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Principles of Animal Science
Midterm 2
88
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 2
10/03/2010

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Gubernaculum
Definition
- ligament that extends from the inguinal region to the tail of the epididymis.
- shotrens, pulling the testes through the inguinal canal into the scrotum
Term
Epididymis
Definition
- tube that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vas deferens
-sperm mature here
Term
Cryptorchidism
Definition
- hidden testicle(one hidden = unilateral cryptochidism, two = bilateral)
- the animal still acts as a male would, but is sterile
- this is not a repaired because it is hereditary
Term
Seminiferous Tubules
Definition
- within the testes they produce the spermatozoa
-convuluted tubules within the testes
Term
Leydig Cells
Definition
(AKA interstitial cells)
-located in the testes inbetween the seminferious tubules
- produce testosterone
Term
Testosterone
Definition
Male sex hormone
Term
Vas Deferens
Definition
Tube that transports mature semen from the tail of the epidymis, past the accessory sex glands to the urethra
Term
Cowper's Gland
Definition
- bulbourethral gland; the gland that release seminal fluid (the fluid cleans the urethra and neutralizes acidity for the protection of the sperm)
Term
Sigmoid Flexure
Definition
- S curve in the penis taht allows for elongation of straightening of penis; found in the bull, ram, boar
Term
Cloaca
Definition
- found in the aves class, used as a common junction for the digestive, urinary and reproductive systems through the vent.
Term
Basic Overview of the male reproductive system
Definition
1) before parturition, the testes drop from through the inguinal canal into the gubernaculum. When a teste does not drop, that is called cryptorchidism. (one=unilateral; two=bilateral)
2) In the testes, sperm is produced in the seminiferious tubules
3) Inbetween the tubules,leydig cells produce testosterone
4) The epididymis stores, concentrates,and matures the sperm, it then transports the sperm to the accessory the sex glands for seminal fluid
5) Vas Deferens transport semen from the tail of the epididymis past the accessory sex glands; these accessory glands are the Cowper's Gland, the prostate, and the seminal vesicles
6) For copulation, the penis is lengthened by the sigmiod flexure. (NOTE: in horses, blood pumped to the penis, not a sigmoid flexure, allows for copulation)
Term
Ovum
Definition
Singular term for the female gamete, aka the egg. Plural is ova
Term
Parenchyma
Definition
- near the surface of teh ovary and acts as the functional layer
- contains all the ovarian follicles and cells that produce ovarian hormones
Term
Graafian Follicle
Definition
- a mature follicle
- filled with estrogen-rich fluid; referred to a as a blister, formed by influence of FSH
Term
Estrogen
Definition
- major female sex hormone
- produced by the ovaries
- responsible for outward signs of heat or estrous
Term
Ovulation
Definition
- release of the ovum from the ovary
Term
Corpus Luteum
Definition
- AKA the yellow body
- temporary structure formed on the ovary after ovulation
- needed to maintain pregnancy
- secretes progesterone
Term
Infundibulum
Definition
- funnel-shaped opening of the fallopian tubes/oviduct
- close to ovary
Term
Fallopian Tube
Definition
Site of fertilization (in most species); aka oviduct
Term
Estrus
Definition
NOTE: difference from estrous
- aka heat
- time that female is receptive to mating
Term
Fimbria
Definition
- hairlike projections on the infundibulum
- helps guide the ovulated ovum into the fallopian tube
Term
fertilization
Definition
union of a sperm and ovum
Term
Cotelydons
Definition
- Fetal membrane
- Formes placentomes by joining with the maternal caruncles of the uterus
Term
Caruncles
Definition
- located in the uterus
- during pregnancy, increase to the size of about a half dollar
- about 70-120 in a cow
Term
Placentomes
Definition
- formed from the caruncles and cotelydons coming together and joining like buttons
Term
Gravid
Definition
- another term for pregnancy
Term
Parturition
Definition
- another term for giving birth
Term
Vagina
Definition
- birth canal and site of semen deposit during natural breeding
- homologous to the glans penis in the male
Term
Vestibule
Definition
Area common to both the reproductive and urinary systems in mammals
Term
Magnum
Definition
(Avian)
Part of the oviduct that secretes albumen, the white of the egg
Term
Cuticle
Definition
(Avain)
- thin coat of albumen-like substance secreted over the shell while in the vagina
Term
Vent
Definition
(Avian)
Common site of excretion of egg and feces
Term
Nidation
Definition
Egg implantation
Term
Chimera
Definition
Animal produced by the mixing of two or more cell populations or the grafting of an embryonic part of one animal onto the embryo of another
Term
Anestrus
Definition
- period of sexual inactivity
- females are not receptive to males
Term
Uterus
Definition
(Mammals)
- where the embryo attaches
- consists of two horns
(Avian)
- location of the egg shell gland
- only left horn is developed
Term
Winking
Definition
- indictation of estrus in mares
Term
PMSG
Definition
"Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin"
- produced in endometrial cups
- involved in placental attachment in mares
Term
Monotocous
Definition
One birth per gestation (though multiples can occur)
Term
Polytocous
Definition
litter-bearing
Term
Nulliparous
Definition
Having never given birth
Term
Primiparous
Definition
Having given birth once, or currently giving birth for the first time
Term
Multiparous
Definition
Having two or more pregnancies that resulted in birth
Term
Polyestrous
Definition
Having more than one estrous cycle in a year
Term
Estrous
Definition
Cycle of reproductive changes, as related to hormonal fluctuations, between two periods of estrus
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
Milk let-down hormone
Term
Prolactin
Definition
Milk secretion hormone
Term
Epinephrine
Definition
- "fight-or-flight" that is excreted during times of stress
- counteracts oxytocin
Term
GnHR
Definition
"Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone"
- controls the release of FSH and LH
Term
FSH and LH
Definition
"follicle stimulating hormone" and "lutenizing hormone"
Term
Progesterone
Definition
- Produced by the Corpus Lutem (CL)
- maintains pregnancy and prevents further heats
Term
Dystocia
Definition
A difficult or abnormal parturition
Term
Fall
Definition
The season for breeding most goats and sheep
Term
Clitoris
Definition
- sensory and erectile organ in females; homologous to the glans penis
Term
Zygote
Definition
Cell formed by union of an ovum and a sperm
Term
Labia (minora and majora)
Definition
- fold in the vulva
- homologous to the prepuce and the scrotum
Term
Estrous Cycle
Definition
- Proestrus
- begins with the regression of the corups lutem and an increase in FSH
- the follicle grows and makes estrogen, which starts estrus

