPE= has to do with charges
TE= has to do with heat
GPE= energy stored in an object with potential to fall
NPE= energy stored in the nucleus of an atom
Term
Define Work
Definition
Transferring energy.
Term
Ways Energy is Transferred
Definition
1. Convection: transferring energy through something else
2. Conduction: transferring energy through contact (heat transfers energy)
3. Radiation: transfer of energy through light
Term
Conservation of Energy Example:
Pole Vaulter
Definition
in order to start: gets energy from food. chemical potential energies. (potential energy is potential to become kinetic). through work becomes kinetic energy. sticks pole into box, the pole will start to bend ( elastic potential energy) then with the jump, pole unbends making pole vaulter move up (kinetic energy). when an object goes up higher and higher (gravitational potential energy) now it changes back into kinetic as pole vaulter falls, then once it hits the pits... the energy does not disappear. where does it go? heat, light, and sound.
Term
Waves:
amplitude, frequency, wavelength
Definition
amplitude: height of wave. sound wave (makes louder). light wave (makes brighter).
frequency: # of wave amplitude crests that pass a particle point in space every SECOND.
wavelength: from peak to peak
Term
Wave Reflection
Definition
when the wave bounces back. EX: echo
Term
Wave Refraction
Definition
When a wave hits something more dense, it will slow down and refract in. EX: pencil in cup
Term
Wave Diffraction
Definition
changing of direction around corners. Goes through slit or around obstacle. It changes wavelength and frequency.
**wave property of light
Term
Wave Interference
Definition
two waves interact with each other (positive or negative)
constructive, destructive
Term
Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum of Light
Definition
GXUVIMR
Rabbits mate in very unusual expensive gardens
gamma, xray, ultraviolet ray, visible, infrared, microwave, radio waves
ROY G BIV resides in visible light
**shortest are gamma, longest radio
Term
Photoelectric Effect: particle nature of light
Definition
Define: the ejection of electrons from metals when light is shined on the metal's surface. Light energy is associated with FREQUENCY. Light is composed of photons.
Term
_______ proves light acts like a wave.
_______ proves light acts like a particle.
Definition
Wave Diffraction (double slit experiment)/ photoelectric effect
Term
Continuous color spectrum
Definition
Sun has a continuous color spectrum. no black.
Term
Discrete Spectrum of Color
Definition
black with colorful lines
Term
Chart: Temp. Change and Physical State
Definition
temp = low = solid state
add energy (heat)
when it CHANGES states, stays the same temp.
then it heats again because energy isn't going into a phase change
once at a boil, it's the same temp
then becoming a gas, gets hotter and hotter
Term
Correlation between melting pt. and boiling pt.
Definition
As one goes up, so does the other
increases on a linear graph
water is low mp and bp
salt has high mp and bp
Term
Define temperature:
Definition
is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules
Term
Plum Pudding Model
Definition
negative plum pieces surrounded by a positive pudding
Term
Rutheford's Gold Experiment
Definition
alpha particles are positive, shot at gold foil
occasionally one particle would bounce back
must bounce into another positive charge: the nucleus
This led to the Solar System Model which CANNOT explain absorption or emission
Term
Bohr's Modified Solar System
Definition
atom has different energy levels (n=1, 2, 3)
electron can jump levels, if supplied with energy
everything wants to work towards a lower energy
Term
Absorption
Definition
electron jumping UP
spectrums mostly color with some black line (continuous)
Term
Emission
Definition
electron jumps DOWN
discrete spectrum
Term
Quantum Model
Definition
as long as electrons are in orbit, as long as they're going round, they're accelerating, putting off energy
electron= standing wave of probability
now use ORBITALS which are waves until we try to detect them, then act like a particle
Term
Energy Wells
Definition
s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p
each holds two orbitals, one up and one down
Heisenberg uncertainty: we can't know both POSITION and MOMENTUM at the same time
Term
Periodic Table:
rows:
columns:
Definition
rows: energy level (n=1, 2, 3) how many electrons are in the valence shell
columns: reactivity
Term
Ionization energy
Atomic Volume
Definition
how easy it is for an atom to lose an electron
opposite of ionization energy, electrons that are closer to the nucleus are being held tighter
Term
Electronegativity
Definition
how badly it wants another electron.
Term
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
Entropy is always increasing
Term
Types of energies: Alien Man
Definition
Most ordered: GPE hat
KE eye
Elastic tongue
NEC: nuclear, electrical, chemical
thermal: heart
to least ordered
Term
Mass Spec and IR Absorption
Definition
read graphs. similar molecules absorb similarly and will have the same dips and peaks.
