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physiology II exam 4
Physiology 28-32
68
Physiology
Graduate
02/14/2011

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Term

What are the philicities of these catagories of hormones?

Proteins:

Peptides:

prosteglandins:

Leukotrienes:

Catecholamines:

Steroids:

Thyroid hormone:

 

 

 

Definition

Proteins: Hydrophilic

Peptides: Hydrophilic

Prostaglandins: Lipophilic

Leukotrienes: Lipophilic

Catecholamines: Hydrophilic

Steroids: Lipophilic

Thyroid hormone: lipophilic

Term
Cytoplasmic JAK
Definition
  1. Protein/Peptide hormone binds surface receptor of target cell
  2. Add P to internal specific proteins
  3. P-Proteins generate response.
Term
Protein Kinase
Definition
  1. Protein/Peptide binds to receptor on cell surface
  2. Add P to Tyrosine
  3. P-tyrosine generates response
Term
G protein receptors
Definition
  1. Protein/peptide hormine binds receptor
  2. Activates G proteins by turning GTP -> GDP
  3. G protein opens ion channels or modulates membrane enzymes
  4. Generation of second messenger in cell
  5. Second messenger activates protein kinase
  6. Add P to specific proteins
  7. P-proteins generate response. 
Term
Where does arachadonic acid come from?
Definition
Phospholipase A2 catalizes the release of arachadonic acid from the cell membrane.
Term
Endocrine
Definition
Cell A --Hormone--> Blood --> Cell B
Term
Neurocrine
Definition
Neuron --Hormone--> Cell B
Term
Paracrine
Definition
Cell A --Hormone--> Adjacent Cell B
Term
Autocrine
Definition
Cell A --Hormone--> Cell A
Term

Receptor Regulation

Homologous

Heterologous

Definition

Homologous: modulation of receptor # by it's primary hormone

Heterologous: modulation of receptor # by a non-primary hormone

Term
Permissiveness
Definition
  • Hormone A must be present for the full expression of hormone B's effect
  • Hormone A or Hormone B alone have little to no effect
  • (eg) Thyroid hormone & Epp

 

Term
Counter-Regulatory
Definition
  • 2 hormones have counter effects on a regulated variable
  • (eg) glucagon & Insulin
Term
Trophic hormone
Definition
  • 1 hormone stimulates the secretion of another
  • Adequate amounts are needed for growth and regulation of a cell
Term
Synergy
Definition
  • Both hormones have a measurable effect
  • Combined = big effect
  • (eg) secretin & CCk
Term

Protein & Peptide Hormones

Synthesis & Storage

Definition
  • Secreted as a pre-pro-hormone
  • Cleaved to a pro-hormone
  • Cleaved to a hormone

Hormone packaged in vessicles & stored.

rapid response when needed

  • Secreted by Ca dependent exocytosis
  • Vesicles fuse, and release contents
Term

Protein & Peptide Hormones

transport

Definition
  • Hydrophylic
  • travel in plasma
  • polypeptides half life 4-40 minutes
  • Proteins half life up to 3 hours

 

Term

Protein & Peptide Hormones

post receptor events

Definition

receptor in cell membrane cause intracellular events

Ion Channel: hormone opens ion channel

Protein Kinase: Adds P to Tyrosine, P-Tyrosine causes response

Cytoplasmic JAK: binding adds P to cellular protein.  P-protein causes response

Term

Protein & Peptide Hormones

G protein receptors

Definition
  1. Activate G protein by turning GTP -> GDP
  2. G protein opens ion channels or modulates membrane enzymes
  3. Generation of second messenger in cell ↑ or ↓
  4. Second messenger activates protein kinase which +P cell proteins to cause effect
Term
5 main second messengers in the G-protein response
Definition
  1. cAMP
  2. cGMP
  3. IP3
  4. DAG
  5. Calcium-calmodulin
Term

Steroids

Synthesis/Storage/Secretion

Definition

Synthesis: Made from cholesterol in adrenal cortex, testes, ovary, placenta

Storage: Made on demand

Secretion: immediately secreted, (slow action)

Term
4 classes of steroids
Definition
  1. Estrogens
  2. Androgens
  3. Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  4. Mineralocorticoidsn(aldosterone)
Term

Steroids

transport

Definition
  • Lipophilic
  • Mostly bound to plasma proteins
  • Half life of hours because bound
  • Metabolized in liver
  • Lipophilic metabolites secreted into bile for excretion in feces

 

Term

Steroids

Post receptor events

Definition
  • pass cell membrane into cell
  • binds to receptors at nucleus or cytoplasm
  • DNA expression, protein synthesis

Slow biological response

Term
AA derivative hormones
Definition
  • Tyrosine -> EPP, NE, T3, T4
  • Exibit peptide or steroid action on cell
  • catecholamines: Action like peptides
  • Thyroid hormones: Action like steroids
Term
Prosteglandins
Definition
  • Made by all tissue
  • Made by cyclooxygenase from arachidonic acid. 
  • Irreversibly inhibited by NSAID. 
  • Type of prosteglandin dependent on complement enzymes of the cell.
  • Paracrine/autocrine
  • Half life seconds to minutes. 
Term
Leukotrienes
Definition
  • Made in all cells
  • Made by 5-lipoxygenase from arachidonic
  • Not inhibited by ASA
  • paracrine/autocrine
  • half life seconds to minutes
Term

