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physiology test 2
physiology speck test 2
262
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
02/15/2012

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Term
the digestive tract extends from ___ to ___
Definition
mouth; anus
Term
the digestive tract aka ___
Definition
alimentary canal
Term
accessory organs of the digestive tract
Definition
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Term
the digestive tract functions to ____
Definition
digest and absorb
Term
How do molecules move in the digestive tract?
Definition
diffusion
Term
what aids diffusion
Definition
increased surface area, increased gradient, thin membrane for diffusion
Term
___ is movement of food through the GI tract
Definition
motility
Term
___ is taking food into the mouth
Definition
ingestion
Term
___ is chewing the food and mixing it with saliva
Definition
mastication
Term
___ is swallowing the food
Definition
deglutition
Term
___ is the rhythmic wave-like contractions that move food through the GI tract
Definition
peristalsis
Term
the muscles through most of the GI tract are ___
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
___ is found only at both ends of the GI tract
Definition
skeletal muscle
Term
skeletal muscle is found in the ___, and ___
Definition
tongue,upperesophagus; external anal sphincter
Term
4 specific motilities
Definition
antral-pyloric pumping; segmentation; haustrations; mass movement
Term
___ is periodic propulsion
Definition
mass movement
Term
___ are mixing movements; peristalsis
Definition
segmentation
Term
____ - stomach; retropulsion
Definition
antral pyloric pumping
Term
___ are mixing movements
Definition
haustrations
Term
secretions of the GI tract include ___ and ___ secretions
Definition
exocrine; endocrine
Term
exocrine secretions include ____
Definition
HCl, H20, HC03-, bile, lipase, pepsin, amylase, trypsin, elastase, and histamine are secreted into the lumen of the GI tract.
Term
endocrine secretions involve the ___ and ___ to secrete ___ that help regulate the GI system.
Definition
stomach; small intestine; hormones
Term
___ is the breakdown of food particles into subunits (is a ___)
Definition
digestion; chemical structure change
Term
___ is the process of the passage of digestion (___) into the blood or lymph
Definition
absorption; chemical subunits
Term
____: temporary storage and elimination of indigestible food
Definition
storage and elimination
Term
GI tract is divided into the ___ and ____
Definition
alimentary canal; accessory digestive organs
Term
the GI tract is ___ long and extends from ____
Definition
30 ft; mouth to anus
Term
4 layers of the GI tract
Definition
mucosa; submucosa; muscularis externa; and serosa
Term
the mucosa lines the ___ of the GI tract, and consists of ____
Definition
lumen; simple columnar epithelium
Term
3 subsections of the mucosa
Definition
1) lamina propria
2) muscularis mucosae
3) goblet cells
Term
___: thin layer of connective tissue containing lymph nodules
Definition
lamina propria
Term
____: secrete mucus
Definition
goblet cells
Term
____: thin layer of smooth muscle responsible for the folds. folds increase ____
Definition
muscularis mucosae; surface area for absorption
Term
4 layers of the GI tract from outer to inner
Definition
1) serosa
2) muscularis externa
3) submucosa
4) mucosa
Term
___: thick, highly vascular layer of connective tissue
Definition
submucosa
Term
in the submucosa, absorbed molecules enter the ___ and ___
Definition
blood; lymphatic vessels
Term
the submucosa contains ___ and ___
Definition
submucosal glands; submucosal plexus (Meissner's plexus)
Term
the ___ provides autonomic nerve supply to the muscularis mucosae
Definition
submucosal plexus
Term
the ___ is responsible for segmental contractions and peristaltic movement through the GI tract
Definition
muscularis externa
Term
2 layers of the muscularis externa
Definition
1) inner circular layer of smooth muscle
2) outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
Term
contractions of the layers of the muscularis externa ____; ______.
