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physio nervous
exam 1
149
Physiology
Professional
01/21/2014

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Term
A-alpha fiber
Definition
myelinated
motor neuron to skeletal muscle
sensory from proprioceptors in muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs
Term
A-delta fiber
Definition
myelinated
sensory afferents from pain (sharp) and temperature (cold)
does some touch
Term
A-gamma fiber
Definition
myelinated
sensory from mechanoreceptor of skin: touch and pressure
Term
ACh effect on heart
Definition
muscarinic --> G-beta/gamma --> hyperpolarize --> decrease HR

muscarinic --> G-alpha --> dec. adenyl cyclase --> decrease VGCa and If --> decrease HR
Term
Alpha motor neuron nucleus
Definition
Located in ventral horn of SC
Innervate and control extrafusal fibers of skeletal muscles
Term
Anterior corticospinal tract
Definition
A descending tract, part of ant. faniculus
Contralateral fine movement
Term
Anterior faniculus
Definition
Section of spinal cord between anterior median fissure and most lateral of anterior nerve roots
Term
Anterior spinothalamic tract
Definition
Ascending tract, part of anterior faniculus
Contralateral crude touch/pressure
1* neuron: periphery to SC
2* neuron: thru SC to thalamus (cross at white ventral commisure)
3* neuron: thalamus to cortex
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
Found in CNS and ganglia
Store glycogen
Absorb and recycle K+ amd NTs
Initiate formation of BBB
Proliferate to form scar tissue
Most common cell for 1* brain tumor
Term
B fibers
Definition
thin myelinated
motor preganglionic neurons of autonomic system
Term
Bipolar
Definition
Found in retina
Term
Blood-brain barrier
Definition
Formed by tight junctions between endothelial cells
Formation initiated by factors secreted from astrocytes
Term
Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
Definition
Formed by toght junctions between ependymal cells in choroid plexus
Term
Bowman's glands
Definition
produces mucus containing GAGs, antibodies, OBP, enzymes and salts
replace mucus every 10 minutes
why we can only sense water soluble odorants
Term
C fibers
Definition
unmyelinated
sensory afferents from pain (dull), temperature and itch receptors
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Controls fine movement
Imprtant for learning motor skills and adjusting postural muscles
Term
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Definition
demyelinated neuropathy of PNS
multiple genetic causes
Term
Clarke's column
Definition
Located in dorsal horn of SC
Only in C7-L3
Gathers info from muscle spindles and tendon organs
Provides unconscious proprioception
Gives info to cerebellum
Term
Corticospinal pathway
Definition
1* neuron: cerebral cortex to medulla (cross at ducussationof pyramids) to vental horn
2* neuron: ventral horn to muscle
Term
Dorsolateral tract of Lissauer
Definition
Ipsilateral pain and temperature sensation ofnone segment below
1* axons travel up and down SC
Term
Ependymal cells
Definition
Found in CNS
Line ventricles in brain and central spinal cord
Special adapted ones make CSF
Term
Fasciculus gracilis
Definition
Ascending tract in white dorsal column
Ipsilateral tactile discrimination anf position/vibration sensation from arm
Term
Gamma motor neuron nucleus
Definition
Located in ventral horn of SC
Innervated intrafusal fibers/muscle spindle
Term
Ganglion
Definition
Group of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
Term
Golgi tendon organ
Definition
sits between extrafusal muscle and its tendon
senses the force generated by the muscle and tension resulting in tendon
free nerve endings of Type Ib intrafusal nerve fiber is trapped within
used to signal antagonist muscle to activate and balance force distribution of muscle
Term
Gray matter
Definition
Neuron somas/dendrites and some axons inside brain and spinal cords
Term
Hydrocephalus
Definition
Abnormally elevated production of CSF
May result in brain damage
Term
K(ir)
Definition
inwardly-rectifying K+ channel
constitutively open
P-loop determines channel's selectivity
major player in resetting membrane potential
usually outward flow of K+
Term
Krabbe's disease
Definition
demyelination of PNS and CNS
genetic cause - deficient in lysosomal hydrolase
Term
Krause's end bulb
Definition
found in lips and external genitalia
sense: touch
rapid adaptation
Term
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Definition
autoimmune: antibodies against presynaptic Ca2+ channel