Gametogenesis

first miotic division

Definition
  • During ovulation
  • Generates a secondary oocyte, and a first polar body.
  • both cells have 23 chromasomes, 2 chromatids each.
Term

Gametogenesis

Secondary miotic division

Definition
  • Happens after fertilization by a sperm
  • Produces mature ovum and second polar body
  • Each cell has 23 chromosomes, 1 chromatid each.
Term

Granulosa cells secrete:

primordial

Primary

Secondary

Antral

 

Definition

primordial: MIF

 

Primary: Mucopolysachurides for Zona Pellucida

 

Secondary: Autocrine agents for Thecal cells

 

Antral: fluid for antrum

Term

Selection of the dominant antral follicle

When:

Which hormone:

 

Definition
  • Day 7 of menstral cycle
  • 1 antral follicle selected, driven by inhibin
  • Other antral follicles degenerate
Term

Ovulation of Graafian follicle

Which hormone:

What is released:

 

Definition
  • LH
  • Graafian follicle ruptures due to BIG antrum
  • releases oocyte+zona pellucida+thin layers of granulosa
  • baloons out of ovary surface
Term

Menstruation

(Summery)

1

7

15

25

 

Definition

1: Bleed

 

7: Selection of dominant antral follicle

 

15:Ovulatory phase (Graafian follicle ovulation)

 

25:Degeneration of corpus luteum

Term

Menstration

(Summery)

1-6

8-14

16-24

26-28

 

Definition

1-6: Secondary follicles -> antral follicles

8-14: Dominant follicle secretes estrogen

16-24: After ovulation, Graffian becomes corpus luteum.  Secretes Progensterone + estrogen

26-28: ↓ Progesterone ↓ Estrogen sloughing

Term

Follicular phase

1-5

7

7-14

Definition

1-5: menstruation, secondary -> antral follicles

 

7: Antral that secretes most Estrogen chosen

 

7-14: Dominant grows.  secretes Estrogen into blood

 

14: ↑ plasma estrogen (day 12) -> LH (day 14)

proliferation of uterine endometrium


 

Term

Ovulatory phase

 

Definition

Day 15

  • Dominant -> Graffian
  • Oocyte resumes meiosis, completes first devision
  • ovulation after 16 hours of LH surge
Term

Luteal phase

16-24

25

26-28

 

Definition
  • Graafian -> corpus luteum
  • Corpus luteum produces PROGESTERONE & estrogen
  • Progesterone blocks proliferation of endometrium and induces secretion
  • 14 days after ovulation, corpus luteum dies
  • ↓ estrogen & progesterone, endometrium sheds.

 

Term
GnRH drugs
Definition

Down regulated GnRH,

Less receptors on gonadotropin secreting cells

Lowers FSH & LH

Term

GnRH

Slow pulse

Fast pulse

 

Definition

Slow = FSH

Fast = LH

 

Term

LH

in the follicle stage

Definition
  • LH binds to receptors on thecal cell
  • Androgen synthesized (androstenedione & Testosterone)
  • Androgens diffuse into granula cells
  • Aromatase turns them into E1 and E2
Term

FSH

Follicle stage

Definition
  • FSH binds to receptors on granulosa cells
  • stimulation of activity of aromatase
  • more intra follicular estrogen produced.
Term
Where does the estrogen made by the granulosa cells go?
Definition
  • Some enters blood
  • Some acts on granulosa to ↑ FSH receptors, estrogen receptors, LH receptors.
Term

E1

 

E2

 

E3

Definition

E1 = Estrone

 

E2 = Estradiol

 

E3 = estri'ol

Term
Estrogen's effects on the follicle
Definition
  • Secondary follicle -> Antral follicle
  • ↑ Growth of follicle
  • proliferation of granulosa cells
  • LH granulosa receptors (more progesterone for luteal phase)
  • FSH Granulosa receptors (late follicular)
  • Estrogen receptors in granulosa cells
Term

Estrogen effect on reproductive tract

 

 

Definition
  • Cause uterine cervix secrete thin watery mucus
  • contract smooth muscle of uterus & fallopian tube
  • proliferation of uterine endometrium & smooth muscle
  • ↑ progesterone receptors in uterus
Term
Estrogen systemic effects
Definition
  • Puberty
  • Bone deposition
  • more plasma proteins
  • ↑ HDL, ↓ LDL
  • close epiphyseal plates
Term
Estrogen negative feedback
Definition

most often

  • ↓ production of GnRH, LH & FSH

At this time receptors to GnRH few

Term
Estrogen posative feedback
Definition

Before ovulatory phase

  • GnRH pulse (LH)
  • GnRH receptors
Term
Estrogen metabolism
Definition
  • E2 and E1 converted into E3 (metabolizable) or 2-methoxyestrone (not metabolizable)
  • metabolites + glucuronides or sulfates.  water soluble so can be excreted urine/feces
  • (smokeing metabolizes estrogen)
Term

