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Physiology exam 2
chapters 11-21
71
Physiology
Graduate
10/12/2010

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Cards

Term
how is sound detected in the organ of corti?
Definition

vibration of the basilar membrane causes slideing of steriocillia against the tectorial membrane.

 

when the steriocillia move towards the largest steriocillium, K channels open

 

the influx of K depolarizes the hair cell, resulting in eventual increase in Ca influx, and release of glutiamate to the auditory (cochlear) nerve

Term
how is rotational acceleration determined?
Definition
through the simicircular canals. 
Term
what liquid is within the semicircular canals?
Definition
endolymph
Term
during rotational acceleration
when the steriocillia move towards the kinocilium does depolarization or hyperpolarization occur?
Definition
movement of steriocillia towards the kinocilia causes depolarization.
bending of the steriocillia away from the kinocilia results in hyperpolarization.
Term
how is linear acceleration determined?
Definition
during movement, the otolithic membrane moves, causing steriocilia to move towards/away from kinocilia. this cause depolarization of some hair cells, and hyperpolarization of other hair cells
Term
distinguish between the two types of sympathetic ganglionic chains
Definition

paravertibral ganglia (sympathetic trunk) lie next to the vertibral column (one per side

prevertibral chain forms one plexus in front of the aorta.

Term
in the sympathetic trunk, what do cervical ganglia form?
Definition
swtellate ganglion and sacral ganglia.
Term
norepinepherine uptake 1
Definition

reuptakes NE back to the presynaptic neuron. 

inhibited by cocaine, tricyclic antidepresents. 

after uptake, NE is metabolized by MAO which becomes deaminated derivatives

Term
norepinepherine uptake 2
Definition

a pump that is NOT sensative to cocaine

brings NE back to postsynaptic neuron.

after uptake into the postsynaptic neuron, NE is metabolized by COMT which becomes normetanepherine

Term

at what temperature is thermoregulation lost?

 

Definition
28 C (82.4 F)
Term
how does one fight cold?
Definition

increase secretion of thyroid and epinepherine

vasoconstriction

Term
how does one fight hot?
Definition

vasodilation

decreased muscle tone and activity

less thyroid hormone and epinepherine

decrease apetite.

Term
which part of the hypothalamus is important for apetite?
Definition
lateral (outer) hypothalamus.  lesions = anorexia
Term

what signals satiety?

 

Definition

the ventromedial (bottommiddle hypothalamus).  lesions cause hyperphagia (fullness)

but there is no receptor for calories consumed.

Leptin: counteracts neuropeptide Y.  (low leptin = fat, high leptin = no effect)

PYY: might hold the key, still being researched

Term
GABA
Definition

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

Diazepam enhances GABA (relaxes muscles)

Term
Glycine
Definition

inhibits spinal reflexes

strychnine/tetanus mess with glycene

 

Term
Aspartate/Glutamate
Definition

excitatory transmitter plays roles in seizures/neurodegenerative disseases

researched

felbamate ( antiepileptic drug) blocks NMDA receptor of GLUTamate

Term
Tubocurarine
Definition

natural product (Pavulon)

competative neuromuscular blockers of ACH

causes paralysis without loss of consciousness

Term
Succinylcholine
Definition

"depolarizing neuromuscular blocker"

1.) stimulates cholinergic receptors

2.) desensitization of the receptors

causes paralysis without loss of consciousness

Term
ACE inhibitors
Definition

prevent hydrolysis of AC

low: raise muscle tone/spasms

High: paralysis

Term
Myasthenia Gravis
Definition

disease of # & sensitivity of cholinergic receptors on muscle, results in muscle weakness.

Neostigmine & Pyridostigmine (ACE inhibs) treats by raising AC

Term
how does nerve gas and insecticides work?
Definition

inhibits ACE at motor end plate

symptoms:

1.) muscle spasm

2.) paralysis due to depolarization of neuromuscular blocade b/c high AC

Term

Benzodiazepams

(EG) Diazepam

Definition

acts at spine/brain to enhance GABA

 

when Benzodiazepines bind to separate sites on GABAa, more Cl influx = stronger hyperpolarization occurs

treats muscle spasms

(acts at CNS to effect PNS)

Term
Baclofen
Definition

an analog of GABA acts at GABAb to inhib release of excitatory transmitters (Glut/Aspartate).  treats spasms from MS/spine injuries

(acts at CNS to effect PNS)

Term
Dantroline
Definition

inhibits CA from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.

treats spasticity, and best for treating malignant hyperthermia

also treats neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Term
Strychnine
Definition

Convulsant (rat poison)

acts as antagonist at glycene receptors at CNS

countered by Diazepam

 

Term
Tetanus Toxin
Definition

released by Clostridium Tetani

prevents release of Glycine from Renshaw cells in spine

causes tetanus/convulsions

treatment: diazepam/antimicrobial

Term
alpha motor neurons
Definition

innervates the extrafusal muscle fibers that generate force

cell body located in ventral horn, get comands from descending pathways and spinal reflex circuits.