affects limb muscles causing dysfunction
Term
Landry-Gullain-Barre syndrome
Definition
autoimmune disorder after infection
affects PNS and cranial nerves
Term
Lateral corticospinal tract
Definition
Descending tract in latetal funiculus
Ipsilateral fine movement control
Crosses in medulla (ipsilatetal to axons in SC, contralateral to fibets in cortex)
Term
Lateral funiculus
Definition
Section of spinal cord between exit of anterior nerve roots and posterior lateral sulcus
Term
Lateral spinothalamic tract
Definition
Ascending tract, part of lateral funiculus
Contralateral pain and temperature sensation one segment below
1* neuron: periphery to SC
2* neuron: thru SC to thalamus
3* neuron: thalamus to sensoru postcentral gyrus of cortex
Term
Lower motor neuron
Definition
Somatic motor neuron on which the upper motor neurin synapses; originate in ventral horn
Alpha and gamma subtypes
Term
M-ganglion cells
Definition
large receptive fields
sense fast movments
gamma-insensitive
Term
Marginal layer
Definition
Located in dorsal horn of SC
Receives input from A-delta fibers (sharp pain) and C-fibers (burning pain) with small receptive fields
Term
Medulla oblongata
Definition
Ascending and descending tracts between spinal cord and brain
Cardiovascular nuclei (HR and BP control)
Respiratory nuclei (controls breathing)
Sensory and motor nuclei of CN VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
Term
Meissner corpuscle
Definition
senses: light touch and low frequency vibration
rapidly adapts
small receptive field
high density in palm
Term
Merkel's disk
Definition
senses: steady pressure and indentation depth
slowly adapts
Term
Microglia
Definition
Found in NS
Removes cell debris, wastes and pathogens by phagocytosis
Activated by high exttracellular ATP (ATP-sensitive receptor)
Term
Midbrain
Definition
Contains ascending and descending tracts
Controls eye movement
Coordination of visual and auditory reflexes
Contains substantia nigra
Nuclei of CN II, IV
Term
Multipolar
Definition
Diverse group, dendrite tree size varies
Motor neuron in spinal cord, pyramidal neuron in hippocampus, and Perkinje cell in cerebellum
Term
Nerve fiber
Definition
Group of axons outside the CNS
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Group of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS
Term
OFF bipolar cells
Definition
expresses ionotropic glutamate-activated receptor (iGluR)
send signals in response to high glutamate release from horizontal/photoreceptor cells (dark)
Term
ON bipolar cells
Definition
express metabotropic glutamate-active GPCR and constitutively active TRPM1 cation channel
send signals in response to low glutamate release from horizontal/photoreceptor cells (light)
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
Found in CNS
Myelinate CNS axons, one cell --> many axons
Metabolic and structural support
Term
P-ganglion cells
Definition
small receptive fields and gamma-sensitive
red-green and blue-yellow
Term
Pacinian corpuscle
Definition
senses: rapidly changing pressure and vibration
adapts very rapidly
large receptive field
constitutively open channels, further opened by stimulus
Term
Pons
Definition
Contains fibers relaying info to and from cerebellum
Nuclei modifying respiratory rhythmicity
Nuclei of CN V, VI, VII, VIII
Term
Posterior column pathway
Definition
1* neuron: peripheral thru SC to medulla
2* neuron:
Term
Pseudo-unipolar
Definition
Found in dorsal root ganglia
Term
Reissner's membrane
Definition
separates scala vestibule and scala tympani
Term
Ruffini ending
Definition
senses: stretch and vibration
slowly adapts
Term
Scwann cells
Definition
Found in PNS
Form path for new axon growth
Secrete nerve growth factor (NGF)
Wrap new axon in myelin, one cell --> portion of one axon
Term
Spinocerebellar tracts
Anterior and posterior
Definition
Asecending tract, part of lateral funiculus
Term
Substantia gelatinosa
Definition
Located in dorsal horn of SC
Receives A-delta and C-fibers (diffuse sharp and burning pain) with interneuron intermediate makes it diffuse sensation
Term
Sunstantia nigra
Definition
Located in midbrain
Parkinson's characterized by death of
Term
TRPA1 and TRPM8
Definition
myelinated temperature sensors
cold-sensitve
Term
TRPV3 and TRPV1
Definition
molecular thermometers
allow Na+ and Ca2+ into cell at specific T ranges
relays sensation of temperature
Term
Thalamus
Definition
Nuclei processing for most info going to cerebral cortex fromnother parts of CNS
