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Physiology - Exam 4
Catabolism, Cell Environment, Nervous System
86
Physiology
Undergraduate 1
11/16/2007

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Cards

Term
Catabolism of Carbohydrates
Definition
Polysaccharides are hydrolized into disaccharides
Term
Disaccharides
Definition

Sucrose

 

Maltose

 

Lactose

Term
Sucrose
Definition
Glucose + Fructose
Term
Maltose
Definition
2 Glucose Molecules
Term
Lactose
Definition
Glucose + Galactose
Term
Lipid Catabolism
Definition
Triglycerides are broken down into Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Term
 What happens to the excess Acetyl CoA produced in Lipid Catabolism?
Definition
It is broken down into fatty acid and stored as lipids in adipose tissue and the liver
Term
In Lipid Catabolism, what substance are fatty acids broken down into?
Definition
Acetyl CoA
Term
Protein Catabolism
Definition
Peptidases break proteins down into amino acids
Term
Deanimation
Definition

Metabolic pathway that removes amine groups from amino acids, forming ammonia.  Ammonia is then converted into urea and excreted in urine.

Term
What happens to the excess of carbohydrates from catabolism?
Definition
Glycogenesis takes place, converting Glucose into Glycogen, which is then stored in the liver, skeletal muscles, and heart
Term
Excess of Lipids?
Definition

Acetyl CoA is converted into fatty acid;

Stored in liver and adipose tissue

Term
Excess of Proteins?
Definition

Undergoes deanimation;

Chops amine group from amino acid;

Converted into ammonia;

Ammonia is converted into Urea

Urea is excreted in urine

Term

What percent of the body is made up of water?

Definition
67%
Term

What percent of body water is intracellular?

Definition
67%
Term
What percent of body water is extracellular?
Definition
33%
Term

Plasma makes up how much (%) of extracellular water?

Definition
20%
Term

Amount (%) of extracellular water found in interstitial fluid?

Definition

80%

Term

Plasma Membrane Permeability

Definition

NOT permeable to POLAR substances,

except for WATER

Term
Mechanisms of Carrier-Mediated Transport
Definition

Facilitated Diffusion

 

Active Transport

 

 

Term
Non Carrier-Mediated Transport
Definition

Simple Diffusion

 

Osmosis

Term
Diffusion
Definition

Movement of a Substance

Term
Simple Diffusion
Definition
Movement of NON-POLAR molecules along the concentration gradient (from high to low)
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Diffusion of WATER through a SEMI-PERMEABLE membrane, along the concentration gradient
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition

Movement from along the concentration gradient,

 

requiring a carrier-protein,

 

but does not require ATP because it is moving

 

from high to low concentration

Term
Active Transport
Definition

Carrier-Mediated movement of molecules against

 

the concentration gradient,

 

which requires ATP

Term

Explain the Similarities and Differences

 

between Simple Diffusion and Osmosis.

Definition

Simple Diffusion is the movement of non-polar substances from high to low concentration.

 

Osmosis is only the diffusion of water, and it must be through a semi-permeable membrane!!

Term
How is Simple Diffusion different from Facilitated Diffusion?
Definition

They are both moving along the concentration gradient, but Facilated Diffusion is only utilized by polar substances, that require a protein carrier.

Term

Differentiate between Facilitated Diffusion and

 

Active Transport.

Definition

They are both carrier-mediated, meaning that they transport substances via protein carriers.

 

Only Active Transport requires ATP because it is moving AGAINST the concentration gradient.

Term
Primary AT (active tranport)
Definition
Requires hydrolysis of ATP (Na+/K+ pump)
Term
Secondary AT (active transport)
Definition

transport via Coupling

 

(cotransport or countertransport)

Term
Differences between Primary and Secondary AT
Definition

Primary AT uses ATP directly

 

Secondary AT allows a molecule to move against its concentration gradient by binding to a molecule that is moving along it's own concentration gradient 

Term
Isotonic Solution
Definition

Solute concentration outside of the cell is the same as the solute concentration inside of the cell

Term

0.9% NaCl (Normal Saline)

 

What kind of solution is this?

