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Physio Final Exam
Flashcards
92
Psychology
Graduate
12/12/2012

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Term
tardive dyskinesia
Definition
masked by antipsychotics
long term blockage of DA receptors will cause increase in number of receptors and sensitivity
involuntary movements
Term
low potency side effects of antipsychotics
Definition
1. sedation
2. anticholinergic effects
3. cardiotoxicity
Term
cause of sedation
Definition
blockage of histamine receptors
Term
anticholinergic symptoms
Definition
bad for cognitive symptoms
constipation
dry eyes
Term
cardiotoxicity symptoms
Definition
blocks norepinepherine
bad for the heart
Term
high potency side effects of antipsychotics
Definition
parkinsonism
tardive dyskinesia
Term
The Dopamine Hypothesis for Schizophrenia
Definition
positive symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by overactive dopamine system
Term
how is chloropromazine evidence for dopamine hypothesis?
Definition
chloropromizine found to be an effective antipsychotic for reducing positive symptoms of schizophrenia

operates by blocking Dopamine receptors (DA-2 antagonist)
Term
How is dopamine release evidence for the dopamine hypothesis?
Definition
When people with schizophrenia are given small dse of amphetamines to stimulate dopamine release, they release more than normal people
Term
is there a positive correlation between blocking d2 receptors and effectiveness of medication?
Definition
yes
Term
what is the 5HT hypothesis?
Definition
5-HT and DA systems interact
by blocking 5-HT-2A receptors, you can decrease transmission of dopamine
Term
what kind of effect do newer antipsychotic medications have on different neurotransmitters?
Definition
less d2 blockage in substantia nigra
high affinity for D4
partial agonist at 5-HT 1A
antagonist at andrenergic (increased heart rate), cholinergic (constipation), and histaminergic receptors (sleep)

chlozapine associated with 57% reduction in d2 receptors
Term
what happens if you block glutamate receptors?
Definition
you get hallucinations
Term
what is the problem with just giving straight up NMDA receptor agonists?
Definition
too much glutamate kills cells
Term
Describe neural circuitry
Definition
decreased DA in prefrontal cortex
decreased GABA signal and dopamine neurons fire more in VTA
this causes increased dopamine in nucleus accumbens
Term
hypofrontality
Definition
decreased activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
less dopamine going on up there
Term
how do people with schizophrenia perform on the wisconsin card sorting task and why?
Definition
-they suck

-damage to pfc impairs behavioral flexibility
-they show decreased activity in pfc
Term
describe the glutamate excitotoxicity problem
Definition
1. too much glutamate
2. kills GABA cells in thalamus
3. excitatory response
4. glutamate cells sent to PFC
5.kills GABA cells in PFC
6.excitatory response
7.glutamate sent to temporal cortex
8.kills GABA cells in temporal cortex
8. excitatory response
9. glutamate cells sent to thalamus
thalamus...pfc... temporal cortex... thalamas
TPTCT
to put this candidly... trouble
Term
what are the three brain abnoralities in schizophrenics?
Definition
enlarged ventricles
cerebral atrophy (in pfc and medial temporal lobe)
disorganized hippocampus
Term
how is nmda receptor dysfunction related to schizophrenia?
Definition
PCP causes same effects as schizophrenia.

PCP is an indirect antagonist of NMDA.
inhibition of NMDA supresses functioning of dorsolateral PFC
decreased activation of PFC causes increase of dopamine in NA.
Term
how does cannabis affect shizophrenia
Definition
earlier age of onset
possibly an enviornmenta risk for developing
Term
what is one genetic risk of developing shizophrenia
Definition
polymorphism in COMPT
val x cannabis - lower aao
Term
give evidence for genetic basis of depression
Definition
family studies twin studies and heritability scores
Term
what are the lifetime rates of depression among family members
Definition
5.1 in normal conrols
~15/100 in relatives of individuals with mild depression
~16.5 in relatives of individuals with severe depression
Term
what are the concordance rates in twin studies for depression?
Definition
37% in MZ twins
24% in DZ twins
Term
what is the heretability score for depression?
Definition
48-75%
Term
is concordance in twins for depression greater for males or females
Definition
females
Term
which better predicts whether a family member will also have depression, early onset or recurrence?
Definition
recurrent depression
Term
monamine hypothesis
Definition
people are depressed because they have too little monamines
Term
provide evidence for the monamine hypothesis
Definition
-drugs that decrease monoamines increase depression
rawoolfia and resperine
early antidepressants all increased monamines in synapse
(TCAs block NE transporters; MAOIs inhibit breakdown of NE, Da, 5HT)
Term
What are some of the criticisms of the Monoamine hypothesis?
Definition
-too simplistic (not enough to explain diversity of symptoms)
-no direct relationship (between amount and effectiveness)
-measurement of amines or metabolites inconsistent
-some drugs that boost monamines are not antidepressants
-delayed therapeutic effect
Term
monoamine receptor hypothesis
Definition
monamine receptors down-regulate B-receptors, 5HT 2 receptors, and 5 HT 1a autoreceptors