Major relay center for sensory info
Term
Tracts
Definition
Axon pathways inside the CNS
Term
Type II intrafusal nerve fiber
Definition
expresses stretch-sensitive receptors
detects stretch
Term
Type Ia intrafusal nerve fiber
Definition
spiral-shaped, expresses stretch-sensitive receptors
detects stretch and rate of stretch
Term
Type Ib intrafusal nerve fiber
Definition
nerve endings trapped in tendons in GTO
fire APs when squeezed by GTO during muscle contraction/stretch
expresses stretch-sensitive channels
Term
Unipolar
Definition
Found in developing brain, autonomic ganglia and hypothalamus
Term
Upper motor neuron
Definition
Neurons in a tract that originate in motor cortex and synapse directory in somatic motor neuron
Decresed inhibitory effect --> exaggerated, faster reaction
Can also synapse on Renshaw cells or interneurons simultaneously
Term
VG K(or)
Definition
voltage-gated outwardly-recitifying K+ channel
voltage-sensitive domain usually keeps channel closed
cell depolarization opens channel
allows efflux of K+
remains open throughout depolarization of cell then closes
distributed evenly along axon length
Term
VG Na(v)
Definition
voltage-gated sodium channels
usually closed
depolarization opens channel
allows influxe of Na+
inactivation gate closes the channel, very rapid, kinetics are T dependent
inhibition by TTX
lidocaine stabilizes inactivated state (local anesthesia)
density of channels varies (tons in axon hillocky, few in dendrites and soma)
Term
W-ganglion cells
Definition
large receptive fields
gamma-sensitive (red-green and blue-yellow)
Term
White matter
Definition
Axons (myelinated) inside brain and spinal cord
Term
alpha1-adrenergic receptors
(smooth muscle)
Definition
modulation cation channel activity
catecholamine --> GPCR activation --> subunits modulate ion channels --> opens ion channels --> depolarization --> contraction
Term
alpha2-adrenergic receptors
(smooth muscle)
Definition
catecholamine --> increase activation of GPCR --> decrease PKA --> increase MLKC activity --> contraction
Term
bag fibers
Definition
intrafusal muscle fiber
senses dynamic of muscle stretch
Term
basilar membrane
Definition
stiff structural element of cochlea
separates scala media and scala tympani
serves as base for hair cells
disperses incoming sound waves to separate frequencies spatially
narrower and stiff at base, compared to apex
Term
beta-adrenergic receptors
(smooth muscle)
Definition
catecholamine --> increase GPCR activation --> increase PKA --> decrease MLCK activity --> relaxation
Term
beta1-adrenergic receptors
(SA node)
Definition
catecholamine --> activates GPCR --> adenylyl cyclase --> [cAMP] --> increase PKA and If --> increases HR
Term
beta1-adrenergic receptors
(cardiomyocytes)
Definition
catecholamine --> activates GPCR --> increase [cAMP] --> PKA
PKA: increases VGCaC activity, increase SERCA uptake in to SR, increase RyR (CICR)
all to increase strength of contraction
Term
chain fibers
Definition
intrafusal muscle fiber
senses static length of muscle
Term
chromaffin cells
Definition
act as postganglionic cell in adrenal medulla
release catecholamines into blood
blood stream then acts as postganglionic fiber for sympathetic system
Term
clostridum tetani
Definition
produces tetanus toxin
attacks Renshaw cells causing agonizing muscle spasms
Term
conduction velocity
Definition
a-alpha - 120m/s
a-beta - 80m/s
a-delta - 12m/s
c-pain - <1m/s
c-tactile - <1m/s
Term
cones
Definition
disks are attached to outer membrane
Term
congenital insensitivity of pain
Definition
autosomal recessive, channelopathy
sensation of touch is normal, proprioception is normal
VG-sodium type 1.7 only expressed in pain fairs and activity is totally lost
Term
congenital insensitivity of pain with anhidrosis (CIPA)
Definition
tyrosine kinase domain mutation
results in insensitivyt to NGF, causing no axons to grow to skin during development
no sweating ability
20% die of overheating before 3 y/o
Term
daltonism
Definition
red-green color blindness
exclusively males
unable to distinguish red from green
Term
deuteranopia
Definition
no green M-cones
Term
effects of myelination
Definition
increases length constant
decrease time constant
increase conduction velocity
Term
electrical synapse
Definition
gap junction formed by two connexon hemichannels
interact tightly without leaking
very fast, attenuates amplitude, bidirectional, low-pass filter, passage of large molecules
first structural link between differentiating neurons