 

What happens when you put a cell in this kind of solution?

Definition

Isotonic Solution

 

Nothing; concentrations are the same

Term

0.5% NaCl

 

What kind of solution is this?

 

What happens when you put a cell in this type of solution?

Definition

Hypotonic

 

Causes the cell to swell

Term

0.5% NaCl + 5% Glucose

 

What kind of solution is this?

 

What effect does it have on the cell?

Definition

Isotonic

 

No Effect; concentrations are the same

Term

5% NaCl


What kind of solution is this?

 

What happens to a cell in this kind of solution?

Definition

Hypertonic

 

Causes the cell to CRENATE (shrink)

Term
Hypotonic
Definition
Solution outside of the cell has a lower solute concentration than the inside of the cell
Term

Hypertonic

 

Effect?

Definition

Solution outside of the cell has a higher solute concentration than inside of the cell

 

Causes cell to Crenate

Term
Regulation of Water in Plasma by ADH
Definition

An increase in plasma osmolality, due to dehydration, stimulates thirst and increased ADH secretion from the posterior pituitary.  This causes the person to drink more and urinate less, which increases the blood volume and decreases plasma osmolality.  This helps restore normal blood volume and completes the negative feedback loop.

Term
4 Functions of the Na+/K+ Pump
Definition

 Osmoregulation

 

 Regulates BMR

 

 Help create RMP

 

 Coupled Transport

Term
Explain how the Na/K Pump functions in Coupled Transport.
Definition

The energy needed for a molecule or ion to move

 

against its concentration gradient is powered by

 

attachment to the Na+ ion as it moves along its

 

concentration gradient, back into the cell

Term

Role of Na/K Pump

 

in Maintaining the RMP

 

(resting membrane potential)

Definition

In maintenance of the RMP, 3 Na+ are transported

 

out of the cell for every 2 K+ that are brought in,

 

contributing the the negative intracellular charge

 

(or difference in charges).

Term

How does the Na/K pump contribute to the BMR

 

(basal metabolic rate)

Definition

The Thyroid Gland secretes Thyroxine,

 

which makes the pump work harder.

Term
Explain the effect of Hypothyroidism on BMR.
Definition

Slows BMR

 

Causes increased weight, always cold and tired

Term
How does Hyperthyroidism effect BMR
Definition

Increases BMR

 

Feel - hot, irritable; thinner

Term

How does the Na/K pump function in

 

osmoregulation?

Definition

Na+ regulates the flow of water molecules;

 

Pump transports Na+ out of the cell, water follows

 

because water has a very high affinity to Na+;

 

Prevents cell from exploding

Term
Trancellular Transport
Definition
Moving molecules through epithelial cells
Term
Paracellular Transport
Definition
Moving very small ions in between epithelial cells
Term
Tight Junctions
Definition

Plasma membranes of 2 adjacent epithelial cells

 

physically join together.

 

Proteins penetrate the mebranes to bridge the actin

 

fibers of the 2 cells

 

Term
Adherens Junctions
Definition

Plasma membranes of 2 cells come very close

 

together and are "glued" by interactions between

 

proteins that span each membrane and connect to

 

the cytoskeleton of each cell

Term
Desmosomes
Definition

Plasma membranes of 2 cells are "buttoned"

 

together, by interactions between particular

 

desmosomal proteins

Term
Role of Tight Junctions in Paracellular Transport
Definition

Form Blood Brain Barrier

 

Do Not Allow Paracellular Transport

 

Transcellular Transport must be used

Term
Role of Adherens Junctions in Paracellular Transport
Definition
Allow SOME Paracellular Transport
Term
Role of Desmosomes in Paracellular Transport
Definition
Allow the most paracellular transport
Term
Endocytosis
Definition

Require receptor on cell membrane

 

Invagination, formation of pouch, formation of vesicle

Term
Exocytosis
Definition

Fusion of a membrane-bound vesicle that contains cellular products with the plasma membrane, so that membrane become continuous.

