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Platelets
Platelets
77
Pathology
Undergraduate 2
04/22/2011

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Term
hemostasis
Definition
the stoppage of blood flow
Term
thrombosis
Definition
the inappropiate formation of clots within the vascular system
Term
how many stages are in hemostasis?
Definition
5
Term
what are the first 2 stages of hemostasis?
Definition
1-vessel spasm. 2-formation of the platelet plug
Term
stage 3
Definition
blood coagulation or development of an insoluble fibrin clot
Term
stage 4 and 5
Definition
4-clot retraction 5-clot dissolution
Term
what does a vessel spasm do?
Definition
it constricts the vessel and reduces blood flow
Term
small breaks in the vessel wall are filled with...?
Definition
a platelet plug versus a blood clot
Term
platelets are also known as
Definition
thrombocytes
Term
what do megakaryotes release?
Definition
platelets
Term
how many platelets should u have ine ver microliter?
Definition
150,000-400,000 platelets per microliter
Term
the life of a platelet
Definition
released from bone marrow, 8 hours in spleen, enter blood and live for 8-9 days
Term
what protein controls platelets production?
Definition
thrombopoiten
Term
what does thrombopoiten cause?
Definition
production and maturation of megakaryocytes
Term
platelet anatomy
Definition
cell membrane, no nucleus, cannot reproduce.
Term
the outter membrane of a platelet is?
Definition
covered with coagulation proteins. GPIIb/IIIa is found on it
Term
GPIIIb/IIIa does what?
Definition
it binds fibrinogen and connects platelets to one another
Term
platlet plug formation involves
Definition
adhesion and aggregation of platelets. they are attracted to damaged vessel walls
Term
when platelets become activated what happens?
Definition
their membrane goes from smooth to spiked with glycoproteins on the surface
Term
platelet adhesion requires a particular protein, what is it?
Definition
von willbrand factor (vWF)
Term
adhesion to a vessel occurs when?
Definition
platelets receptors bind to the vWF
Term
what to platelets bind to on the endothelial wall?
Definition
exposed collagen fibers
Term
what is required for the coagulation component of hemostasis?
Definition
calcium!
Term
TXA2
Definition
it's a postaglandin that stimulates platelet aggregation
Term
fibronigen is converted into?
Definition
fibrin
Term
fibrin
Definition
creates a fibrin meshwork that cements platelets and otehr blood parts together
Term
the glycoproteins on the cell membrane
Definition
controls interactiosn between the endothelium
Term
what is an important glycoporotein on the surface of a platelet?
Definition
GpIIb/IIIa
Term
what does GPIIb/IIIa do?
Definition
it binds fibrinogen and links platelets togther
Term
the third step of coagulation involves?
Definition
converting fibronigen into fibrin
Term
why do we need vitamin k?
Definition
it makes factors II, VII, IX, and X and protein C
Term
what is factor IV
Definition
calcium
Term
inactivation of calcium will prevent?
Definition
clotting when it is removed from the body
Term
wht are the two coagulation processes?
Definition
intrinsic and extrinsic
Term
what is the fastest pathway?
Definition
the extrinsic
Term
the activation of facotr X causes?
Definition
prothrombin to be converted into thrombin
Term
what does thrombin do?
Definition
it ACTS like an enzyme and causes fibrinogen to be converted to fibrin
Term
what stabilizes a clot?
Definition
fibrin
Term
the intrinsic system is activated when?
Definition
blood comes in contact with collagen in the injured vessel wall
Term
the extrinsic system is activated once?
Definition
blood is exposed to tissue extracts
Term
what does antithrombin III do?
Definition
it inactivated coagulation factors and neutralizes thrombin
Term
what added benfit is antithrombin III have?
Definition
it provides protection against uncontrolled thrombus formation
Term
what does protein C do?
Definition
it is a plasma protein that acts as an anticoagulant
Term
protein S
Definition
speeds up the actions of protein C
Term
why is plasmin so important?
Definition
it breaks down fibrin into fibrin degradation products that are anticoagulants
Term
what do warfarin and heparin do?
Definition
they prevent thromboembolic disorders. they decrease prothrombin
Term
how fastdoes clot retraction occur?
Definition
20-60 minutes
Term
how does clot retraction work?
Definition
it squeezes serum from the clot and joins the edges to the broken vessel
Term
vessel spasm
Definition
smooth muscle contracts. reduces blood flow. TXA2 contributes to constriction
Term
formation of the platelet plug
Definition
von willebran binds to vessel wall. platelets bind. ADP and TXA2 released.
Term
the intrinsic factor is activated by?
Definition
factor XII
Term
the extrinsic pathway is activated by?
Definition
lipoproteins called tissue factors
Term
both intrinsic and extrincisc factors lead to the activation of?
Definition
factor X
Term
blood coagulation
Definition
intrinsic/extrinsic. conversion that makes thrombin and fibrin--to hold clot together
Term
clot retraction
Definition
the actin and myosin in the platlets that are in the clot contract causing it to shrink
Term
what is serum?
Definition
plasma without fibrinogen
Term
clot dissolution
Definition
plasminogen (t-pa) converts to plasmin breaks it down by digesting fibrin strands
Term
fibrinolysis
Definition
the process by which a clot dissolves
Term
plasmin is inactivated by?
Definition
a2-plasmin inhibitor. important to inactivate to prevent total break down of circulation vessels
Term
chronic liver disease may cause?
Definition
ltered fibronolytic activity
Term
thrombocytopenia
Definition
the reduction in platelet numbers
Term
thrombocytopenia can cause
Definition
generalized bleeding
Term
what numbers do we need for thrombocytopenia?
Definition
levels less than 100,000/uL
Term
as the platelets counts decrease...what will increase?
Definition
the risk for bleeding
Term
what can cause thrombocytopenia?
Definition
decrease in platelet production, spleen gets too choosy about platlets, and no platelet survival
Term
what can cause a decrease in platelets?
Definition
anemia,  leukemia, radiation, and HIV
Term
why is the spleen important?
Definition
it selects healthy platelets and pooling can occur in it
Term
immune thrombocytopenia purpura
Definition
Autoimmune disorder with platelet antibodies being made and the destruction of platelets
Term
secondary forms of ITP can result from?
Definition
HIV, systemetic lupus erythmatosus
Term
what two version of ITP are there?
Definition
primary and secondary
Term
primary
Definition
sudden onset, no treatment required, children, petchiae, purpura
Term
secondary
Definition
chronic, adults, does NOT follow an infection, common in women
Term
ITP
Definition
bruising, bleeding from gums, epistaxis, melena, abnormal menstrual bleeding
Term
what can be found in ITP?
Definition
splenic enlargment
Term
how do we diagnos ITP?
Definition
platelet counts of 20,000-30,000. platelet antibody tests. 
Term
treatment of ITP
Definition
crticisteroids is common, it's very expensive
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