Definition
move food through the tract; pulverize and mix the food
Term
the ___ is located between the 2 muscle layers of the muscularis externa
Definition
myenteric plexus
Term
the myenteric plexus is a ____
Definition
major nerve supply to the GI tract
Term
3 cell structures in the muscularis externa:
Definition
1. interstitial cells of Cajal
2. smooth muscle cells
3. autonomic axon
Term
___: production of slow waves
Definition
interstitial cells of Cajal
Term
___: Depolarization and opening of calcium channels, production of action potentials
Definition
smooth muscle cells
Term
___: neural input to ICC and smooth muscle
Definition
autonomic axon
Term
the smooth muscle of the GI tract contains small cells interconnected by gap junctions or "nexus" called ____
Definition
connexin proteins
Term
the smooth muscle is ____; they generate their own cyclic depolarization - "slow wave"
Definition
autorhythmic
Term
the depolarization caused by the smooth muscle can ____; so all the cells ____
Definition
spread to adjacent cells through the gap junctions; depolarize and contract at the same time.
Term
___ occur automatically in response to endogenous pacemaker activity
Definition
contractions of intestinal smooth muscles
Term
rhythm of contractions of intestinal smooth muscles is paced by ____
Definition
graded depolarizations called slow waves
Term
slow waves produced by ___
Definition
interstitial cells of Cajal
Term
slow waves spread from 1 smooth muscle cell to another through ___
Definition
nexuses
Term
the neural properties of visceral smooth muscle are ___; while the neural properties of striated muscle are ___
Definition
autonomics; somatic
Term
the neurotransmitters in visceral smooth muscle are ___
Definition
both excitatory and inhibitory
Term
the neurotransmitters in striated muscle are ___
Definition
only excitation, ACh
Term
EC coupling dependent on ___ in visceral smooth muscle; and ___ in striated muscle
Definition
extracellular calcium; intracellular calcium
Term
visceral smooth muscle contains ___, while the striated muscle contains ___
Definition
synctium; motor units
Term
where is smooth muscle located in the GI tract
Definition
muscularis mucosa; muscularis externa: circular and longitudinal
Term
smooth muscle is described as a ____
Definition
syncytium "unitary muscle"
Term
smooth muscle
electrical = ____
mechanical = ____
longitudinal layer = ___
circular layer = ____
Definition
gap junction - nexus
intermediate junction
interstitial cells of Cajal
most tightly coupled
Term
the structure of smooth muscle cells is ___; _____
Definition
dense bodies; intracellular skeleton "cytoskeleton"
Term
the structure of smooth muscle cells contain ___ such as ___ and ___
Definition
intermediate filaments; desmin; vimentin
Term
the ___ is a binding and protective outer layer
Definition
serosa
Term
the serosa consists of ___ covered with ____
Definition
connective tissue; simple squamos epithelium
Term
extrinsic innervation of the GI tract can come from the ___ or the ___.
Definition
parasympathetic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system
Term
extrinsic innervation from the parasympathetic nervous system is due to the ___ and stimulates ___
Definition
vagus and sacral spinal nerves; motility and GI secretions
Term
extrinsic innervation from the sympathetic nervous system is due to ____ and they ____
Definition
postganglionic sympathetic fibers that pass through submucosal and myenteric plexuses and innervate GI tract; reduce peristalsis and secretory activity
Term
intrinsic regulation is regulated by 4 groups:
Definition
enteric nervous system; submucosal and myenteric plexuses; paracrine secretion; and hormonal secretion
Term
___: secreted by the mucosa
Definition
hormonal secretion
Term
___: molecules acting locally
Definition
paracrine secretion
Term
____: local regulation of the GI tract
Definition
submucosal and myenteric plexuses
Term
intinsic regulation by the enteric nervous system is due to ____
Definition