 

Neurotransmitters; Hormones

Term
What contributes to the formation of the RMP?
Definition

Non-diffusable negatively charged phosphate groups of RNA are trapped inside the cell causes the intracellular charge to be negative, and the high Na+ concentration outside of the cell causes the extracellular charge to be positive.

Term
Endocrine Signaling
Definition

Endocrine glands secrete chemical regulators

 

(hormones) into the extracellular fluid, and blood

 

carries the hormones to all of the cells in the body,

 

but only target cells for a particular hormone can

 

respond to the hormone.

 

 

Term
Synaptic Signaling
Definition

Requires tiny gaps to be formed in very close proximity between neurons and target cells.

 

Neurotransmitters

Term
Cytokines
Definition

Very potent chemicals that only act on local cells

 

Paracrine and Autocrine Communication

Term
Paracrine Signaling
Definition

cells within an organ secrete regulatory molecules that diffuse through the extracellular matrix to nearby target cells in the same organ

 

Local Signaling

Term
Autocrine Signaling
Definition
Cytokines that act on themselves
Term
Most Common Form of Cellular Communication
Definition
Cytokines, through paracrine or autocrine signaling
Term

How do gap junctions contribute to cellular

 

communication?

Definition

Allows immediate communication from one cell to

 

the next because the plasma membranes are fused

 

together and their cytoplasm is continuous

Term
CNS
Definition
Brain and Spinal Cord
Term
PNS
Definition
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
Term
Difference between axons and dendrites
Definition

Axons carry signal away from the cell body and have more rounded ends called terminal boutons that contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitters.

 

Dendrites are more pointed at the ends and carry the signal to the cell body.

Term
Ganglia
Definition
Cell body in PNS
Term
Nuclei
Definition
Cell body in CNS
Term
Carries signal from CNS to Organ (muscle; gland)
Definition
Motor (efferent) Neurons
Term
Carries signal from sensory receptors to CNS
Definition
Sensory (afferent) Neurons
Term
Interneurons
Definition

Link sensory, somatic, and autonomic nerves within

 

the CNS ONLY

Term
Unipolar Neuron
Definition

1 Process

 

Sensory Neurons

Term
Bipolar Neurons
Definition

2 Processes

 

Most rare type

 

 

Term

What is the least abundant type of neuron and

 

where is it found?

Definition

Bipolar

 

Retina

Term
Multipolar Neuron
Definition
Many processes
Term

What is the most common type of neuron?

 

 

Definition
Multipolar
Term
Glial Cells in PNS
Definition

Schwann's Cells

 

Satellite Cells

Term
Glial Cells in CNS
Definition

Oligodendrocytes

 

Astrocytes

 

Microglia

 

Ependymal Cells

Term
Schwann's Cell vs. Oligodendrocyte
Definition

Schwann's cell is found in the PNS, lays Myelin via wrapping itself around the axon, each Schwann's cell is dedicated to one certain area of the axon

 

Oligodendrocytes: in CNS; lay Myelin via processes; lays Myelin on multiple axon locations at one time

Term
Phagocytic Glial Cells
Definition
Microglia
Term

Ependymal Cells

Definition
Circulate CSF in ventricles by beating cilia
Term
Satellite Cells
Definition
Neuron supporting cells in PNS
Term

Most important Glial Cell in CNS

Definition
Astrocytes
Term
Functions of Astrocytes
Definition

Forms tight junctions = BBB

Provides energy to neurons by feeding glucose

Synapse Formation

Recycle Neurotransmitters

Recycle K+ lost by neurons

Differentiation of Glial Cells (assign job)

Inhibit/Activate Neurons

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