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Physiology
Exam 1: Slide Set 3
88
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
02/06/2010

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
gradual degredation of biomolecules for ATP production
Term
transducer
Definition
something that converts one form of energy to another
Term
basic structure of ATP
Definition
ADENOSINE---PO3---PO3---PO4
Term
ATPase
Definition
protein that hydrolyzes the terminal phosphate group of ATP
Term
types of catabolism/metabolic fuels
Definition

1. carbohydrate/glucose

2. amino acid

3. lipid

4. lactate

5. ketones

 

Term
main uses of ATP
Definition

1. membrane transport of things

2. synthesis of biomolecules

3. muscle cell contraction

Term
how much atp do you have in your body at any given moment? how long will that last you?
Definition

 

 

1 gram

 

1 second

Term

how many atp are made/replaced each second?

 

how much to you make a day?

Definition

10 million

 

100 lbs

Term
allosteric modulation
Definition
modulation of the catalytic properties of an enzyme by the binding of nonsubstrate ligands to a specific non-binding active site
Term
where do ligands bind in allosteric regulation?
Definition
allosteric OR regulatory sites...duh!
Term
two categories of cofactors
Definition

1. metal ions

2. coenzymes

Term
coenzymes
Definition
organic molecules that assist some enzymes
Term
molecules that bind to make sucrose
Definition
glucose and fructose
Term
main processes that contribute to the cellular respiration of glucose
Definition

Glycolysis

V

Kreb's Cycle

V

electron transport chain

                     

Term
glycolysis diagram
Definition
[image]
Term
what are the most common two coenzymes?
Definition
NADH and FADH2
Term

which of the following molecules are reduced? oxidized?

 

NAD+  

NADH
FAD

FADH2

Definition
NADH and FADH2 are reduced.
Term
As glycolysis runs through how does the free energy that was available in the glucose molecule change?
Definition
it increases twice as it is phosphorylized in the beginning.  then it loses energy when it reduces the NAD and ATP molecules.
Term
where does glycolysis occur?
Definition
cytoplasm
Term
where does a cell get the glucose it needs for cellular respirations?
Definition
food and from the glucose stored in the form of glycogen in the liver
Term

why does anaerobic glycolysis happen?

 

what is the resulting product of it in humans.

Definition

there is not enough oxygen to satisfy the e- coming down the electron transport chain. things get clogged up and it anaerobic glycolysis occurs to free up the electron carriers. It does this by oxidizing NADH2 to produce NAD that can be used in  glycolysis.

In humans it creates lactic acid.

Term
anaerobic glycolysis diagram
Definition
[image]
Term
what enzyme converts pyruvate into lactic acid during anaerobic glycolysis?
Definition
lactate dehydrogenase
Term
in the case of anaerobic glycolysis, what is the benefit of creating pyruvate just to make lactate and NADH?
Definition
NADH goes back into glycolysis which makes 2ATP. So, even tho there is no ATP production from the electron transport chain (due to lack of oxygen) the cell can still make some ATP.
Term

Cori Cycle

 

What is it?
When is it used?

 

 

Definition

The cori cycle is when lactic acid (as a result of anaerobic glycolysis) is transported to the liver and converted back into glucose that can be used in glycolysis.

 

used when there is a build up of two much lactic acid during anaerobic conditions.

Term
cori cycle diagram
Definition
[image]
Term

what is the intermediate step in between glycolysis and krebs cycle?

 

what is needed to make this happen?

 

what is the byproduct of this rxn?

Definition

pyruvate is converted to acetyl coA.

 

in order for this to happen, one NAD is needed and then reduced  to NADH.

 

the byproduct is CO2

Term
krebs cycle diagram....
Definition
[image]
Term
where does krebs cycle occur
Definition
mitochondrial matrix
Term

describe how an electron works its way down the electron transport chain?

what is a result of this movement?

Definition

NADH, ATP, FADH2 drop off electrons to the proteins that serve as the e.t.c.