Term
gama motor neurons
Definition

innervates intrafusal muscle fibers. 

cell body located in ventral horn of spine

Term
what are muscle spindles
Definition

stretch receptors

nuclear chain fiber: monitors muscle stretch

nuclear bad fibers: monitors stretch rate.

muscle spindles wrap around intrafusal fibers

(rubber band)

Term
how is tension of muscles monitored?
Definition

Golgi Tendon Organs at tendons of muscles monitor.

the tendon organ has axcess to antagonist muscle.  if its too heavy, golgi organ inhibits the muscle and activates the antagonist.

 

Term
Schizofrania
Definition

emotional dissorder

Posative symptoms: halucinations

Negative symptoms: sad

treatment: thorazine/haldol/clozapine

mechanism: high dopamine inhibits control of limbic

Term
Depression
Definition

low Seratonin/NE

lithium for bipolar

MAO inhibitors

Tricyclics (prozac)

Term
why does penicillin cause seizures?
Definition
blocks GABA so all depolarize
Term
excitatory neurotransmitters (AA)
Definition
glutamate/aspartate
Term
Choroid/Sclera
Definition
where photoreceptor cells are found
Term
vision order
Definition

1.)light

2.) cis retinal to trans retinal, no longer can inhibit opsin, retinal pops off

3.) opsin binds to transducin (G protein), activates phosphodiesterase

4.) phosphodiesterase hydrolizes CGMP (low CGMP in light, high in dark)

5.) less cation channels open, so less depolarization

6.) hyperpolarization occurs

7.) CA channels close so less neurotransmitter

(photoreceptors dont fire AP)

 

Term
bipolar cells in vision
Definition

interneurob between photoreceptor and ganglion cells fires GP

ganglion first place to fire AP

axon of ganglia - optic nerve

Term
ACH
Definition

Cholinergic

ALL preganglionic release it

only sympathetic sweat releases it postganglionic

ALL parasympathetic release it post ganglionic

Term
NE
Definition

(adrenergic)

all sympathetic post ganglionic release it (exept sweat)

Term
EP
Definition

(hormone)

only released from adrenal madulla after sympathetic

Term
alpha adrenergic
Definition

eye dilation

cardiovascular constriction

constrict GI sphincter

decrease smooth muscle contraction

increase blood glucose

decrease insuline release

Term
beta 1 adrenergic
Definition
increase heart rate increase heart power increase thick saliva
Term
beta 2 adrenergic
Definition
open airways lowers GI movement turn glycogen to glucose in liver
Term
muscarinic
Definition

(parasymnpathetic only) located on target organs

shrinking of pupil lower heart rate widening of heart blood vessels closing of airways increase watery saliva increase smoothe muscle movement increase digestive enzymes insuline release from pancreas store glycogen in liver INCREASE SWEAT shrink bladder for urination

Term
nicotinic 1 (NM)
Definition

(excitatory for muscle and autonomic)

at motor end plate of muscle voluntary control of muscle

anesthesiologists play with this

Term
Nicotinic neuronal (NN)
Definition

on ganglia

(sympathetic and parasympathetic)

adrenal medula

antagonists of this block transmission.

 

Term
anti diahretic hormone (ADH) released from
Definition
synaptic of pituitary
Term

no initiative

cant imagine consequences

not able to adapt

Definition
damage to pre frontal
Term
pavulon can be countered by
Definition
neostignine
Term
nerve gas blocks
Definition
ACE
Term
damage to basal ganglia
Definition

hard keeping hand stable at rest

cant initiate upper and lower limb

rigid arm

 

Term
saliety center
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
treats spasticity in patients with MS
Definition
baclofen
Term
primary visual cortex is in the
Definition
occipital lobe
Term
benztropine cogentin works by blocking
Definition
muscarinic receptors
Term
reducing seizures deals with what channels?
Definition
Cl
Term
first neurons to die in alzheimers?
Definition
ACH users
Term
pontine teymentum
Definition
cyclic control of rem
Term
lateral geniculate nucleus
Definition
relay senter for vision at the thalamus
Term
the area for lateral gaze is
Definition
paramedian pontine reticular formation
Term
how is E and NE similar?
Definition
increase heart rate by binding to beta 1
Term
increasing contractile force of the heart
Definition
beta 1 adrenergic
Term
the pleasurable part of the brain is the
Definition
nucleus acumbuns
Term
an EEG of spiking at 2 adjacent areas, PT loses consciousness
Definition
complex partial seizure
Term
normal sleep architecture can be fixed by giving
Definition
delta sleep inducing peptides
Term
pavulon causes relaxation by
Definition
acting as a nicotinic receptor antagonist
Term
myesthenia gravis is cured my
Definition
ACE inhibitors
Term
during the knee reflex test when the knee is hit
Definition
alpha motor neurons to the stretched muscle will be activated
Term
where does visual info go?
Definition

visual info goes to the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus

the primary visual cortex is devided into cell layers oriented differently to respond to directions,movement,color

Term
which part of the hypothalamuc controls circadian rhythms?
Definition
suprachiasmit nucleus
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