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physio final exam
final exam
94
Physiology
Graduate
12/11/2013

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

Conductiing Zone

Definition

 

No gas exchange

 

Has its own blood vessels

Term

 

Increaseing dead zone increases what?

Definition

 

 

you increase the degree in which no gas exchange

Term

The percentage of oxygen that is distributed

through the body is affected by ?

Definition

 

The conducting zones blood vessels

Term

 

Concha /Turbinators  

Definition

Create air turbulence

filters out heavy particulates

Have blood vessels, swelling bodiesthat alternate vasodilating & vasoconstriction (very vascular)

adds (100%) humidity and warm air to body temperature

Term

 

 

The swelling bodies add?

Definition

100% humdity 

 

brings inspired air to body temp

Term

 

Gas exchange is based on what?

Definition

 

 

Percentages not numbers

Term

 

 

Larynx

Definition
  • Cartilaginous

 

  • Glottis(the hole) covered by the Epiglottis (flap)

  • During swallowing larynx lifts up and epiglottis closes

  • Attached to hyoid bone

Term


soft palate does the same thing the epiglottis

does, but for the nasal cavity

Definition


Soft palate goes up and closes of the nasal passages vs. epiglottis closing off the airway.  

Term

 

Dichotomous branching

Definition

 

  • Each bronchi split into 2 and each of those terminal ends split into 2, and repeats through the bronchioles (systematically splitting/ dividing by two.

Term

 

The terminal bronchiols signifies what?

Definition

 

The conducting zone ends

Term

 

 

cartilaginous rings

design and purpose

Definition

They’re “C” shaped, but the “C” is crooked to have more diameter change that increases the amount of bronchodilating/ bronchoconstricting.


 

  • During Inspiration a vacuum sucking force is being created.  The cartilaginous rings prevents everything from collapsing

Term
What does the smooth muscle do in the airway?
Definition

 

 

  • allow for bronchodilation/ bronchoconstriction

Term

 

 

Ciliated Pseudo

stratified Columnar Epithelial

Definition

Has basement membrane

Made of Columnar cells in one layer

“baby” columnar cell (refer to pic) isn’t mature enough to reach lumen surface so it appears as a 2nd layer, but it’s not.


every cell touches the basement membrane

Term

 

Goblet cells

Definition
Anything small enough to bypass the turbinators the mucous layer will capture and will move it up
Term

 

 

muco-ciliary escalator

Definition

 

  • sits on surface of the Pseudo stratified Columnar Epithelial.


  • It will be swallowed down and digested away.

  • roundworms utilize the muco-ciliary escalator as part of their reproductive cycle

Term

 

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

Mucus related disease

Definition

chloride channels that have CFTR (Cystic fibrosis trans membrane regulator) which are regulated by cAMP (Cyclic AMP)


If you have insufficient chloride channels or defective CFTR than chloride won’t move and H20 in the airways wont’ move


If CFTR is knocked out, mucous is still produced, but it’s thick. It gets clumpy and doesn’t move = air trapping, collapse of small airways

gas exchange still occurs

Term
describe the mucus membrane in CF
Definition


become sticky and act like agar creating a nutrient broth of protein and mucous



acts as a reservoir to grow and feed bacteria that get trapped in the mucous

Term
Treatment for CF
Definition

Pancreatic enzymes

 

Chest PT

 

Humidification 

Term

 

What do the ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelial cells change into in the respirtory zone

Definition

 

 simple squamous 

Term

There are chloride channels that have CFTR (Cystic fibrosis trans membrane regulator)

 

What is it regulated by?

Definition

 

 

cAMP (Cyclic AMP)

Term
Why does it change to simple squamous cells?
Definition

 

 

need to be thin for diffusion

Term

 

Alveolar sacs

have

Definition

Type 1 pneumocytes (simple squamous epithelial cells)

 

and 

 

Type 2 pneumocytes (interspersed amongst the type 1)

Term

 

Type 2 pneumocytes were are they found and what do they do?
Definition

 

interspersed amongst the type 1


release surfactant

Term

 

What is surfactent and what does it do?

Definition

a phospholipid.


Breaks some of the hydrogen bonds between the H20 molecules and intermingle with the H20 and reduce surface tension.

Term

 

 

What happens in Adult Respiratory Syndrome?

Definition


damage has been done to the deep lung and killed of Type 2 pneumocytes > no surfactant > collapse of alveolar sacs with every exhalation

Term

 

How much pressure is needed for a baby to initially inflate the lungs

Definition

 

 

60-70mmHg

 

 

Term

 

 

Alveolar Macrophages (immune system)

 
Definition

 

crawl around the surface of the resp. system

 

Alveolar macrophages don’t leave the lungs. When they fill up they die and other macrophage eat them. They clean junk up and keep it within like a garbage bag.

 
 
Term
What happens to the alveolar macrophages when they fill up?
Definition

 

Alveolar macrophages don’t leave the lungs. When they fill up they die and other macrophage eat them. They clean junk up and keep it within like a garbage bag.

