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Details Title: Physiology - Exam 4 Description: Catabolism, Cell Environment, Nervous System Total Flash Cards: 86 Created: 11/16/2007 07:31:13	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term Catabolism of Carbohydrates Definition Polysaccharides are hydrolized into disaccharides Term Disaccharides Definition Sucrose   Maltose   Lactose Term Sucrose Definition Glucose + Fructose Term Maltose Definition 2 Glucose Molecules Term Lactose Definition Glucose + Galactose Term Lipid Catabolism Definition Triglycerides are broken down into Glycerol + 3 fatty acids Term  What happens to the excess Acetyl CoA produced in Lipid Catabolism? Definition It is broken down into fatty acid and stored as lipids in adipose tissue and the liver Term In Lipid Catabolism, what substance are fatty acids broken down into? Definition Acetyl CoA Term Protein Catabolism Definition Peptidases break proteins down into amino acids Term Deanimation Definition Metabolic pathway that removes amine groups from amino acids, forming ammonia.  Ammonia is then converted into urea and excreted in urine. Term What happens to the excess of carbohydrates from catabolism? Definition Glycogenesis takes place, converting Glucose into Glycogen, which is then stored in the liver, skeletal muscles, and heart Term Excess of Lipids? Definition Acetyl CoA is converted into fatty acid; Stored in liver and adipose tissue Term Excess of Proteins? Definition Undergoes deanimation; Chops amine group from amino acid; Converted into ammonia; Ammonia is converted into Urea Urea is excreted in urine Term What percent of the body is made up of water? Definition 67% Term What percent of body water is intracellular? Definition 67% Term What percent of body water is extracellular? Definition 33% Term Plasma makes up how much (%) of extracellular water? Definition 20% Term Amount (%) of extracellular water found in interstitial fluid? Definition 80% Term Plasma Membrane Permeability Definition NOT permeable to POLAR substances, except for WATER Term Mechanisms of Carrier-Mediated Transport Definition Facilitated Diffusion   Active Transport     Term Non Carrier-Mediated Transport Definition Simple Diffusion   Osmosis Term Diffusion Definition Movement of a Substance Term Simple Diffusion Definition Movement of NON-POLAR molecules along the concentration gradient (from high to low) Term Osmosis Definition Diffusion of WATER through a SEMI-PERMEABLE membrane, along the concentration gradient Term Facilitated Diffusion Definition Movement from along the concentration gradient,   requiring a carrier-protein,   but does not require ATP because it is moving   from high to low concentration Term Active Transport Definition Carrier-Mediated movement of molecules against   the concentration gradient,   which requires ATP Term Explain the Similarities and Differences   between Simple Diffusion and Osmosis. Definition Simple Diffusion is the movement of non-polar substances from high to low concentration.   Osmosis is only the diffusion of water, and it must be through a semi-permeable membrane!! Term How is Simple Diffusion different from Facilitated Diffusion? Definition They are both moving along the concentration gradient, but Facilated Diffusion is only utilized by polar substances, that require a protein carrier. Term Differentiate between Facilitated Diffusion and   Active Transport. Definition They are both carrier-mediated, meaning that they transport substances via protein carriers.   Only Active Transport requires ATP because it is moving AGAINST the concentration gradient. Term Primary AT (active tranport) Definition Requires hydrolysis of ATP (Na+/K+ pump) Term Secondary AT (active transport) Definition transport via Coupling   (cotransport or countertransport) Term Differences between Primary and Secondary AT Definition Primary AT uses ATP directly   Secondary AT allows a molecule to move against its concentration gradient by binding to a molecule that is moving along it's own concentration gradient  Term Isotonic Solution Definition Solute concentration outside of the cell is the same as the solute concentration inside of the cell Term 0.9% NaCl (Normal Saline)   What kind of solution is this?   What happens when you put a cell in this kind of solution? Definition Isotonic Solution   Nothing; concentrations are the same Term 0.5% NaCl   What kind of solution is this?   What happens when you put a cell in this type of solution? Definition Hypotonic   Causes the cell to swell Term 0.5% NaCl + 5% Glucose   What kind of solution is this?   What effect does it have on the cell? Definition Isotonic   No Effect; concentrations are the same Term 5% NaCl What kind of solution is this?   What happens to a cell in this kind of solution? Definition Hypertonic   Causes the cell to CRENATE (shrink) Term Hypotonic Definition Solution outside of the cell has a lower solute concentration than the inside of the cell Term Hypertonic   Effect? Definition Solution outside of the cell has a higher solute concentration than inside of the cell   Causes cell to Crenate Term Regulation of Water in Plasma by ADH Definition An increase in plasma osmolality, due to dehydration, stimulates thirst and increased ADH secretion from the posterior pituitary.  This causes the person to drink more and urinate less, which increases the blood volume and decreases plasma osmolality.  