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Posture Control and Cognition
PT Neuroscience
51
Physiology
Graduate
02/13/2013

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Term
Postural Control
Definition
Controlling body position in space for stability and orientation.
Term
Postural Orientation
Definition
Ability to maintain an appropriate relationship between body segments and the environment.
Term
Base of Support
Definition
The area of the body in contact with the support surface.
Term
Balance
Definition
The ability to keep the vertical projection of the center of mass within the limits of the base of support.
Term
Center of Pressure
Definition
Center of the distribution of total forces applied to the support surface. Represents the average location of the forces.
Term
Stability Limits
Definition
Boundaries within which the body can maintain stability without changing the base of support. Determined by velocity of movement and location of COM.
Term
Dynamic Stability Limits
Definition
Velocity, position of COM, muscle strength, ROM, fear of falling, perceived stability and environment all contribute to this
Term
Feedback Posture Control
Definition
Unexpected postural disturbance, compensatory or reactive. Sensory triggers.
Term
Feedforward (Anticipatory) Posture Control
Definition
For expected posture disturbance, prior to voluntary movement.
Term
Ankle Strategy
Definition
body sways or pivots from the ankle. Distal to proximal activation.
Term
Hip Strategy
Definition
Body bends forward or backward and hip moves in the opposite direction. Proximal to distal activation. Used more on narrow surfaces, soft surfaces, or during larger perturbations.
Term
Stepping
Definition
taking steps or grabbing things to maintain posture.
Term
Mediolateral Stability
Definition
Controlled from the hips and trunk.
Term
Multidirectional Stability
Definition
Synergies are flexible, each muscle belongs to more than one synergy, each muscle has a unique weighting factor.
Term
Brainstem control of Posture
Definition
Regulation of tone; integration of sensory information; contributes to anticipatory posture control for voluntary movements.
Term
Anticipatory Posture Adjustments
Definition
Posture muscles activated prior to the prime movers. Increase with increased movement magnitudes and speed. Practice can affect the timing. Reduced when support is given.
Term
Basal Ganglia-Cortical Loop
Definition
Controls postural set, ability to modify the posture muscle activation patterns to changes in the task or environment.
Term
Cerebellar-cortical loop
Definition
Controls the adaptation of postural muscle activation amplitudes (scaling) in response to changes in task and environment.
Term
Sensory Contribution to Balance
Definition
Vision, Somatosensory, Vestibular
Term
Dual Task Paradigms
Definition
Decrease performance in either task because of limited capacity in information processing to handle both task simulatneously.
Term
Cognition
Definition
Mental processes by which the brain manipulates information that is generated internally or externally.
Term
Prefrontal Cortex
Definition
Complex cognitive processes, abstract, executive function. Working memory and attention. Self awareness and self recognition.
Term
Impaired Executive Function
Definition
Problems with apathy, lack of goals, lack of behavior flexibility, difficulty making decisions.
Term
Damage to cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuit
Definition
Difficulty planning, initiating, monitoring, maintaining behavior; social judegement impaired; apathetic and lack insight.
Term
Abnormal processing in cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuit
Definition
Understanding of others (empathy), beleifs and intentions impaired. paranoria, delusions.
Term
Components of limbic system
Definition
Orbitofrontal and prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, dentate gyrus, amygdala, septal area, hypothalamus, parts of thalamus.
Term
Functions of Limbic System
Definition
MOVE: Memory/Motivation; Olfaction; Viseral (thirst, hungery, endocrine, ANS); Emotion (self concept, body image, socail skills, opinions).
Term
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Definition
Loss of the amygdaloid complex and anterior hippocampus. REstless-over responsive; hyperorality, sexual hyperactivity; aggressiveness
Term
Wernicke's Area
Definition
Left parietotemparal cortex; comprehansion of spoken word; reading/interpretation of symbols
Term
Broca's Area
Definition
Left frontal lobe; provides instruction for language output including motor plans for speech.
Term
Wernicke's Aphasia
Definition
Cannot understand spoken language. Normal fluency, impaired repetition, often casued by left MCA inferior infarct.
Term
Broca's Aphasia
Definition
Cannot articulate speech, normal comprehension. Impaired fluency, impaired repetition, superior MCA infarct.
Term
Global Aphasia
Definition
pt has impaired fluency, impaired comprehension, impaired repetition, seen in large MCA infarct.
Term
Conduction Aphasia
Definition
normal fluency and comprehension, impaired repetition, paraphasia. Damage to neurons connecting Broca and Wernike.
Term
Flaccid Dysarthria
Definition
Damage to CN 9,10,12. Breathy soft speech. Paralyzed vocal cords.
Term
Spastic Dysarthria
Definition
Damage to upper motor neurons of CN 9,10,12. Harsh, awkward speech.
Term
Spasmodic Dysphonia
Definition
Interruptions in speech cadence and volume (Diane Rehume).
Term
Intersitial Nociceptors
Definition
Direct responds to thermal, mechanical and chemical stimuli. Indirect response to chemicals released by damaged tissues.
Term
Adelta Afferent Fiber
Definition
Faster, free nerve ending, myelinated, small.
Term
C afferent Fiber
Definition
Slower, unmyelinated, free nerve ending
Term
Lateral Pain System (Spinothalamic tract)
Definition
Localize the site, timing and intensity of tissue damage. Faster.
Term
Medial Pain System (spinolimbic and spinoreticular)
Definition
Emotional, motivational and cognitive response to pain. Meaning of pain, learning.
Term
Sensitization of Nociceptors
Definition
With intense repeated or prolonged stimuli appied to damaged or inflamed tissues threshold for triggering decreases and frequency of firing increases.
Term
Convergence Hypothesis
Definition
Referred pain, in spinal cord the nerve fibers carrying somatic sensation meet, brain can't tell if from skin or nociceptors.
Term
Gate Control Theory
Definition
Increased sensations can cancel out pain signals
Term
Sites of Antinociception
Definition
Level 1: Periphery (asprin) Level 2: Dorsal horn (endorphins) Level 3: Fast acting neuronal descending (endorphins) Level 4: Hormonal (hypothalamis, adrenal medulla) LEvel 5: Cortical (distraction)
Term
Ectopic Foci
Definition
Chronic pain from damaged myelin, increased ion channels, increased sensitivity
Term
Ephaptic Transmission
Definition
Cross-talk between neurons that are demyelinated
Term
Central Sensitization
Definition
Excessive responsiveness of CNS pain system
Term
Structural Reorganization
Definition
decrease in C fiber terminals, increased in A fiber terminals
Term
Altered Top-down Modulation
Definition
DEcreased antinociceptive signals, increased pronociceptive signals, could be genetic
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