sites where parasympathetic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons that innervate smooth muscle
Term
submucosal and myenteric plexuses in the enteric nervous system contain ___ neurons
Definition
100 million
Term
In the enteric nervous system; __ and ___ stimulate smooth muscle contraction (peristalsis) above the bolus
Definition
ACh; substance P
Term
in the enteric nervous system; __,___, and ___ stimulate smooth muscle (peristalsis) relaxation below the bolus
Definition
NO, VIP, ATP
Term
Intrinsic and extrinsic regulation is controlled by ___ and ___ regulators
Definition
intrinsic; paracrine
Term
3 types of intestinal reflexes
Definition
gastroileal reflex; ileogastric reflex; intestino-intestinal reflex
Term
___: distension of ileum, decreases gastric motility
Definition
ileogastric reflex
Term
___: overdistention in 1 segment, causes relaxation throughout the rest of the intestine
Definition
intestino-intestinal reflex
Term
____: increases gastric activity causes increased motility of ileum and movement of chyme through ileocecal sphincter
Definition
gastroileal reflex
Term
2 endocrine and paracrine regulators of the gut
Definition
serotonin and motilin
Term
___ stimulates ___, which send impulses into the intrinsic nervous system; and activates motor neurons
Definition
serotonin; intrinsic afferents
Term
____ stimulates contraction of the ______
Definition
motilin; duodenum and stomach antrum
Term
____ increases surface area and speeds digestion
Definition
mastication (chewing)
Term
mastication mixes ___ with ___ which contains ____
Definition
food; saliva; salivary amylase
Term
___ is an enzyme that can catalyze the partial digestion of starch
Definition
salivary amylase
Term
4 salivary glands
Definition
parotid, submandibular, sublingual, oral
Term
___ contains enzymes, fluoride, water, and mucus
Definition
saliva
Term
____ begins the digestion of starch
Definition
salivary alpha amylase
Term
___ begins as a voluntary activity
Definition
deglutition (swallowing)
Term
deglutition requires about ___ muscles, ___ cranial nerves, and ___ control
Definition
25; 5; brainstem
Term
3 phases of deglutition
Definition
oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal
Term
In the phases of deglutition; ___ is voluntary; ___ phases are involuntary and cannot be stopped
Definition
oral; pharyngeal and esophageal
Term
during deglutition; the ___ is raised, and the ___ covers the entrance to the respiratory tract
Definition
larynx; epiglottis
Term
from the mouth to the stomach; involuntary contractions and relaxations in the mouth, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus are coordinated by the swallowing center in the ____
Definition
medulla
Term
the ___ connects the pharynx to the stomach
Definition
esophagus
Term
in the esophagus; the upper third contains ___; middle third contains ____; the terminal portion contains ____.
Definition
skeletal muscle; a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle; only smooth muscle
Term
in the esophagus; ___ is produced by a series of localized reflexes in response to distension of wall by the bolus
Definition
peristalsis
Term
wave like muscular contractions in the esophagus; ___ contracts behind yet relaxes in front of the bolus; followed by ____; after food passes into stomach the ____.
Definition
circular smooth muscle; longitudinal contraction (shortening) of smooth muscle; LES constricts
Term
___ is controlled by the brainstem takes about 5 sec to go from pharynx to les
Definition
primary peristalsis
Term
primary peristalsis requires ___
Definition
vagal efferent activity
Term
if food does not move through esophagus, it initiates a local reflex called ____
Definition
secondary peristalsis
Term
____ is slower, weaker, and not as well coordinated
Definition
secondary peristalsis
Term
___ is a burning sensation caused by the reflux of acid from the stomach into the esophagus
Definition
heartburn
Term
the ___ is the most distensible part of the GI tract.