takes 24 weeks
g protein receptors
antidepressants effective because they down-regulate serotonin and NE receptors
Term
what is the dexamethasone supression test?
Definition
dexamethasone doesn't work to turn off cortisol
its supposed to give negative feed back to anterior pitutitary that inhibits acth and crh which reduces cortisol

1. people with depression produce too much CRH 2. they have impairment in turning off the HPA axis
Term
what part of the brain has less volume in depressed people?
Definition
hippocampus
Term
what do antidepressents do in terms of changing brain structure
Definition
normalize hippocampul volume
Term
how do antidepressants combat hippocampus problem?
Definition
they increase neurogenesis in the hipocampus by increasing proteins such as creb and bdnf (bending down naked and F can really excite boys)
Term
What do MAOIs do (simple)
Definition
inhibit mao-a and mao-b enzymes
Term
what things are considered scissors?
Definition
mao-a and mao-b enzymes
Term
dysregulation hypothesis
Definition
its not a problem of having too many or too fw of any particular neurotransmitter, but instead a failure to have homeostatic regulation (AD restore?)
Term
efficacy of MAOIs
Definition
shown to be effective for severe depression
Term
main problems with MAOIs
Definition
lots of side effects
hypertensive crisis, drug interactions (cant take anything else that increases monamines like cold medicines), diatary restrictions (triptophan, tyrophene.... huge list of food that would increase monoamines)
Term
mechanism of action for tricyclics (TCAs)
Definition
-blocks the reuptake of NE and 5HT (blocks the reuptake pumps)
-increase neurotransmitters for serotonin and NE in synapse
Term
effictiveness of tricyclics and uses
Definition
used for severe depression when people have aches and pains, also used for anxiety, bedwetting, psychotic depression, ocd
Term
what is the one tricyclic that blocks serotonin more than norepinepherine reuptakers
Definition
clomipramine
Term
side effects of tricyclics
Definition
weight gain, strongly block muscarinic receptors (which causes the drying up of bodily fluids), histiminergic receptors (casuses drowsiness), and alpha-noradrenergic receptors (these are what you need to activate sns)
Term
mechanism of action for SSRIs
Definition
blockade of 5-HT reuptake
(dont affect norepinepherines as much, only blocks serotonin reuptake or DA reuptake)
down regulate NE-beta
Term
efficacy of SSRIs for depression
Definition
mild to moderate (slightly better than placebo); preferred treatment for depression because fewer side effects; ocd effective; social phobia, panic disorder, alochol abuse small effectiveness

-no ssri more effective than other, some work better for some people, and better for mild emotional problems not physical
Term
criticisms of SSRIs
Definition
oversold; placebo effect... 1/3
Term
side effects of ssri
Definition
-serotonin syndrome: cognitive impariment, agitation, nervousness, neuromuscular problems, autonomic dysfnction
-withdrawal
-sexual dysfunction
-30-75% show decreased libido
Term
mechanism of action for atypicals (3rd generation)
Definition
not a single moa, but
SNRI: block 5-HT AND NE reuptake
do not have 3 carbon rings
dont have the receptor problems... less side effects
side effects more similar to SSRIs