 

many of these proteins are h+ pumps

 

when the 1st protein in the chain gets the e-, it causes a conformation change in the protein which causes it to pump a h+ into the intermembrane space.

 

the e- goes to the next protein and the same thing happens again.

 

this continues until the e- are accepted by 2Hs and an O to make H20.

 

the result is a proton gradient where there is a high conc. of H+ in the intermem. space

Term
where is the e.t.c?
Definition
intermembrane of the mitochondria
Term
for what does a cell use the h+ gradient that was created by the e.t.c?
Definition
there is also and ATP synthase in the inner membrane. this molecule allows h+ to come down the gradient through the molecule and phosphorylate ADP to ATP
Term
what are the proteins involved in the electron transport chain? what are each of their roles?
Definition

I. NADH hydrogenase: oxidizes the NADH and accepts the first electron. also pumps H+

II. Succinate dehydrogenase: reduces FAD to FADH2 using e- from I. and takes them to ubiquinone.

Ubiquinone

III. Cytocrome B-C1: takes the e- from ubiquinone and drops them off at Cytochrome C. also pumps H+

Cytochrome C

 

Cytochrome Oxidase: takes e- from Cytochrome C and gives them to 02 to make water.

IV Cytochrome oxidase: takes e- from cytochrome C and gives them to O2 to make water. also an h+ pump

 

Term

uncoupling protein

 

what does it produce?

Definition

the e.t.c. creates an h+ gradient used by atp synthetase. the etc and atp synthetase are coupled processes. however, the e.t.c. creates a higher gradient than necessary for phosphorylating adp.

 

so, there are these proteins in the innermembrane of the mitochondria that just allow h+ to fall back down the gradient

 

it produces heat.

Term
what allows e- to travel down the etc instead of just stay at the first e- acceptor?
Definition
each following protein has a higher affinity for electrons
Term
how many atp produced per pair of e- going through the e.t.c?
Definition
1
Term

how many atp can you get from one NADH?

 

FADH2?

 

GTP?

Definition

3

2

1

Term
what does preperatory conversion of pyruvate refer to?
Definition
pyruvate---> acetyl co-A
Term
substrate level phosphorylation
Definition
when adp is directly phosphorylated during glycolysis (refers to the 4 atp produced in glycolysis)
Term
ATP accounting for all of cellular respiration
Definition

Glycolysis

-2: investment

4: substrate level phosphorylation

6: 2NADH

 

Preparatory Conversion of Pyruvate

6: 2 NADH

 

Krebs Cycle

18: 6NADS

 

TOTAL: 38 ATP

4: 2FADH2

2: GTP

 

 

Term

what is the first step to metabolizing amino acids?

 

what does this reaction consist of?

Definition

deamination/transamination

 

the amino acid is cleaved into the amine (nh2) group and an alpha-keto acid.

 

the a-k acid can enter the krebs cycle through a couple different points in the reaction.

 

the amine group enters the urea cycle.

Term
what happens to the amine (resulting from deamination) that goes into the urea cycle?
Definition

it attaches to alphaketogluterate becoming gluterate which is a urea precursor.

 

then two of the amines come off the 2 gluterates  + CO2  +ornithine  +  H20

 

|

V

 

Urea

Term
three big entrance points for amino acids in the krebs cycle and how they get there
Definition

pyruvate

 

acetyl coA

 

alpha-ketoglutaric acid

 

these all start out as amino-acids which lose their NH3 group to become the molecules above.

Term
define essential amino acids
Definition
amino acids that the body cannot make itself
Term
where are lipids stored?
Definition

adipose tissue (adipocytes/ hepatocytes)

 

adipose tissue can be found:

under the skin

in abdomen

in muscles

Term
when do you metabolize glucose, amino acids and fatty acids?
Definition

glucose: absoptive state

 

amino acids/fatty acids: post-absorptive state

Term

the suffix -glyceride refers to what?

