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Positional Terms (pp9-14)
Veterinary Medical Terminology
95
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 1
10/01/2007

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Term
planes
Definition
imaginary lines that are used descriptively to divide the body into sections
Term
ventral
Definition
refers to the belly or underside of a body or body a part
Term
ventr/o
Definition
latin means belly
Term
dorsal
Definition
refers to the back
Term
dors/o
Definition
(latin) means back
Term
cranial
Definition
towards the head
Term
crani/o
Definition
(latin) means skull
Term
caudal
Definition
toward the tail
Term
cauda
Definition
(latin) means tail
Term
anterior
Definition
front of the body
(used more in description of organs or body parts; confusing term in quadrapeds because a quadraped's belly is oriented downward not forward as in a human)
Term
posterior
Definition
means rear of the body
Term
anteri/o
Definition
(latin) means before
Term
posteri/o
Definition
means behind
Term
rostral
Definition
nose end of the head
Term
rostrum
Definition
(latin) means beak
Term
cephalic
Definition
pertaining to the head
Term
kephale
Definition
(greek) means head
Term
medial
Definition
toward midline
Term
medi/o
Definition
(latin) means middle
Term
lateral
Definition
away from the midline
Term
later/o
Definition
(latin) means side
Term
superior
Definition
uppermost, above, or toward the head
Term
super
Definition
(latin) means above
Term
inferior
Definition
lowermost, below, or toward the tail
(used more commonly in bipeds)
Term
inferi
Definition
(latin) means lower
Term
proximal
Definition
nearest midline or nearest the beginning of a structure
Term
proxim/o
Definition
next
Term
distal
Definition
farthest from the midline or farthest from the beginning of a structure
Term
dist/o
Definition
(latin) means distant
Term
superficial
Definition
near the surface;also called external
Term
deep
Definition
away from or beneath the surface; also called internal
Term
palmar
Definition
caudal surface of the manus (front paw) including the carpus (from the antebrachial joint distally)
Term
palmar (latin)
Definition
(latin) means hollow of the hand
Term
plantar
Definition
caudal surface of the pes (rear paw) including the tarsus (from the tibiotarsal joint distally)
Term
plantar (latin)
Definition
(latin) sole of foot
Term
midsaggital plane
Definition
plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves
Term
median plane
Definition
plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves
Term
midline
Definition
plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves
Term
saggital plane
Definition
plane that divides the body into UNequal right and left halves
Term
dorsal plane
Definition
plane that divides the body into dorsal(back) and ventral(belly) parts
Term
coronal plane
Definition
plane that divides the body into dorsal(back) and ventral(belly) parts
Term
frontal plane (in quadripeds)
Definition
plane that divides the body into dorsal(back) and ventral(belly) parts
Term
transverse plane
Definition
plane that divides the body into cranial and caudal parts; may also be used to describe a perpendicular transection to the long axis of an appendage
Term
horizontal plane
Definition
plane that divides the body into cranial and caudal parts
Term
cross-sectional plane
Definition
plane that divides the body into cranial and caudal parts
Term
-logy
Definition
study of
Term
anatomy
Definition
study of body structure
Term
physiology
Definition
study of body functions
Term
pathophysiology
Definition
study of changes in function caused by disease
Term
etiology
Definition
study of disease causes
Term
arcade
Definition
series of arches
Term
dental arcade
Definition
used to describe how teeth are arranged in the mouth
Term
lingual surface
Definition
aspect of tooth that faces the tongue
Term
palatal surface
Definition
tooth surface of the maxilla that faces the tongue

(in human dentistry we call this the lingual surface, just like the teeth in the mandible)
Term
labial surface
Definition
tooth surface facing the lips

(in human dentistry we call this the facial surface)
Term
buccal surface

*the book also calls this vestibular surface - this isn't a term used in modern language
Definition
aspect of tooth that faces cheek
Term
vestibule
Definition
(latin) space or cavity at an entrance
Term
labia
Definition
lips
Term
contact surfaces
Definition
aspects of the tooth that touch other teeth
Term
mesial surface
Definition
contact surface that is closest to the midline
Term
distal surface
Definition
contact surface of tooth that is furthest from the midline of the dental arcade
Term
cavity
Definition
hole or hollow space in the body that contains and protects internal organs
Term
cranial cavity
Definition
hollow space that contains the brain in the skull
Term
spinal cavity
Definition
hollow space that contains the spinal cord within the spinal column
Term
thoracic cavity (chest cavity)
Definition
hollow space that contains the heart and lungs within the ribs between the neck and diaphragm
Term
abdominal cavity
Definition
hollow space that contains the major organs of digestion between the diaphragm and pelvic cavity
Term
peritoneal cavity
Definition
hollow space within the abdominal cavity between the parietal pertoneum and the visceral peritoneum
Term
pelvic cavity
Definition
hollow space that contains the reproductive and some excretory system organs formed by the pelvic bones
Term
abdomen
Definition
portion of body between the thorax and pelvis containing the abdominal cavity
Term
thorax
Definition
region between the neck and the diaphragm
Term
groin
Definition
lower region of the abdomen adjacent to the thigh; it is also known as the inguinal area
Term
membranes
Definition
layers of tissue that cover a surface, line a cavity or divide a space or organ
Term
peritoneum
Definition
membrane lining walls of abdominal and pelvic cavities and covers some organs in this area
Term
parietal peritoneum
Definition
outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Term
visceral peritoneum
Definition
inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal organs
Term
peritonitis
Definition
inflammation of the peritoneum
Term
umbilicus
Definition
pit in the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered the fetus (navel)
Term
mesentery
Definition
layer of the peritoneum that suspends part of the intestine in the abdominal cavity
Term
retroperitoneal
Definition
superficial to the peritoneum
Term
recumbency
Definition
this is the only medical term for lying down
Term
dorsal recumbency
Definition
lying on the back
Term
ventral or sternal recumbency
Definition
lying on the belly
Term
left lateral recumbency
Definition
lying on the left side
Term
right lateral recumbency
Definition
lying on the right side
Term
prone
Definition
means lying in ventral or sternal recumbency
Term
supine
Definition
means lying in dorsal recumbency
Term
adduction
Definition
movement toward the midline
Term
abduction
Definition
movement away from midline
Term
flexion
Definition
closure of a joint angle, or reduction of the angle between two bones
Term
extension
Definition
straightening of a joint or an increase in the angle between two bones
Term
hyperflexion
Definition
occurs when a joint is flexed to far; (palmar or plantar movement of joint angles)
Term
hyperextension
Definition
occurs when a joint is extended too far; (dorsal movement of joints beyond the reference angle)
Term
supination
Definition
act of rotating the limb or body part so that the palmar surface is turned downward (think of position of palms while holding a bowl of soup)
Term
pronation
Definition
act of rotating limb or body part so that the palmar surface is turned downward
Term
rotation
Definition
circular movement around an axis
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