some block 5-HT2 receptors

some block DA reuptake (welbutrin)
Term
what other disorder does ocd overlap with genetically?
Definition
tourettes
Term
what gene is involved with ocd?
Definition
slc1a1
Term
what is slc1a1
Definition
glutamate transporter
Term
basically, ocd involves a disrupted connection between ______________ and _______________
Definition
basal ganglia ; prefrontal cortex
Term
efficacy of OCD treatments
Definition
40% of patients are nonresponders for treatment
Term
obsessions
Definition
thoughts, impulses or images that are intrusive and inappropriate and CAUSE ANXIETY/DISTRESS
Term
examples of obsessions
Definition
contamination, aggression, religion, safety, symmetry etc.
Term
compulsions
Definition
repetitive behaviors or mental acts
Term
why do ppl engage in compulsions?
Definition
driven to perform them in order to suppress obsessions
Term
examples of compulsions
Definition
checking, cleaning, counting etc.
Term
what kind of brain damage is associated with ocd
Definition
degeneration of the basal ganglia
Term
name 3 diseases that are associated w degeration of the Basal Ganglia
Definition
1.OCD
2.Huntingtons
3. Sydenham's chorea
Term
ocd involves increased activity in which regions?
Definition
frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus
Term
5-HT Hypothesis for OCD
Definition
OCD is caused by underactive serotonin system
Term
evidence for 5-ht hypothesis for ocd
Definition
-drugs that increase 5-ht are the most effective treatment for OCD
-drugs that decrease 5ht make symptoms work
Term
Dopamine hypothesis for OCD
Definition
ocd caused by too much dopamine
Term
evidence for dopamine hypothesis for ocd
Definition
-stimulant abuse often causes ocd types of behavior
-correlation between OCD symptoms and other DA dysfunction kinds of disorders
Term
what kind of efficacy do drugs that increase serotonin have on ocd symptoms
Definition
35% reduction of symptoms
Term
psychosurgery for ocd involves
Definition
one way to help ocd is to cut connection between prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia
Term
symptoms of ptsd
Definition
hyper-arousal
hyper-vigilance
exaggerated startle respose
sleep distrubances
impaired concentration
CAVES concentration arousal vigiliance exaggerated startle sleep
PTSD from being stuck in a cave
Term
what is the yohimbine challenge
Definition
try to elicit some adreneline activation... if you have ptsd you will have symptoms when your NE is elevated
Term
how is npy related to ptsd
Definition
ptsd ppl have low levels
Term
d-cycloserine
Definition
NMDA partial agonist that reduces fear
Term
how is propranolol a treatment for ptsd
Definition
blocks reconsolidation of fear memories....memories no longer associated w fear
Term
describe what happens with the spider and finger shock experiment
Definition
day 1: spider and finger shock paired together ... shock to remind of fear
day 2: only one pairing of spider and finger shock.... then paring of propanolol and spider
day 3 spider test! you see a spider, how do you react?
propanolol group did not startle as badly as control group.... showed less fear
Term
nerologically, what does propanolol do in the spider shock experiment
Definition
it dampens the NE system
Term
what is the NE system like for people with PTSD
Definition
higher resting urinary levels of NE
Term
list three categories of ASD symptoms
Definition
-communication
-social interaction
-repetitive/rigid/stereotyped behavior
Term
what did wakefield find (1998) to support idea that asd is caused by vaccination
Definition
-dev. regression associated with mmr vaccination
Term
what did brian deer find?
Definition
10/13 authors on lancet study retract their interpretations of findings in 2004
Term
whid did UK's general medical council decide about old wakefield?
Definition
acted dishonestly and irresponsibly
lost his medical license
guilty of professional misconduct
Term
what was the theme of the jan 2010 british medical journal?
Definition
hating on wakefield
Term
reoccurance risk of asd
Definition
2-7%
Term
twin studies with asd concordeance for mz and dz
Definition
mz 36-91%
dz: 0%
Term
how many genes convey population risk for autism
Definition
10-15
Term
give evidence for high degree of polygenetic basis of asd
Definition
10-15 genes convey population risk for asd
Term
candidate gene approach
Definition
serotonin transporter
developmental genes: mp4, wnt2, hoxa1
Term
describe neurochemical abnormaliteies in asd people
Definition
increased stress-induced NE and ACTH
DA antagonists (anti-psychotoics) used for treatment (though mixed reviews of whether da / hva is different)
increased 5-ht levels in plasma
impaired central 5-ht function
Term
physical brain differences in people with asd
Definition
enlarged brain/head circumfrence
amygdala disproportionately large
decreased white matter in adolescents
Term
whats different w limbic system of autism people
Definition
decreased dendritic arborization
icreased density of neurons
enlarged amygdala
fusiform face area
prefrontal cortex
Term
major drug treatments for asd
Definition
antipsychotics like risperidone and aripiprazole
antidepressants like ssris or atomoxetine
oxytocin
Term
what's weird about the fusiform face area in asd ppl
Definition
little or no activity there when they look at faces
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