- Estrus
- Can now note outward signs of estrus
- female is receptive to the male (only time)

- Metestrus
- Begins as ovulation commences
- 90% of cows will bleed during this time, though it is not the same as menstration in humans nor does it garuntee pregnancy
- CL is formed

- Diestrus
- CL forms
- Increase in progesterone levels
- culminates with regression of CL
Term
Estrous Cycle lengths in Farm Animals
Definition
Species; Length of Cycle; Duration of Estrus

Ewe; 16-17 days; 24-36 hours
Cow; 18-24 (21) days; 18-19 hours
Sow; 19-20 days; 48-72(48) hours
Doe (goat); 21 days; 32-40 hours
Mare; 19-25 days; 4-8 (5) days
Bitch; 6-12 months; 5-19 (9) days
Doe (rabbit); 15-16 days; 12 days
Term
Estrous Cycle in Cow
Definition
Proestrus: 3-4 days, FSH, Follicle Growth

Esturs: 12-18 hours, Estrogen, Signs of heat

Metestrus: 3-4 days, LH, CL formation

Diestrus: 12-15 days, Progesterone, CL function
Term
Description of Ovarian Follicles:
Primary
Secondary
Teritary
Graafian
Ateric
Corpus Lutem
Corpus Albicans

Primary
Secondary
Teritary
Definition
Primary - Centrally located oocyte, surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells
Secondary - two+ layers of granulosa cells
Teritary - Antrum seperated from the vascular theca, filling with estrogen-rich fluid
Graafian - blister-like structure full of follicular fluid
Corpus lutem - yellow body made up of luteal tissue, secretes progesterone, necessary to maintain pregnancy