This helps restore normal blood volume and completes the negative feedback loop. Term 4 Functions of the Na+/K+ Pump Definition  Osmoregulation    Regulates BMR    Help create RMP    Coupled Transport Term Explain how the Na/K Pump functions in Coupled Transport. Definition The energy needed for a molecule or ion to move   against its concentration gradient is powered by   attachment to the Na+ ion as it moves along its   concentration gradient, back into the cell Term Role of Na/K Pump   in Maintaining the RMP   (resting membrane potential) Definition In maintenance of the RMP, 3 Na+ are transported   out of the cell for every 2 K+ that are brought in,   contributing the the negative intracellular charge   (or difference in charges). Term How does the Na/K pump contribute to the BMR   (basal metabolic rate) Definition The Thyroid Gland secretes Thyroxine,   which makes the pump work harder. Term Explain the effect of Hypothyroidism on BMR. Definition Slows BMR   Causes increased weight, always cold and tired Term How does Hyperthyroidism effect BMR Definition Increases BMR   Feel - hot, irritable; thinner Term How does the Na/K pump function in   osmoregulation? Definition Na+ regulates the flow of water molecules;   Pump transports Na+ out of the cell, water follows   because water has a very high affinity to Na+;   Prevents cell from exploding Term Trancellular Transport Definition Moving molecules through epithelial cells Term Paracellular Transport Definition Moving very small ions in between epithelial cells Term Tight Junctions Definition Plasma membranes of 2 adjacent epithelial cells   physically join together.   Proteins penetrate the mebranes to bridge the actin   fibers of the 2 cells   Term Adherens Junctions Definition Plasma membranes of 2 cells come very close   together and are "glued" by interactions between   proteins that span each membrane and connect to   the cytoskeleton of each cell Term Desmosomes Definition Plasma membranes of 2 cells are "buttoned"   together, by interactions between particular   desmosomal proteins Term Role of Tight Junctions in Paracellular Transport Definition Form Blood Brain Barrier   Do Not Allow Paracellular Transport   Transcellular Transport must be used Term Role of Adherens Junctions in Paracellular Transport Definition Allow SOME Paracellular Transport Term Role of Desmosomes in Paracellular Transport Definition Allow the most paracellular transport Term Endocytosis Definition Require receptor on cell membrane   Invagination, formation of pouch, formation of vesicle Term Exocytosis Definition Fusion of a membrane-bound vesicle that contains cellular products with the plasma membrane, so that membrane become continuous.   Neurotransmitters; Hormones Term What contributes to the formation of the RMP? Definition Non-diffusable negatively charged phosphate groups of RNA are trapped inside the cell causes the intracellular charge to be negative, and the high Na+ concentration outside of the cell causes the extracellular charge to be positive. Term Endocrine Signaling Definition Endocrine glands secrete chemical regulators   (hormones) into the extracellular fluid, and blood   carries the hormones to all of the cells in the body,   but only target cells for a particular hormone can   respond to the hormone.     Term Synaptic Signaling Definition Requires tiny gaps to be formed in very close proximity between neurons and target cells.   Neurotransmitters Term Cytokines Definition Very potent chemicals that only act on local cells   Paracrine and Autocrine Communication Term Paracrine Signaling Definition cells within an organ secrete regulatory molecules that diffuse through the extracellular matrix to nearby target cells in the same organ   Local Signaling Term Autocrine Signaling Definition Cytokines that act on themselves Term Most Common Form of Cellular Communication Definition Cytokines, through paracrine or autocrine signaling Term How do gap junctions contribute to cellular   communication? Definition Allows immediate communication from one cell to   the next because the plasma membranes are fused   together and their cytoplasm is continuous Term CNS Definition Brain and Spinal Cord Term PNS Definition Cranial and Spinal Nerves Term Difference between axons and dendrites Definition Axons carry signal away from the cell body and have more rounded ends called terminal boutons that contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitters.   Dendrites are more pointed at the ends and carry the signal to the cell body. Term Ganglia Definition Cell body in PNS Term Nuclei Definition Cell body in CNS Term Carries signal from CNS to Organ (muscle; gland) Definition Motor (efferent) Neurons Term Carries signal from sensory receptors to CNS Definition Sensory (afferent) Neurons Term Interneurons Definition Link sensory, somatic, and autonomic nerves within   the CNS ONLY Term Unipolar Neuron Definition 1 Process   Sensory Neurons Term Bipolar Neurons Definition 2 Processes   Most rare type     Term What is the least abundant type of neuron and   where is it found? Definition Bipolar   Retina Term Multipolar Neuron Definition Many processes Term What is the most common type of neuron?     Definition Multipolar Term Glial Cells in PNS Definition Schwann's Cells   Satellite Cells Term Glial Cells in CNS Definition Oligodendrocytes   Astrocytes   Microglia   Ependymal Cells Term Schwann's Cell vs. Oligodendrocyte Definition Schwann's cell is found in the PNS, lays Myelin via wrapping itself around the axon, each Schwann's cell is dedicated to one certain area of the axon   Oligodendrocytes: in CNS; lay Myelin via processes; lays Myelin on multiple axon locations at one time Term Phagocytic Glial Cells Definition Microglia Term Ependymal Cells Definition Circulate CSF in ventricles by beating cilia Term Satellite Cells Definition Neuron supporting cells in PNS Term Most important Glial Cell in CNS Definition Astrocytes Term Functions of Astrocytes Definition Forms tight junctions = BBB Provides energy to neurons by feeding glucose Synapse Formation Recycle Neurotransmitters Recycle K+ lost by neurons Differentiation of Glial Cells (assign job) Inhibit/Activate Neurons