Definition
stomach
Term
the stomach empties into the ___
Definition
duodenum
Term
4 functions of the stomach
Definition
1. stores food
2. initiates digestion of proteins
3. kills bacteria
4. moves food (chyme) into intestine
Term
contractions of the stomach churn ___; mix ___; and push food into ___
Definition
chyme; chyme with gastric secretions; the intestine
Term
in the stomach, the gastric mucosa has ____
Definition
gastric pits in the folds
Term
in the stomach, ____ secrete mucus and alkaline fluid
Definition
columnar epithelial cells
Term
in the stomach, cells that line the folds deeper in the mucosa are ___
Definition
gastric glands
Term
cell types in the gastric glands
Definition
goblet cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL), G cells, D cells
Term
gastric glands secrete gastric juice
goblet cells:
parietal cells:
chief cells:
ECL cells:
G cells:
D cells:
Definition
Goblet: mucus
Parietal: HCL and intrinsic factor
Chief: pepsinogen
ECL: histamine, serotonin, ghrelin
G: gastrin
D: somatostatin
Term
parietal cells secrete __ into gastric lumen by primary active transport through the ___
Definition
H+; H+/K+ ATPase pump
Term
parietal cell's basolateral membrane takes in __ against its electrochemical gradient by coupling its transport with___
Definition
Cl- ; HCO3-
Term
____ is stimulated by changing conformation of parietal cells
Definition
HCL production
Term
this change is stimulated by ___, ___, and ___
Definition
Gastrin from G cells, Ach from PNS activation, and histamine from H2 receptors
Term
___ because histamine potentiates Ach and Gastrin effects, blocking it has great effect
Definition
potentiation
Term
___ makes gastric juice very acidic
Definition
HCl
Term
HCL ___ so they become more digestible
Definition
denatures ingested proteins
Term
HCl activates ___ to ___, because it is more active at a pH of 2.0
Definition
pepsinogen to pepsin
Term
digestion and absorption in the stomach; ___ are partially digested by pepsin (about 15-25%)
Definition
proteins
Term
digestion and absorption in the stomach; ___ digestion by salivary amylase is soon inactivated by ___
Definition
carbohydrate; acidity
Term
digestion and absorption in the stomach; ___ and ___ are the only commonly ingested substances absorbed - but important for rapidly absorbed drug formulations
Definition
alcohol; aspirin
Term
____: Erosions of the mucosa of the stomach or duodenum extending into the muscularis externa, produced by action of HCl, refluxed bile salts, or ingested substances.
Definition
peptic ulcers
Term
___ are normal; ___ are not
Definition
erosions; ulcers
Term
____: a natural protective mechanism for lining of stomach – aided by rapid turnover of cells, tight junctions between cells, secretion of alkaline mucus, prostaglandins, high blood flow (to dilute and “wash out”)
Definition
gastric mucosal barrier
Term
_____: Erosions of the mucous membranes of the stomach or duodenum produced by action of HCl.
Definition
peptic ulcers
Term
____: ulcers of the duodenum are produced by excessive gastric acid secretions
Definition
zollinger - ellison syndrome
Term
____: bacterium that resides in the GI tract may produce ulcers
Definition
helicobacter pylori
Term
___: histamine released by tissue damage and inflammation stimulate further acid secretion
Definition
acute gastritis
Term
protective mechanisms of the stomach; ___ and ___ are impermeable to HCl
Definition
parietal; chief cells
Term
protective mechanisms of the stomach; ___ contains HCO3-
Definition
alkaline mucus
Term
protective mechanisms of the stomach; ___ between adjacent epithelial cells
Definition
tight junctions
Term
protective mechanisms of the stomach; rapid rate of ___ (___)
Definition
cell division (entire epithelium replaced in 3 days)
Term
protective mechanisms of the stomach; ____ inhibit gastric secretions
Definition
prostaglandins
Term
in the small intestine; each villus is a ____
Definition
fold in the mucosa
Term
the small intestine villus is covered with ___ interspersed with ___
Definition
columnar epithelial cells; goblet cells
Term
in the small intestine; epithelial cells at the tips of villi are exfoliated and replaced by _____.
Definition
mitosis in crypt of lieberkuhn
Term
in the small intestine; lamina propria contain ___, ___, and ___
Definition
lymphocytes, capillaries, and central lacteal
Term
what are the two major types of contractions that occur in the small intestine?
Definition
peristalsis and segmentation
Term
___ is the major contractile activity of the small intestine.
Definition
Segmentation
Term
Segmentation in the small intestine involves the contraction of ___; and mixes ___
Definition
circular smooth muscle; chyme
Term
___ in the small intestine is a slow movement
Definition
peristalsis
Term
during peristalsis in the small intestine; the pressure at ____ is greater than ___
Definition
the pyloric end of the small intestine; at the distal end
Term
in the intestine; ___ contain brush border enzymes that are not secreted into the lumen
Definition
microvilli
Term
in the intestine; brush border enzymes remain attached to the ___, with their active sites exposed to the ___.