Corpus Albican - white fiborous tissue formed from CL
Term
Average life of ovum in cattle
Definition
6-12 hours
Term
Viabilty of chicken sperm after insemination
Definition
32 days
Term
Lengths of Gestation in Domestics
Definition
Cattle 282 days
Sheep 145-150 days
Goat 145-150 days
Mare 337 days
Sow 114 days
Bitch 63-64 days
Women 266 days
Queen 63 days
Elephant 600-660 days
Rabbit 28-35 days
Llama 340-345 days
Term
Average Nidation for cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses
Definition
Cattle 30-35 days
Sheep 30 days
Pigs 18-24 days
Horses 24-40 days
Term
Basic information for female anatomy in mammals
Definition
1) Ovaries produce follicles; the parenchyma contains all the ovarian follicles and the cells that produce ovarian hormones
2) Graafian follicle is produces and goes through infundibulum and through the oviduct; release activated by FSH from the pituitary
- Graafian also contains estrogen
3) Pituitary release LH, which bursts graafian, thus releasing the egg
4) CL is formed from follicel
5) When egg is fertilized, CL produces progesterone
6) Egg attachs to uterine walls to develop; achieved by placentome formation of the caruncles and cotelydons (NOTE: In mares, attachement occurs with endometrial cups)
7)Cervix creates plug to seal off uterus, the breakage of this plug could result in abortion
8) When ready for parturition, fetus produces cortisol to aid in birth and utuerus expels fetus
9) If the ovum is NOT fertilized, prostaglandin is released to regress the CL
10) CL degrades into the corpus albicans
Term
Basic Hen Reproductive Anatomy
Definition
1) After the yolk has been ovulated, the infundibulum picks it up
2) while travling through the magnum, about the middle of the oviduct, albumen is secreted over the yolk
3) Ismuth secretes shell membranes
4) The uterus/shell gland, secretes the shell which is made up primarily of calcum carbonate
5) The vagina, directly next to the cloaca, stores the egg until the shell is fully formed and the cuticle, a very thin coat of albumin-like substance, is secreted over it.
6) estrogen enlarges the vent for laying
7) fully formed egg is expelled from the vent
Term
Rectal Palpatation
Definition
A form of pregnancy diagnosis where one inserts the arm into the rectum to feel for the reproductive tract. There are four methods of rectal diagnosis:
1) Fetal membrane slip, best performed at about 30-35 days; should only be done by a highly qualified professional
2) Uterine Size Increase, at 45 days, the gravid uterine horn is enlarged with a thinner wall; evenmore dangerous than fetal membrane slip
3) Cotyledons, 90 days - l inch, 120 days - 1.5 inches
4) Miduterine Artery, increase in size to accomdate fetus; at around 90 days, it is about 1/8 to 5/16 of an inch
Term
Radiography
Definition
Can be used to diagnose pregnancy; used on smaller farm animals, dogs and cats
Term
Ultrasound
Definition
another common form of pregnancy diagnosis, most known for use on humans, but can also be used on mares, ewes, does, llamas, sows, dogs and cats
Term
Hormonal Assays
Definition
Another method of pregnancy Diagnosis; Four Souces:
1)Milk, used in dairy cattle - Progesterone levels in the milk, cna give false positive
2) Blood - Also used for progesterone levels; can also give false positive, though not as likely as milk assays
3) Urine - still experimental
4) Saliva - possible, but not practical in livestock
[ 5) vaginal biopsy - only useful with pocket animals; determined by decreased size of epithelium]
Term
Bouncing the Calf
Definition
A more rural form of diagnosis, can only be done during the later stages of pregnancy. (remember the short jab)
Term
Immunological Diagnosis
Definition
Measure ECF (early conception factor), can identify 94% of non-pregnant cows
Term
Palpatation of abdomen
Definition
- Done by putting a rod into the rectum to push the fetus against the abdominal wall.
- rabbits can be palpatated at 10 days and ewes after 65
Term
Artificial Insemination
Definition
- first done by Dr. L. Spallazani in 1780
- Used to increase quality of horses in 1899 by E. I Ivanhoff
- most common form of AI is rectovaginal cervical fixation method
Term
Rectovaginal Cervical Fixation Method
Definition
The cervix is manipulated through the rectum; the cervix is slid over the tube to guide it into the uterus for deposit
Term
Use of semen in AI
Definition
- semen is collected using an artificial vagina and stored in French straws
- NOTE: boar semen is stored in pellets
- Quality is determined by concentrations, using spectrophotometer
- process of AI use of semen began in 1972
Term
Embryo Transfer
Definition
- Inject an animals to make her superovulate, on average 6-8 eggs instead of one, but can be up to 20-30
- Artificially inseminate the animal with semen
- Inject a saline solution; fetuses are floated into collecting cylinders (known as embryo flushing; DO NOT confues with flushing, the process of fattening a female prior to breeding)
-embryos can now be transferred into other females; when doen fresh, about 65% chance of implantation and when frozen, 60%
Term
Embryo Splitting
Definition
- Embryo is split with blade 7 days after fertilization - the halves turn into identical calves
Term
Dolly
Definition
In 1997, Dr. Wilmut of Scotland successfully turned a somatic cell into an sheep embryo.
Term
Recobinant DNA
Definition
- allows natural hormones to be produced in large quantities
- used to produce interferon, which combats shipping fever in cattle
- condemned by HSUS
Term
Transgenics
Definition
Refers to the field of genetics that specializes in genetically manipulated organisms; the field that uses recombinant DNA. Currently being tested for possible improvements in cattle hormone production.
Term
In Vitro
Definition
Within an artificial environment or outside the living body
Term
DNA
Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid; a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of the cell formed from nucleotides and shaped in a double helix. Unique to each individual, containing all of there genetic information
Term
Xenotransplant
Definition
The transplant of organs between species. ('xeno' translates to foreign)
Term
Inherent Value
Definition
Related to the animal rights belief that every living thing has rights, including animals.
Term

Age of Puberty for Livestock

(cattle, sheep, horse, swine, goat, rabbit, chicken)

[male (months), female (months), female weight (kg)]

Definition

Species        Males          Females        Weight for Females

 

Cattle         10-12            8-18                    160-270

Sheep          4-9              5-10                      27-34

Horse         13-18           12-15                varies by breed

Swine          5-8              4-7                        68-90

Goat            3-5             5-7                        10-30

Rabbit          4-8             3-4                         ----

Chicken       22-26          22-26                       ----

Term
Prolactin
Definition
Protein hormone responsible for milk production
Term
PGF2a
(pretend that the 'a' is a sub note of an alpha...)
Definition
Prostaglandin F2-alpha; In cattle, pigs, and goats, rises in fetal cortisol levels cause the release of PGF2{alpha} from the uterus - this causes the CL to regress and the beginning of parturition.
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