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PPE3003- CH.8
Trait Aspects of Personality
48
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
10/24/2012

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Term
Trait approach
Definition
Use of a limited set of adjectives or adjective dimensions to describe and scale individuals
Term
Myers-Briggs type indicator
Definition
A widely used instrument that attempts to measure introversion and extroversion and several other subclassifications as defined by Carl Jung
Term
Sensation-Intuition scale
Definition
Subclassification of the Myers-Briggs indicator that reflects whether a person is more prone to realism or imagination
Term
Thinking-Feeling scale
Definition
subclassification of the Myers-Briggs type indicator that reflects whether a person is logical and objective or personal and subjective
Term
Judgement-Perception scale
Definition
subclassification of the Myers-Briggs type indicator that reflects whether a person is oriented toward evaluating or perceiving things
Term
Q-Data
Definition
The term used by R.B Cattell to describe data gathered from self-reports and questionnaires
Term
T-Data
Definition
The term used by R.B Cattell to describe data gathered from placing a person in a controlled test situation and noting or rating responses
Term
L-Data
Definition
The term used by R.B Cattell to describe data gathered about a person's life from school records or similar sources
Term
Trait
Definition
According to Gordon Allport, a generalized neuropsychic structure or core tendency that underlies behavior across time and situations
Term
Functionally equivalent
Definition
Gordon Allport's concept that many behaviors of individuals are similar in their meaning because the individuals tend to view many situations and stimuli in the same way; For Allport, the trait is the internal structure that causes the regularity
Term
Common traits
Definition
The term used by gordon Allport to decribe the organizing structures that people in a population share
Term
Functionally autonomous
Definition
A term used by Gordon Allport the describe the idea that in adulthood many motives and tendencies become independent of their origins in childhood and that finding out where such tendencies originated is , therefore, not important
Term
Proprium
Definition
Gordon Allport's term for the core of personality that defines who one is; Allport believed that the proprium has a biological counterpart
Term
Nuclear quality
Definition
Gordon Allport's term for describing personal dispositions in terms of a person's unqiue goals, motives, or styles
Term
Personal Disposition
Definition
A term used by Gordon Allport to describe a trait that is peculiar to an individual
Term
Cardinal disposition
Definition
A term used by Gordon Allport to describe personal dispositions that exert an overwhelming influence on behavior
Term
Central dispositions
Definition
A term used by Gordon Allport to describe the several personal dispositions around which personality is organized
Term
Big five
Definition
The trait approach to personality that is supported by a great deal of research and suggests personality can be captured in 5 dimensions: extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness
Term
Extroversion (Big 5)
Definition
The personality demension that includes enthusiasm, dominance, and sociability; people low on this dimension are considered introverted
Term
Agreeableness (Big 5)
Definition
The personality dimension the includes friendliness, cooperation, and warmth; people low in this dimension are cold, quarrelsome, and unkind
Term
Conscientiousness (Big 5)
Definition
The personality dimension that includes dependability, cautiousness, organization, and responsibility; people low in this dimension are impulsive, careless, disorderly, and undependable
Term
Neuroticism (Big 5)
Definition
The personality dimension that includes nervousness, tension, and anxiety; people low in this dimension are emotionally stable, calm, and contented
Term
Openness (Big 5)
Definition
The personality dimension that includes imagination, wit, originality, and creativity; people low on this dimension are shallow, plain, and simple
Term
Implicit personality theory
Definition
A type of biasing tendency for people, perhaps erroneously, to certain traits as going together to perceive consistencies when viewing the personalities of others
Term
Facet
Definition
Within the big 5 trait approach, the component characteristics (also sometimes called subfactors) that underlie each of the big 5 factors
Term
Extroversion (Eysenck)
Definition
In Hans Eysenck's biolocially based theory, the term is used to describe the characteristic of being generally sociable, active, and outgoing; extroverts are thought to have a relatively lower level of brain arousal and thus tend to seek stimulation
Term
Neuroticism (Eysenck)
Definition
One of Hans Eysenck's 3 biologically-oriented personality dimensions; it includes emotional instability and apprehensiveness
Term
Psychoticism (Eysenck)
Definition
This dimension includes a tendency toward psychopathology, involving impulsivity and cruelty, tough-mindedness, and shrewdness
Term
Zero Acquaintance
Definition
Observation and judgement of someone with whom one has never interacted
Term
Types
Definition
A theoretical approach to personality in which people are divided into discrete categories or classes as opposed to being placed along a continuum
Term
Motives
Definition
Internal psychobiological forces that induce behavior towards a goal or push for expression
Term
Need
Definition
Term used by Henry Murray to describe a readiness to respond in a certain way under given conditions
Term
Need for achievement (n Ach)
Definition
According the Henry Murray, the need to succeed on tasks that are set out by society
Term
Need for affiliation (n Aff)
Definition
According to Henry Murray, the need to draw near to and win the affection of others
Term
Need for power (n Power)
Definition
According to Henry Murray, the need to seek position and offices in which one can exert control over others
Term
Need for exhibition (n Exh)
Definition
According to Henry Murray, the need to show one's self before others to entertain, amuse, shock, and excite others
Term
Trait aspects of personality:
quick analogy
Definition
humans as clusters of temperaments and traits
Term
Trait aspects of personality:
Advantages
Definition
-simplifies personality to a small number of basic dimensions
-looks for a deeper consistency underlying surface variations in behavior
-good individual assessment techniques
-allows for comparisons to be made between individuals
-uses both lab and field studies, theoretical and applied
Term
Trait aspects of personality:
Limits
Definition
-May reach too far in trying to capture the individual in a few ways
-may label people on the basis of test scores
-sometimes underestimates variability across situations
-may be biased my implicit personality theories
-difficult to determine the # of reliable personality dimensions
-may underestimate the influence of unconscious motives and early experience
Term
Trait aspects of personality:
view of free will
Definition
Allows for free will at the margins, after predispositions and motives exert their influence
Term
Trait aspects of personality:
Common assessment techniques
Definition
Factor analysis, self-reports, testing of styles, document analysis, behavior observation, interviews
Term
According to hippocrates, what are the 4 bodily humors and what temperaments do they represent?
Definition
-Sanguine: blood-hopeful & cheerful
-Melancholic: black bile- sad and depressive
-Choleric: Yellow bile- angry and irascible
-phlegmatic: phlegm- slow and apathetic
Term
What are the four scales on the Myers-Briggs type indicator?
Definition
*Introversion-extroversion scale
*Sensation-intuition scale
*Thinking-feeling scale
*Judgement-perception scale
Term
What is factor analysis? Who used it? and what did they use it for?
Definition
-A statistical technique for summarizing correlation coefficients by summarizing these relations in a small number of dimensions. By taking into account the overlap (shared variance) factor analysis mathematically consolidates information.
Raymond B. Cattell used it to organize adjectives into categories of traits
Term
Give me an example of someone with a cardinal disposition
Definition
-Hitler's obsession w/ power
-MLK's devotion to justice
-A social climber who spends life trying to climb the social ladder
Term
What does cross-cultural research find about the big 5 approach to personality?
Definition
cross-cultural confirms the existence of 5 or so dimensions; some studies in non english-speaking cultures find evidence for a spirituality dimension or an honest-humility dimension that includes sincerity, fairness, modesty, and greed avoidance
Term
People who sit higher, stand taller, talk louder, have more expansive gestures, interrupt you more, and are likely to invade the space of others have what type of explanatory style?
Definition
dominant
Term
Eysenck's dimension of neuroticism combines Cattell's factors of ___ and ___
Definition
emotional instability & oppressiveness
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