synchronize APs in neuronal network (i.e. heart)
Term
endolymph
Definition
located in scala media
high potassium content
Term
enkelphalin
Definition
endogenous ligands
bind to opioid receptors
regulate nociception in body
Term
facilitation
Definition
postsynaptic potentials greatly increased when that impulse closely follows a prior impulse
Term
free nerve ending
Definition
senses: temperature, chemical agents, and noxious stimuli (dull pain)
fast adaption to heat
slow adaption to pain
Term
functional blindness
Definition
loss of cone function
caused by congenital absence of cones
strongly impaired daylight vision and loss of color vision
Term
ganglion cells
Definition
integrating unit of retina
send signals to optic nerve
myelinated once they reach optic nerve (not while in retina)
Term
habituation
Definition
decrease or cease to response to stimulus after repeated signals
Term
helicotrema
Definition
section of cochlea where scala tympani and scala vestibule meet
cochlear apex
hair cells near hear best detect low frequency sounds
Term
horizontal cells
Definition
inhibitory cells
coupled to rods by chemical synapse
coupled to cones by gap junction
express glutamate receptors (depolarize when dark/high glutamate)
depolarization --> GABA release
makes eye more sensitive to contrast and differences in intensity
Term
inner hair cells
Definition
receive major of nerve fibers (90%)
each is innervated by like 10 afferent fibers
Term
length constant
Definition
determines how far depolarization spreads
(higher = farther)
farther = thicker or higher membrane resistance
less far = higher axoplasm resistance
Term
long-term depression
Definition
induced by minimal level of postsynaptic depolarization and simultaneous increase in intracellular calcium at postsynaptic neuron
Term
long-term potentiation
Definition
increase in synaptic response following potentiating pulses of stimuli that sustains at a level above baseline for hours or longer
Term
marginal cells
Definition
involved primarily in K+ transport and line the endolymphatic space of scala media
Term
membrane proteins for membrane fusion of chemical synapse
Definition
syntaxin-1, SNAP25, Munc18, Munc13
Term
metabotropic chemical synapse
Definition
glutamate is NT
AMPA is ligand-gated Na+ channel
GluR1 is GPCR that activates TRPC3 a Na+ channel
Term
multiple sclerosis
Definition
immune-mediated inflammatory disease that results in progressive loss of myelin sheath
affects CNS --> loss of motor control
Term
myasthenia gravis
Definition
autoimmune: anti-AChR antibodies
results in decrease number of functional channels
progressive loss of muscles
Tx: pyridostigmine (AChE inhibitor)
Term
nasal basal cells
Definition
continuously differentiating into bipolar neurons, replaced every 4-8 wks
passive spread of membrane potential
support cells
Term
nerve-ganglion-target
(parasympathetic)
Definition
CN III-ciliary-ciliary muscles
CN VII-pterygopalatine and submandibular-lacrimal, sinuses, mucsoa, salivary glands
CN IX-otic-parotid gland
CNX X-near to organ-heart, lung, liver, spleen, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, colon
pelvic splanchinic-near to organ-colon, kidney, urinary, reproductive
Term
night blindness
Definition
loss of function of rods
can be caused by Vitamin A deficiency
Term
nociceptors
Definition
free nerve endings
A-delta fibers for sharp pain
C fibers for dull, burning pain
sensitized by histamine, substance P, CGRP and bradikinin
express P2x (ATP-sensitive) and ASIC (proton-senstive) channels
Term
node of Ranvier
Definition
packed with sodium channels and no VG-K+ channels
salutatory conduction from node to node
no hyperpolarization phase seen in node APs
Term
olfactory bulb mitral cells
Definition
receive info from olfactory receptor cells, axons transmit info to brain
excitatory from olfactory and tufted cells
inhibitory from granule an periglomerular cells
Term
olfactory bulb tufted cell
Definition
receive input from olfactory receptors cells, send to brain
excitatory effects on mitral cells
Term
olfactory glomerulus
Definition
area of synapses between olfactory nerve axons and dendrites of mitral periglomerular and tufted cells
each is for a specific odor
Term
olfactory granule cells
Definition
inhibitory signaling to mitral cell
releases GABA
Term
olfactory periglomerular cells
Definition
mediate lateral inhibition in olfactory bulb
inhibitory synapse on mitral and tufted cells
Term
olfactory receptor cells
Definition
bipolar nerve cells