 
Term
Hilus of the lung
Definition
High lymph tissue = bad to get cancer there = spreads fast
Term

 

 

Apex

Definition

 

Right behind the collar bone @ cupola

 

No muscle guarding apex.

 

There’s tough connective tissue

 
Term

 

 

Visceral pleura

Definition

 

the pleua next to the lung

Term

 

 

Parietal pleura

Definition

 

does not touch the lung, its next to the rib cage

Term

 

 

Pleural space

Definition

In the middle of parietal and visceral layers

 

Not really isn’t a space.  

 

Has serous fluid that’s watery, cohesive, and adhesive.  

 

The serous fluid glues the visceral pleura to the parietal pleura. Your lungs are glued to the thoracic cavity by H20.

 
Term

 

Elastin elastic


surface tension

Definition
Surface tension & elastic forces are pulling inward, but the visceral pleura are glued to the parietal and this is a closed system
Term

physiology atmospheric pressure 

 

and

 

Alveolar Pressure (alveolar space is an open system)

 
Definition
Both measured in cmH2O
Term

 

 

alveolar pressure goes from

Definition

 

 

+1 to a -1cmH20

Term

 

 

pleural pressure goes from

Definition

 

 

-5 to -8 cmH20

Term

 

 

Max lung volume

Definition

 

 

4.5L - 5L

Term

 

 

Tidal volume

Definition

 

 

500 ml

 

All diaphragm

No ribs

Term

 

The max amount of air you can take in from end expiration 

Definition

 

inspiratory capacity

Term

 

 

If you get rid of your tidal volume while inspiring

Definition

 

inspiratory reserve


your capacity is how much you can go from the troph to the peak to breathe in


When you subtract out the tidal volume

Term

 

 

maximum volume of air that can be exhaled following a deep inspiration

Definition

 

Vital capacity 

 

Term

 

 

 the volume of air that remains in the lungs during quite breathing

Definition

 

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) 

 

or the amount of air left in the lung after quite expiration

Term
What is FEV1
Definition

 

Forced expiratory volume

Term

 

FEV

Definition

 

 

measures how much air a person can exhale during a forced breath

Term

 

 

FEV1

Definition

 

 

Amount of air expired in 1 second

 

Should be 80%

Term

 

 

What if FEV1 is low (<.80)?

Definition

 

COPD

Term

 

Residaul volume

Definition

 

volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the most forcible expiration possible

 

prevents lungs from collapsing, It represents stale air

Term

 

If Vt is 500 how much goes to lungs and how much stays in conducting zone?

Definition

 

350 ml to resp. zone

 

150 ml stays in conducting zone

Term

 

How many breathes does it take to completely saturate and fill the lungs?

Definition

 

 

12 breathes

Term

 

Right atrium pressure

 

Right ventricle pressure

Definition

 

RA pressure 0

 

RV pressure 25

Term

 

Pulmonary artery pressure

Definition

 

 

25/8

 

mean 15

 

 

Term

 

Pulmonary artery

Definition

called pulmonary trunk

 

thinner than aorta

thicker than IVC

 

about 5cm long

 

same amount of blood ejected into aorta is eject into PA

so PA has to be very complient 

Term

 

 

volume of PA, pulmonary cappillary, and pulmonary vein

Definition

 

PA 190

 

Pul. capp 70 ml

 

Pul. vein 190ml

Term

 

describe pulmonary cappillaries?

Definition

low volume, high surface area

 

NO bulk flow (very little interstitial tissue)

 

thin basement membrane between the endothelium and type 1 pneumocyte

 

 

Term

 

distance between 2 cells

Definition

 

1/10 of a micron = very short distance

Term

 

 

Blood oncotic pressure, up, down, or same?

why?

Definition

 

stays the same b/c blood has protein

Term

 

Blood hydrostatic pressure increase, decrease, or same?

Definition

 

decreases

 

b/c of the shorter distance and lower pressure

Term
Tissue oncotic in the pulmonary system
Definition
is more negative b/c of the large amount of lymph tissue in the lung and the lung leaks proteins
Term

            systemic                                pulm. system

 

BO               --                                      --

BH               --                                      --

TO               --                                      --

TH               --                                      --

 

pulmonry lympatics BH+TO+TH = 29

Definition

systemic                                pulm. system

 

BO             28                                           28

BH            17.3                                          7

TO              8                                            14

TH             -3                                           -8

 

pulmonry lympatics BH+TO+TH = 39

Term

 

 

what is the purpose of the lymphatics system in the lung

 

 

Definition

 

 

Acts like a shop-vac, always on

++keeps lungs dry (moist)

Term

systemic lo O2 and hi CO2 =

 

pulmonary  lo O2 and hi CO2 =

Definition

systemic

you increase metabolism and vasodilate

 

Pulmonary lobe

vasoconstrict (you don't want to send blood to a lobe with poor gas exhange)

magic number 70 

below blood shunted away 

above blood shunted to that lobe

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

what happens in

 

chronic bronchitis?