Hormone order for:

Secondary -> Antral -> Dominant

Definition
  1. FSH ↑ production of Estrogen & Inhibin
  2. secondary --Estrogen--> Antral
  3. High Inhibin picks dominant, and ↓ FSH
Term
LH surge
Definition
  • Due to Estrogen + feedback
  • 48 hours after Estrogen spike
  • Most decisive event in menstral cycle!
  • Only in females.
  • Results in Graafian follicle
Term
Graafian -> Corpus Luteum
Definition
  1. Graafian expands, popping out ovum
  2. remaining granulosa cells converted into corpus luteum by LH
Term
Oral Estrogen contreseptives
Definition
  • First generation oral contreseptive
  • Inhibit ovulation, by negative feedback
  • Estrogen high enough so not completely metabolized by liver
  • Estrogen low enough so not threshhold level
  • BAD: too much estrogen = cancers due to over proliferation
Term
Abortifacients
Definition
  • Prevent implantation
  • RU 486 (Progesterone antagonist)
  • If uterus smooth muscle keeps contracting, ovum can't implant.
Term

Luteolysis

 

Definition
  1. Corpus luteum less sensitive to LH
  2. Progesterone made
  3. Ischemia
Term

Menstral fluid:

 

(Why lesbian vampires meet monthly)

Definition
  • 40 ml bood
  • 35 ml serous fluid
  • Fibrinolysis prevents clotting
  • WBC
Term
hCG
Definition
  • Secreted from syncytiotrophoblast to fetus & mother
  • β subunit similar to LH
  • Binds to LH receptors on granulosa & follicle to ↑ secretion of progesterone.
  • Measured in maternal plasma by 6-8 days!
  • max lvls at 60-90  days, then decline & plateau.
Term
Progesterone in pregnancy
Definition
  • Elevated entire duration
  • Always higher than estrogen
  • Made from cholesterol by placenta, independently of "external regulatory factors" (mother's FSH/LH)
  • Placental secretion proportional to placental weight
  • bad indicator for fetal health.
Term

Progesterin

physiological effect during pregnancy

Definition
  • Breasts for lactation
  • supress immune response
  • ↑ ventilation
  • ↓ prostaglandin in uterine smooth muscle
  • ↑ apetite
  • ↓ AA breakdown by liver (so fetus can use)
Term

Estrogen

in pregnancy

Definition
  • First 8 weeks secreted by corpus luteum under action of hCG, later by placenta.
Term
Production of Estrogen during pregnancy
Definition
  • Placenta lacks 17-alpha-hydroxylase.
  • Placenta makes pregnenolone and diffuses into fetus
  • fetus turns pregnenolone into estriol (E3)
  • E3 in urine is a good indicator for fetal health
Term
PRL
Definition
  • Prolactin secreting hormone
  • from pituitary
  • ↓ by dopamine (usually continuously supressed)
  • ↑ by prolactin releasing hormone & estrogen
  • breast structural development
  • enzymes for milk development
  • inhibit GnRH
Term
hPL
Definition

Human placental lactogen

  • Breast structural development
  • Milk secretion
  • Anti insulin effects
Term

Menopause

Early

 

Definition
  • Small cohort
  • Estrogen, ↓ Inhibin (↓ negative feedback)
  • FSH > ↑ LH
  • Shorter follicular phase (because of ↑ FSH)
  • Shorter cycle
Term

Menopause

Medium

Definition
  • Very small cohort
  • Estrogen 
  • Delayed (+) feedback
  •  Longer follicular phase
  •  Longer cycle

 

Term

Menopause

Late

 

Definition
  • ↓↓ Estrogen 
  • No posative feedback 
  • Anovulatory (no ovulation)
  • Enough Estrogen to cause menstruation
  • Menstrual period becomes less regular

(Eventually 0 Estrogen = no menstruation)

 

Term

Peripheral conversion of Androgens -> Estrogen

(Menopause)

Definition
  • LH binds to stromal (non follicular) cells in ovary
  • Cells become hypertrophic (big) and synthesize androgen
  • No follicles = no granulosa = no conversion of androgens into estrogen
  • Androgens travel in blood and are converted into estrogen by peripheral tissue.
Term
Cheracteristics of post menopausal women
Definition
  • ↓ Plasma Estradiol (E2)
  • Estrone (E1) > Estradiol (E2)
  • Increase in FSH & LH
  • Plasma Androgens remain normal
Term
E2 deficiency
Definition
  • Atrophy of Estrogen dependent tissue
  • Alkaline PH of vaginal secretion (risk of vaginitis)
  • Hot flashes
  • ↑ Cholesterol and LDL, ↓ HDL
  • ↑ change of Stroke or heart attack
  • Osteoperosis
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