 

what are the structures of these molecules?

Definition

acylglycerols

 

3 carbon glycerol backbone with either 1,2,3 fatty acids attached to them.

 

1: monoglyceride

2: digylceride

3: triglyceride

Term
by what process are lipids metabolized? describe this process
Definition

beta-oxidation

 

(lipids= fatty acid chains + glycerol)

 

1. lipolysis: the f.a. chains are freed with a lipase

2. glycerol is converted to acetyl-coA and sent to Krebs

3. the free f.a. chains get a coA added to them and become fatty acyl-coA

4. the end of the chain with the coA on it is cleaved using 1 NAD and 1 FAD. It's cut to have be twocarbons long. this resulting two carbon+coA molecule is acetyl coA

5. the acetyl coA is sent to Krebs

6. The remainder of the molecule goes back to step 3.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Term
where does beta oxidation occur?
Definition
 matrix of mitochondria
Term
what organs utilize lipid acid metabolism?
Definition
heart, skeletal muscles
Term
bioacid
Definition
acid in digestive system that absorbs fat from food
Term
acetyl coA is the precursor to many molecules such as.......
Definition

cholesterol

ketone bodies

fatty acids: phospholipids, glycerides

Term
what metabolite does the brain run on?
Definition
glucose
Term
where is most energy stored and in what form is it stored?
Definition
liver stores energy as glycogen
Term
where does the glycerol needed to construct fatty acids come from?
Definition

the liver

 

it stores glycogen which can be degraded to glucose. this glucose then is transformed into phosphoglyceraldehyde which is a precursor for glycerol

Term
where are amino acids stored
Definition
proteins, often in the skeletal muscle.
Term

how much energy is stored in:

mixed lipids

mixed carbs

mixed proteins

 

(give in kcal AND kJ per gram)

Definition

kcal per gram; kJ per gram

 

lipids: 9.4; 40

carbs: 4; 17

protein: 4.5; 20

Term

what vitamin does NAD come from?

 

FAD?

Definition

niacin

 

flavin/riboflavin

Term
two categories of vitamins
Definition

fat/lipid soluble

 

h20 soluble

Term
what are the fat soluble vitamins?
Definition
A, D, E, K
Term

uses for vit A

 

problem w/it

Definition

vision

bone growth

sperm production

not too much during pregnancy

Term

mammalian uses for vit D?

 

vit E?

 

vit K?

Definition

D: needed in calcium and phosphorous metabolism

 

E: protects integrity of molecules

 

K: blood clotting

 

Term
what metabolite does the liver run on?
Definition
fatty acids
Term

calorie

 

kcal

Definition

energy needed to raise 1 g of h20 1degC at 15degC

 

needed to raise 1000g 1degC at 15degC

 

 

Term

what physiological set point does CO2 effect?

 

Definition

pH

 

Term
what system regulates co2/pH levels?
Definition

cardiovascular system

respiratory system

renal system

Term
where does the oxygen used at the end of the e.t.c come from?
Definition
h20 splitting
Term

what is metabolic rate?

what is it measured in? 

how is it measured?

Definition

rate at which E is consumed by an individual

 

measured in joules or calories

 

measured via heat production, o2 consumption or co2 production.

Term
what are Ts, Tb and Ta?
Definition

Ts: body surface temp

Tb: body temp

Ta: ambient temperature, ambient temperature.

Term

poikilotherm

 

homeotherm

Definition

poikilotherm: fluctuating body temperature

 

homeotherm: relatively constant Tb

Term

endothermy

 

ectothermy

Definition

endothermy: body temperature derived from the hydrolysis of ATP. a result of metabolic reactions

 

ectothermy: body temperature derived from the environment

Term
thermoregulation
Definition
when organisms use hehavioral of physiological mechanisms to regulate body temperature
Term
how are metabolic rate and body tem related?
Definition
as body temp increases MR increase exponentially.
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