Definition
cell membrane; chyme
Term
in the intestine; absorption requires both ___ and ___
Definition
brush border enzymes; pancreatic enzymes
Term
most common defect in the intestine is the loss of ___, which leads to ____
Definition
lactase; lactose intolerance
Term
absorption in the small intestine; ____: carbs, amino acids, lipids, iron, water, and Calcium
Definition
duodenum and jejunum
Term
absorption in the small intestine; ___: Bile salts, vitamin B12, electrolytes, and H20
Definition
ileum
Term
in the large intestine, the outer surface bulges outward to form ___
Definition
haustra
Term
the large intestine has little ___
Definition
absorptive function
Term
the maximum water transport in the large intestine is about ___, but does work against ___
Definition
4L/day; large gradients
Term
the large intestine absorbs:
Definition
water, electrolytes, several vitman B complexes, vitamin K, and folic acid
Term
in the large intestine, ___ produce significant amounts of folic acid and vitamin K
Definition
intestinal microbiota
Term
in the large intestine; ___ ferment indigestible molecules to produce short-chain fatty acids
Definition
bacteria
Term
the large intestine secretes ___, via active transport of ___ into intestinal lumen
Definition
H2O; NaCl
Term
the membrane of the large intestine contains _____
Definition
Na+/K+ pumps
Term
Most of the fluid and electrolytes are absorbed by the ___; absorbs about 90% of remaining volume
Definition
small intestine
Term
in the small intestine; absorption of H2O occurs __ as a result of the ___ created by ____.
Definition
passively; osmotic gradient; active transport
Term
in the small intestine; aldosterone stimulates NaCl and H2O absorption in the ___
Definition
ileum
Term
___: waste material passes to the rectum
Definition
defecation
Term
defecation occurs when ___ rises and ___ relaxes
Definition
rectal pressure; external anal sphincter
Term
the defecation reflex is due to the contraction of ___ muscles to increase rectal pressure and relax internal anal sphincter
Definition
longitudinal rectal muscles
Term
excretion is aided by contractions of ____; pushes feces from the rectum
Definition
abdominal and pelvic skeletal muscles
Term
___: to much water reabsorbed leading to very hard feces and difficulty in defacation.
Definition
constipation
Term
constipation can lead to ___
Definition
fecoliths
Term
___: to little water absorped leading to fluid loss along with feces
Definition
diarrhea
Term
the ___ is the largest internal organ
Definition
liver
Term
the ___ is the major functional cell in the liver.
Definition
hepatocyte
Term
hepatocytes form ___ that are 1-2 cells thick
Definition
hepatic plates
Term
hepatocytes are arranged into functional units called ___
Definition
lobules
Term
in the liver, plates are separated by ___, and are more permeable than other ___
Definition
sinusoids; capillaries
Term
the liver contains phagocytic ___
Definition
Kupffer cells
Term
the liver secretes bile into ___, which are drained by ___
Definition
bile canaliculi, bile ducts
Term
the hepatic portal system has ___ in series
Definition
2 capillary beds
Term
products of ___ that are absorbed are delivered to the liver.
Definition
digestion
Term
____ drain into the ___, which carries blood to the liver
Definition
intestinal capillaries; hepatic portal vein
Term
in the hepatic portal system; 3/4 of blood is ____; 1/4 of blood is ____; the ___ drains the liver
Definition
deoxygenated (from intestine); oxygenated (hepatic artery); hepatic vein
Term
___ involves compounds that recirculate between the liver and intestine.
Definition
enterohepatic circulation
Term
many compounds involved in enterohepatic circulation can be absorbed through the ___ and enter ____.
Definition
small intestine; hepatic portal blood
Term
a variety of ___ are secreted by the liver into the bile ducts
Definition
exogenous compounds
Term
these compounds can be excreted into the ___ with ___.
Definition
intestine; bile
Term
the liver produces and secretes ____ a day
Definition
250-1500ml of bile
Term
___ is produced in spleen, bone marrow, and liver.
Definition
bile pigment (bilirubin)
Term
free bilirubin combines with ___ and forms conjugated bilirubin, and is secreted into the bile
Definition
glucuronic acid
Term
bilirubin is converted by __ in intestine to ___
Definition
bacteria; urobillinogen
Term
urobilinogen is absorbed by the ___ and enters the ____.