each one expresses only one type of odorant receptors which line the dendrites/cilia of the cells
400 different types
Term
organ of Corti
Definition
part of cochlea with hair cells
lots of auditory nerve receptors that each have their own hair cell
shear on hairs opens non-selective ion channels --> membrane depolarization
Term
outer hair cells
Definition
receive efferent input via olivocochlear fibers
depolarization causes prestin to reversibly contract
helps to fine-tune IHC hearing
Term
parasympathetics
Definition
preganglionic releases ACh that is sensed by nicotinic receptor on postganglionic cell
postganglionic release ACh that is sensed by muscarinic receptor on target tissue
Term
periaqueductal gray-raphe nucleus system
Definition
plays a role in modulation of pain and defensive behavior
located in midbrain
receives from ascending pain and temperature fibers of spinothalamic tract
Term
perilymph
Definition
located in scala vestibule and scala tympani
comparable in content to plasma and CSF
Term
poliovirus
Definition
infects and destroys motor neurons
leads to muscle weakness and paralysis
Term
prestin
Definition
motor plasma membrane protein found only in outer hair cells
contracts when OHC stimulated by efferent nerves
contraction helps to fine-tune IHC hearing
Term
protanopia
Definition
no red R-cones
Term
ribbon synapses
Definition
kinesin mediates active transport of vesicles to release site
constitutively releasing, changes rate of release in response to membrane potential change
NT = glutamate
capable of extremely fast, precise sustained tranmissions
seen in photoreceptor cells in retina
Term
rods
Definition
disks are pinched off, "floating disks"
rhodopsin is part of light-sensing material
Term
scala media
Definition
endolymph filled cavity inside cochlea between scala tympani and scala vestibule
houses organ of Corti
positive potential of +80mV
Term
scala tympani
Definition
perilymph-filled
extends from round windo to helicotrema
Term
scala vestibuli
Definition
perilymph-filled
extends from oval window to helicotrema
Term
short-term depression
Definition
synaptic fatigue
temporary inability to fire and transmit input signal
due to constant and persistent stimulation
Term
short-term potentiation
Definition
increased frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic potentials with no effect on amplitude in spontaneous postsynaptic potential
due to continuous stimuli at high frequency
Term
spino-olivary tract
Definition
important for motor coordination
Term
stereovilli
Definition
long protrusions from apical surface of hair cell into scala media
mechanosensing organells of hair cells
Term
stria vascularis
Definition
upper portion of the outer wall of scala media
contains numerous capillary loops
produces endolymph for scala media
Term
sympathetics
Definition
pregang releases ACh that is sensed by nicotinic receptor
postgang relases (nor)epinephrine that is sensed by alpha or beta-adrenergic receptors on target tissue

*except sweat glands, postgang release ACh
Term
taste bud innervation
Definition
foliate papillae - glossopharyngeal
circumvallate papillae - glossopharyngeal
fungiform papillae - facial
Term
tectorial membrane
Definition
rests on stereovilli of hair cells
limbal zone is thinnest and marginal zone is thickest
Term
time constant
Definition
time required for membrane potential to change after a stimulus
Term
toxins that act on chemical synapses
Definition
tetanus - cleaves synaptobrevin
botulinum B - cleaves synaptobrevin
botulinum A - cleaves SNAP25
botulinum C - cleaves syntaxin-1
Term
tritanopia
Definition
loss of S-cones, confused blue with green and yellow with violet
defect on chromosome 7
Term
type I tastant
Definition
salt-sensitive
receptor potential only
channels: ENaC, K+, Ecto-ATPase, gap junctions
releases serotonin
Term
type II tastant
Definition
generates action potentials
selectively tune for sweet, bitter or umami
channels: VG-Na+, Calhm2 (VG-ATP-releasing), and K+
GPCRs, IP3-induced Ca2+, ATP = NT
Term
type III tastant
Definition
generates action potentials
sour taste and other broad receptors
channels: VG-Na+, K+, VG-Ca2+, SNAP25-serotonin release
proton channels are important for sour
Term
ventral white commissure
Definition
bilateral pain and temperature
some crude touch/pressure sensation within dermatome of segment
Term
vesicle proteins for membrane fusion of chemical synapse
Definition
synaptobrevin, synaptotagmin-1
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