Term
Energy/ Reaction Rate Graphs
Definition
activation energy = energy required to start reaction = curve up
Term
Exothermic reaction
Definition
line ends up BELOW the line, gives off energy exists EXothermic
Term
Endothermic reaction
Definition
stays above the line. absorbed energy. energy in, "en"dothermic
Term
Semiconductors
Definition
decrease temp= decreased conductivity
band gap INCREASES
harder for electrons to jump from bottom band
increased temp= increased conductivity
electrons can jump easier
Term
LED light is a ____________
Definition
semiconductor
cold light, greater band gap, electrons have to jump farther. makes it a bigger frequency. changes color.
Term
Metals
Definition
decreased temp = increased conductivity
increased temp = decreased conductivity
have no band gaps
Term
Ionic Bonding
Definition
metal to nonmetal
electromagnetic force
transparent
brtittle
conducts when melted, dissolved, or vaporized
Term
Metallic Bonding
Definition
metal plus mteal
ions (charged)
sea of electrons
opaque and shiny
high mp and bp
malleable
conductive
Term
Covalent
Definition
EX: water
nonmetal and nonmetal
molecules
intramolecular forces (single, double, triple bonds)
transparent
low mp and bp
brittle
non conductive
Term
Polarity
if symmetrical= ____________
Definition
if symmetrical= NOT polar
like dissolves like
Term
Intermolecular (COVALENT) forces
Definition
Intra:
single, double, triple
Inter:
hydrogen bonding, dipole to dipole, dispersion
Term
Fatty Acids
Saturated
Definition
straight, bigger dispersion forces
higher mp
solid at room temp
Term
Fatty Acids
Unsaturated
Definition
kinky, weaker dispersion forces, don't stack well
lower mp
liquid at room temp
Term
Fatty Acids
Transfats
Definition
double bond, but straight
worst for you. double bond is harder to break.
Term
Silicates
Definition
single:
double: single chains string together
sheet:
Term
Crystal Morphlogies
Asbestos
Definition
composed of fibers
Term
Crystal Morphologies
Mica
Definition
composed of layers of sheets
Term
Crystal Morphologies
Definition
breaks into irregular-shaped pieces when shattered with a hammer
Term
Fusion
Definition
combining small nuclei
H to H > He
Mass > ENERGY!
way too expensive, but not radioactive
Term
Fission
Definition
splitting large nuclei
U > Xe + Sr
mass > energy
easier to do, easier to control, more radioactive
Term
Radioactive Decay
Alpha
Definition
goes down atomic # by 2
atomic mass by 4
Term
Radioactive Deay
Beta
Definition
goes up atomic # by 1
no change in mass
Term
Gamma
Definition
no change in atomic # or mass
but releases a gamma ray
Term
Life of a Star
Definition
Protostar> Main sequence (fusion) > Red Giant (fusing helium into carbon) > small, goes to planetary nebula then white dwarf then black dwarf, if med or big star to supernova then med goes to neutron star, or big star to black hole
Term
Nebular Hypothesis
Protostar
Definition
slow rotating cloud of dust and gas
outer edges pulled in by gravity (GPE to KE)
center becomes hot and dense
cloud flattens as it collapses
moving faster, because mass moved into the center an decreased the radius. conservation of angular momentum as radius decreases, the speed increases
grains of dust collide and stick as speed increases
rocky inner planets form closest to the sun
gaseous ice planets form farthest from the sun
radiation from the sun pushes away leftover gases and dust
Term
Nebular Hypothesis
Main Sequence
Definition
core is fusing hydrogen to helium
GPE pushing in, fusion pushing out, forces cancel each other out. Gravity is = to Electrical magnetic force
Blue stars: hotter, bigger, brighter, younger, shorter lives
Red stars= cooler, smaller, dimmer, older, longer lives
Term
Nebular Hypothesis
Red Giant
Definition
all hydrogen has fused to helium
fusion stops, and FPE causes the star to collapse
the increases pressure on the core casues the helium to start fusing into heavier elements such as oxygen and carbon
fusion starts again really fast, sudden outward force causes the star to expand very quick
this is how we have all our heavier elements
Term
Nebular Hypothesis
Small stars (like sun)
Medium and Big Stars
Definition
turn into planetary nebulas.
expand so much that outer layers get pushed into space
star loses a significant amoutn of it’s mass
all outer laters are blown off, exposing a small carbon core
white dwarf
white dwarves cool down and turn into black dwarves

Medium and Big stars > Supernovas
basically an exploding star
medium stars turn into a neutron star
big stars turn into a blackhole
all the mass of the star is condensed into one singular point. So dense that it bends space and time, and not even light can escape.
Term
Radar Ranging
Definition
used for nearby objects like planets
radio signal out and small amount of signal is reflected back
can't measure distance to stars, no stars in our solar system
Term
Triangulation
Definition
measuring the distance to stars using angles and right angles
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