 

pneumonia?

Definition

all the ateriols are vasoconstricted due to systemic Po2 less than 70 which causes the heart to work harder

 

Right heart failure

 

effected lobe vasoconstrited to shunt blood better perfused areas

Term

 

 

Left atrium pressure

Definition

 

 

2 - 3 mmHg

 

can handle pressure up 5mmHg

Term

 

Once pressure gets around 6 - 7 mmHg what happens?

Definition

 

back pressure into the pulmonary vein and venules

(causes them to expand/dilate)

 

once it backs up to the pulm arteriols then they expand causes greater distances between = decreased surface area

Term
Once LA pressure gets to 8 what happens?
Definition

 

causes the right side of heart to work harder can compensate up to 40 - 50 mmHg

(double the pressure head)

Term
After the pressure in the RV gets above 40 - 50 what happens
Definition

 

pulmonary edema 

 

right sided heart failure

Term

 

Disease processes on the left side of the heart that cause right sided heart failure

Definition

AV valve regurgitation or stenosis

 

Regurg. blood pushes back in the wrong direction

        ++worse b/c lung fills very quick

 

Stenosis valve fails to open = back pressure

        ++ lung fills slow

Term

 

 

Conducting zone blood flow

Definition

 only venous blood goes threw lungs

 

segments of the aorta supplies blood to the conducting zone

 

veins drain conducting system and puts it back into the pulmonary vein 1-2% mixed into LA

(SpO2 is 95-97%, not 100%)

Term

 

What is the gravitational forces exerted on the top and bottom of the lungs in mmHg?

 

 

Definition

-15mmHg at the top

 

8mmHg at the bottom of the lung

 

gravitational forces exerting pressure on the body creates pooling

Term

 

describe zone 1

Definition

top of the lung, small space above the heart

 

Considered physiologic dead space

 

pressure in this zone is -15

Term

 

zone II

Definition

At the level of the heart (so difference is sys. and dia)

 

pressure in RV is 25 during systole - gravity force(15)

25 - 15 = 10mmHg

 

during diastole RV pressure is 8

8 - 15 = -7

Term

 

what is special about blood flow in Zone II?

 

 

Definition

 

You only have blood flow during systole b/c you need enough pressure to over come gravtational force

 

Diastole doesn't exert enough pressure to overcome gravity

Term

 

 

Zone III

 

 

Definition

Zone III is below the heart

 

systole 

RV 25 + 8(GF) = 33

 

Diastole

RV 8  + 8(GF) = 16

Term

 

 

describe Zone III's pressure in regards to systolic vs. diastolic

Definition

 

both are positive so both exert enough force to overcome gravity

Term

Zone I 

ventilation > perfusion

(over-ventilated, under-perfused)

 

Zone 3

ventilation < perfusion

(under-ventilated, over-perfused)

What does this mean in regards to V/Q

 

Definition

 

 

This is why our V/Q doesn't = 1

Term

 

The weight of air on you at sea level is?

Definition

 

760 mmHg

 

 

Term

 

 

partial pressure of O2 and %?

 

CO2?

Definition

 

pO2 160 mmHG

21%

 

CO2 is so low we consider it 0

(.3mmHg or .03%)

Term

 

 

On the ppO2 vs ppCO2 describe V/Q at the top of the graph (Zone 3) and at the bottom of the graph (Zone 1)?

 

represents shunts

Definition

Zone III Ø/Q = 0

 

Zone 1 V/Ø = infinity 

Term

mmHG at sealevel

% O2

ppO2

ppCO2

Definition

760 mmHg

21%

ppO2 160mmHg

ppCO2 0.3mmHg

Term

 

Remember diffusion goes form 

 

hi to lo

 

Formula

Definition

Diffusion

 

Δpressure X area x solubility

-----------------------------------------------

distance X (square root of) Mol wgt


= diffusion coefficient

Term

 

 

Diffusion coefficient formula

Definition

 

 

solubility ÷ √ molecular weight

Term

What is diffusion coef. of oxygen?

 

CO2?

Definition

ppO2 = 160 = 1 (diffusion coefficient)

 


ppCO2 = 0.3 = 20.3 (diffusion coefficient)


CO2 diffuses 20 times faster than oxygen

Term

 

 

Pulmonary system distance

 

 

Definition

0.2 - 0.6

 

RBC   pulmonary    basement     type 1            Alveolar

        endothelium  membrane   pneumocyte    air

 

Tiny distance 0.2-0.6 microns

1 RBC is 10 microns

 

            

Term

 

Diffusion rates systemic vs pulmonary

Definition

Systemic = diffusion slower

 

Pulmonary = diffusion faster

Term

Capacity vs. Reserve

 

Wht includes Vt and what doesn't

Definition

 

Capacity includes Vt

 

Reserve exclude Vt

(lots of reserve, and is old stale air)

Term

 

 

How many breathes does it take to replace the air in your lungs?

Definition

 

12 breathes to completely replace all the stale air

 

or 

 

17 seconds

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