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Principles of Animal Science Midterm 1
Study Guide Part 1
50
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 2
09/18/2010

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Term
Registered
Definition
A purebred that is recorded in the herd book for that breed
Term
Grade
Definition
an animal that displays the distinct characteristics of a particular breed, but one or more of the parents cannot be traced to the registry
Term
Polled
Definition
No horns in a species that usually has them. Dominant to horn allele in cattle
Term
Dominant
Definition
An allele whose effect masks the phenotypic expression of the recessive allele
Term
Recessive
Definition
A gene whose phenotypic expression is hidden whenever the dominant allele is present. Can only express itself when the dominant allele is absent.
Term
Purebred
Definition
animal with two registered parents of the same breed
Term
Homeothermic
Definition
Able to maintain own body temperature
Term
Homeostatic
Definition
The ability of an organism to stay the same by adjusting to its surroundings
Term
Number of Animal Species in the World
Definition
1.5 million
Term
Aurochs
Definition
Ancestor of the modern-day cattle. Roamed the forests of Europe before going extinct in 1627.
Term
Phenotype
Definition
Physical characteristics and performance of an animal "what you can see". Controlled by both genetics and environment
Term
Genotype
Definition
Genetic makeup of an animal; cannot differ from what is provided by the parents, except in the instance of mutation. Cannot be easily measured by external examination alone.
Term
Classification
Definition
System of placing lifeforms in the order based on similar physical characteristics
Term
Judging
Definition
Attempt to rank or place animals in order of their excellence in body type.
Term
Phylum
Definition
One level of the classification system. All vertebrate-having animals are in the phylum Chordata.
Term
Class
Definition
Another level of the classification system. Most animals we will deal with are in one of three categories: Mammalia, Aves, and Reptilia. Also, Gastropoda (for snails)
Term
Order
Definition
Another level of the classification system. The five specific to farm animals are:
Artiodactyla (swine, cattle, alpacas, llama, bison, goat, sheep)
Perissodactyla (horse, donkey)
Anseriformes (duck, goose)
Galliformes (chicken, turkey)
Lagomorpha (Rabbit)
Also note that humans are in the Primate Order
Term
Family
Definition
The third to last level of the classification system. The five primary families of consideration are:
Bovidae (cattle, bison, goat, sheep)
Pashianidae (chicken)
Equidae (horse, donkey)
Lepridae (rabbit)
Suidae (swine)
Term
Genus
Definition
Group of similar species, the second to last level in the classification system
Term
Species
Definition
Final level of the classification system; includes animals of high similarity
Term
Notochord
Definition
A flexible, rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It is composed of cells derived from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of the embryo.
Term
Mammalia
Definition
A common class level for terrestrial animals. Defines animals whose young are developed in the uterus and are born alive (minus one case), have mammary glans, hair, enlarged forebrain, metanephric kidneys, a diaphragm that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities, four chambered heart, and are warm-blooded
Term
DNA
Definition
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
"the building blocks of life"
Term
RNA
Definition
Ribonucleic Acid
Term
Embryo
Definition
A zygote becomes an embryo through mitosis, or for the Mammalia Class, when the sperm and ovum come together
Term
Chordata
Definition
Phylum including humans and all domesticated animals
Term
Artiodactyla
Definition
Order of cattle, goats, alpacas, llamas, sheep, and bison
Term
Cloning
Definition
taking cells from an individual and putting them in an environment that allows them to grow into an identical individual
Term
Chimera
Definition
Animal formed by the mixing of two or more cell populations or by grafting of an embryonic part of one animal to the embryo of another
Term
Embryo Transfer
Definition
Taking an embryo from a superior animal and implanting it into a surrogate mother. Done by causing the superior animal to super ovulate by the use of hormone treatment. A saline solution is injected into the animal to 'flush' out the embryos, which are then collected in a cylinder and frozen. They are then implanted into surrogates and artificially fertilized with sperm from a superior male. There is a 65% success rate for this method when done fresh. It decreases to 60% when the embryos are frozen.
Term
Embryo Splitting
Definition
Under a microscope using a specialized blade, cutting th embryo at its 64-cell stage into 2 (possibly even 4 parts). This produces twins in a birthing cycle that would not typically produce twins.
Term
Statistics for the number of livestock in the United States:
Cattle
Chickens
Swine
Sheep
Horses
Goats
Ducks
Definition
US
Cattle 106.1 mill (9 dairy)
Chickens 8.49 bill (281 mill laying)
Swine 60.7 mill
Horses 5.32 mill
Goats 2.83 mill
Ducks 18.4 mill
Term
# of broilers slaughter per year in the United States
Definition
Not sure, but the book has the total number of broilers in the US as 6.4 billion
Term
First people to incubate eggs?
Definition
The Egyptians in 1400 BCE
Term
What has the prehistoric ancestor to the horse?
Definition
A four-toed animal that roamed Western America before going extinct in Pleistocene Epoch
Term
American Bison Numbers
Definition
Before Columbus: 60-80 billion
At the beginning of 1900s: 2,000(s)
Term
Anthropomorphism
Definition
Assigning human traits/qualities to animals and objects
Term
Utilitarianism
Definition
Best good for the most people; good outweighs the bad
Term
Speciesism
Definition
Belief that one species is better or more valuable than another. Coined by Peter Singer.
Term
Animal Welfare
Definition
The belief system that animals have no rights because they have no responsibilities. Humans have a responsibility to care for animals, just as we have dominion over them. The use of animals is prohibited as long as their care is accounted for.
Term
Animal Rights
Definition
Movement that supports giving full human rights to animals. Whatever you wouldn't do to an animal, don't do to an animal.
Term
Vivisection
Definition
Cutting into a live animal. (Use to not denote between with or without anesthesia, but modern use generally describes a procedure with the absence of a painkiller)
Term
Dissection
Definition
Cutting into an animal after its death; typically for research or educational purposes.
Term
Physiology
Definition
The science of the function of a living system
Term
Anatomy
Definition
The study of a structure of a living thing
Term
Xenotransplantation
Definition
Transplant of organs between two different species
Term
Jainism
Definition
Strict vegetarianism. Believe in reincarnation and only in eating things in level 1 of the senses. This limits to vegetables and water.
Term
Hinduism
Definition
A very old religion practiced primarily in India. Teaches kindness to animals and promotes/encourages vegetarianism, but does not require it.
Term
Kosher
Definition
The dietary requirements/limitations of the Jewish religion. The meat must be free of as much blood as possible and cannot be eaten with dairy. Also, cannot eat shellfish, hunted animals and birds of prey; all relates back to spiritual cleanliness, which is not related to physical cleanliness.
Term
Shochet
Definition
Specially trained man qualified to perform the kosher slaughter of animals.
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