Definition
intestine; hepatic vein
Term
urobillinogen is recycled or filtered by ___ and excreted in ___
Definition
kidneys; urine
Term
bile acids are derivatives of ___
Definition
cholesterol
Term
the bile pathway is a major pathway of ___ in the body
Definition
cholesterol breakdown
Term
principle bile acids are ___ and ___; which combine with glycine or taurine to form ___; and these aggregate as ___
Definition
cholic acid; chenodeoxycholic acid; bile salts; micelles
Term
95% of bile acids are absorbed by the ___
Definition
ileum
Term
the ___ can remove hormones, drugs, and other biologically active molecules from the blood
Definition
liver
Term
the inactivation of steroid hormones and drugs is by excretion into the ___, phagocytosis by ___, liver converts into ___, excreted in ___
Definition
bile; kupffer cells; urea; urine
Term
the liver helps regulate ___ concentration by: ____=fed state; ___=fasted
Definition
blood glucose; glycogenesis and lipogenesis; glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Term
the liver contains enzymes required to convert free fatty acids into ____.
Definition
ketone bodies
Term
___ and most of the ____ are produced by the liver
Definition
albumin; plasma globulins (except immunoglobulins)
Term
___ constitutes 70% of the total plasma protein
Definition
albumin
Term
___ transport cholesterol and hormones
Definition
globulins
Term
___ produce blood clotting factors 1,2,3,5,7,9, and 11
Definition
globulins
Term
___ contributes most to the colloid osmotic pressure in the blood. Edema!!
Definition
Albumin
Term
___: sac-like organ attached to the inferior surface of the liver. function:___
Definition
gallbladder; stores and concentrates bile
Term
when gallbladder fills with bile, it ___
Definition
expands
Term
contraction of the muscularis layer of the gallbladder ____ into the ___ into ___
Definition
ejects bile; common bile duct; duodenum
Term
when the small intestine is empty, ____ closes, and bile is forced up to the _____.
Definition
sphincter of oddi closes; cystic duct to the gallbladder.
Term
gallstones can be ___ or ___
Definition
cholesterol stones or calcium stone
Term
cholesterol stones result from ___
Definition
to much cholesterol in bile
Term
Complete digestion of food requires action of both ___ and ___ enzymes
Definition
pancreatic; brush border
Term
most pancreatic enzymes are produced as ___
Definition
zymogens
Term
____ triggers the activation of other pancreatic enzymes
Definition
trypsin (when activated by enteropeptidase)
Term
____ inhibitor attaches to trypsin and inhibits its activity in the pancreas
Definition
pancreatic trypsin inhibitor
Term
___ and ___ modify the activity of the GI system.
Definition
neural; endocrine mechanisms
Term
GI tract is both ____, and a ____
Definition
an endocrine gland; and a target for the action of hormones
Term
gastric ___ and ___ are automatic
Definition
motility; secretion
Term
waves of contraction are initiated spontaneously by ____
Definition
pacesetter cells
Term
extrinsic control of gastric function (and all GI function) can be divided into 3 phases:
Definition
cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase
Term
the cephalic phase is stimulated by the sight, smell, and taste of ___
Definition
food
Term
in the cephalic phase, the activation of the vagus stimulates _____, and directly stimulates ___ and ___; and indirectly stimulates ____
Definition
chief cells to secrete pepsinogen; G cells to secrete gastrin; ECL cells to secrete histamine; parietal cells to secrete HCL
Term
the cephalic phase continues into the ____
Definition
first 30 minutes of a meal
Term
the ___ stimulates the gastric phase
Definition
arrival of food in stomach
Term
gastric secretion is stimulated by:
Definition
distension, chemical nature of chyme (amino acids and short polypeptides), positive feedback effect, negative feedback
Term
chemical nature of chyme:
Definition
stimulates G cells to secrete gastrin
stimulates chief cells to secrete pepsinogen, stimulates ECL cells to secrete histamine, and histamine stimulates the secretion of HCL
Term
Positive feedback effect: as more ___ and ___ are secreted, more ___ and ___ are released
Definition
HCl, pepsinogen, polypeptides, amino acids
Term
Negative feedback: as ___ decreases, inhibits ____
Definition
pH, G cell release of gastrin
Term
HCl secretion decreases if ____
Definition
pH<2.5
Term
At pH of 1.0, _____
Definition
gastrin secretion ceases
Term
the ___ inhibits gastric activity when chyme enters the small intestine
Definition
intestinal phase
Term
in the intestinal phase, the arrival of chyme increases ___ and ___
Definition
osmolality and distension
Term
the arrival of chyme activates ____ and produces an ____
Definition
sensory neurons of vagus; inhibitory neural reflex
Term
the inhibitory neural reflex; inhibits ___ and ___; and in the presence of fat the enterogasterone inhibits ____ and ___
Definition
gastric motility; secretion; gastric motility; secretion
Term
in the intestinal phase, hormone secretion inhibits ____
Definition
gastric activity
Term
secretion of pancreatic juice and bile stimulated by ___ and ___
Definition
secretin;CCK
Term
secretin occurs in response to ____, stimulates production of ___ by ___, stimulates the liver to secrete ___ into the ____
Definition
duodenal pH < 4.5; HCO3-; pancreas; HCO3-; bile
Term
CCK occurs in response to ____ of chyme in ___. Stimulates the production of ___. Ehances ___, and stimulates the contraction of ____
Definition
fat and protein content; the duodenum; pancreatic enzymes; secretin; sphincter of Oddi
Term
___ begins starch digestion
Definition
salivary amylase
Term
___ digests starch to oligosaccharides
Definition
pancreatic amylase
Term
oligosaccharies are hydrolyzed by ____
Definition
brush border enzymes
Term
Glucose is transported by ___ with __ into the capillaries
Definition
secondary active transport; Na+
Term
digestion begins in the stomach when pepsin digests ___ to form ___
Definition
proteins; polypeptides
Term
in the duodenum and jejunum, ___ cleave peptide bond in the interior of the polypeptide
Definition
endopeptidases
Term
___ cleave peptide bonds from the ends of the polypeptide
Definition
exopeptidases
Term
free amino acids are absorbed by ____
Definition
cotransport with Na+
Term
dipeptides and tripeptides are transported by secondary active transport using a ____ to transport them into the ___
Definition
Na+ gradient; cytoplasm
Term
they are then ___ into free amino acids and then secreted into the ___
Definition
hydrolyzed; blood
Term
the arrival of lipids in the ___ serves as a stimulus for secretion of ___ which releases ___
Definition
duodenum; CCK; bile
Term
____: bile salts are secreted into duodenum to break up fat droplets
Definition
emulsification
Term
____ and ___ hydrolyze triglycerides to free fatty acids and monglycerides
Definition
pancreatic lipase; colipase
Term
___ coats the emulsification droplets and anchors the ___ enzyme to burn them
Definition
colipase; lipase
Term
this forms ___ and moves to ____
Definition
micelles; brush border
Term
free fatty acids, monoglycerides, and lysolecithin leave ___ and enter into ___
Definition
micelles; epithelial cells
Term
inside ___, they resynthesize triglycerides and phospholipids within chell. combine with a protein to form ___
Definition
enterocyte; chylomicrons
Term
fats are then secreted into ___
Definition
central lacteals
Term
in ___, lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol for use in cells
Definition
blood
Term
remnants containing ___ are taken to the liver. there they form ___ which take triglycerides to cells. Once triglycerides are removes, ___ are converted to ____
Definition
cholesterol; VLDLs; VLDLs; LDLs
Term
LDLs transport ___ to ___ and ___
Definition
cholesterol; organs; blood vessels
Term
___ transport excess cholesterol back to liver
Definition
HDLs
Term
the absorption of fat soluble vitamins requires ____
Definition
the same mechanisms as fat absorption
Term
the absorption of water soluble vitamins is mostly by ___, some use ___
Definition
diffusion; active transport mechanisms
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