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Physio FINAL
last test!!!!
98
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
12/02/2012

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Cards

Term
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
Definition
- Warms and humidifies air
- Removes toxins
- Breathing
- Gas Exchange
- pH balance
- venous return
- Respiration vs respiratory system
Term
How do alveoli aid in gas exchange?
Definition
- Large surface area
- short diffusion distance: 2 cell layers thick
Term
How do muscles of the rib cage cause the lungs to expand?
Definition
they stick to the pleura due to pressure differences
Term
What must be maintained in order for the lungs to expand when chest cavity expands?
Definition
the pressure in the space between the two pleura
Term
Air flow is _____ related to the frictional resistance in the airways
Definition
inversely
Term
What separates the visceral pleura from the parietal pleura?
Definition
a thin layer of fluid
Term
What keeps the lungs pressed against the chest wall?
Definition
intrapleural pressure
Term
Where does the diaphragm move as it contracts?
Definition
down
Term
Quiet inspiration is the contraction of:
Definition
the diaphragm
Term
What muscles assist in deep breathing?
Definition
addition
Term
What do intercostal muscles do in quiet inspiration?
Definition
raise ribs and increase lateral thoracic volume
Term
Is quiet expiration a passive or active process?
Definition
passive
Term
What happens to the muscles during quiet expiration?
Definition
they relax
Term
How do lungs return to resting volume?
Definition
elastic recoil
Term
What does quiet expiration do to pressure in alveoli
Definition
raises it and forces air out
Term
What muscles aid in forced expiration?
Definition
intercostals
Term
pneumothorax
Definition
collapsing of the lung
Term
What are the most common causes of pneumothorax?
Definition
COPD or asthma, bronchitis
Term
Why can lung no longer expand when air enters the pleural space?
Definition
the pressure equilibrates
Term
atelectasis
Definition
collapsed lung
Term
Compliance
Definition
A measure of the ease with which a structure such as the lung expands under pressure
Term
What are the three physical properties of the lung?
Definition
compliance, elasticity and surface tension
Term
Elasticity
Definition
Tendency of the tissue to return to its original shape after stretch ( elastin )
Term
Surface tension
Definition
Regulated by fluid on the alveolar surface
Term
An increase in surface tension raises the pressure in the ___
Definition
alveolus: and it needs to be kept thin, so this is a problem
Term
What are the purposes of dipalmitoyl lecithin?
Definition
- amphipathic : a surfactant
- Lowers surface tension
- Prevents alveoli from collapsing after expiration: less surface tension to overcome with next inspiration
Term
What produces surfactant?
Definition
type 2 alveolar cells
Term
What disorder do premature babies get because of a lack of surfactant?
Definition
respiratory distress syndrome
Term
Septic shock
Definition
related to RDS - it decreases surfactant. this will increase capillary permeability which will lead to protein in the lung fluid. It decreases compliance and reduces surfactant concentration
Term
What causes hypoxemia
Definition
Decreased surfactant, RDS?
Term
What is emphysema?
Definition
a chronic, progressive disease which alveolar tissue is destroyed
Term
Noxious particles
Definition
induces macrophages and leukocytes to increase secretion of proteolytic enzymes, which destroy alveoli and supporting structures
Term
What is the result of emphysema? 5 things which lead to one thign
Definition
loss of elasticity, poor tethering and support of airways, air dlow obstruction and trapping of air:
Impair gas exchange
Term
How is air flow impaired with emphysema
Definition
airway thickening with inflammatory cells and edema. The lumen becomes obstructed as a result of increased secretions including mucous
Term
alpha1-antitrypsin
Definition
inhibits proteolytic enzymes in the lung. With this, you cant inhibit trypsin which is bad for the lungs and is a genetically induced emphysema
Term
Page 5 of slides picture
Definition
Term
If the PO2 of inspired air is normal and arterial PO2 is low, gas exchange in the lungs is ___
Definition
impaired
Term
What is PO2 evaluation important in?
Definition
evaluation of lung disease, evaluation of anesthesia, and hemoglobin.
Term
At a PO2 of 100, hemoglobin is completely ____
Definition
loaded with O2!
Term
What is total blood O2?
Definition
a combination of dissolved oxygen and hemoglobin oxygen
Term
Breathing from an oxygen tank does/does not generally effect the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin
Definition
does not
Term
What does breathing from an O2 tank increase?
Definition
PO2 in the blood and rate of diffusion of O2 to the tissues
Term
What is the driving force of pulmonary circulation?
Definition
10 mmHg
Term
Pulmonary pressure is a ____ pressure system
Definition
Low
Term
What prevents edema in the lungs?
Definition
less filtration pressure in the alveoli
Term
When does pulmonary hypertension occur?
Definition
during failure of the left ventricle. Pressure rises in the lungs and pulmonary hypertension and edema result
Term
If alveolar PO2 is low, what do pulmonary arterioles do?
Definition
constrict. With low O2 content, the lungs prevent sending blood to those alveoli because they wouldn't get oxygenated!
Term
If alveolar PO2 is high, the pulmonary arteries ____
Definition
dilate
Term
Why do pulmonary arteries need to constrict/dilate depending on O2 content?
Definition
if not, they couldn't maintain the perfusion pressure. poorly ventilated would mix with ventilated and it would be bad
Term
Hyperbaric O2 therapy will increase two things:
Definition
increase PO2, and delivery of PO2 to tissue
Term
What will hyperbaric O2 therapy not change?
Definition
will not increase O2 or change hemoglobin boung to O2
Term
What is administered in hyperbaric O2 therapy?
Definition
100% O2 at 2-3 atm. pressure for varying lengths of time
Term
What is hyperbaric O2 therapy used to treat?
Definition
conditions in which tissure anoxia may develop or to treat decompression illness: CO poisioning, Crush injury, Gangrene
Term
What are the positive benefits of hyperbaric O2 therapy?
Definition
Kills anaerobes, promotes wound healing, reduces gas bubbles in decompression sickness
Term
What are the negative effects of hyperbaric O2 therapy?
Definition
increased free radical production
Term
What are the two descending pathways of motor neurons to control breathing?
Definition
voluntary breathing and involuntary breathing
Term
Where is the rhythmicity enter and what does it control?
Definition
in the medulla oblongata and it controls automatic breathing
Term
What is in the rhythmicity center?
Definition
Inspiratory neurons, Expiratory neurons and Pacemaker neurons
Term
What happens to I neurons during expiraton?
Definition
they're inhibited
Term
What are the pons?
Definition
the second rhythmicity center
Term
What can take over respiration if the medulla is compromised?
Definition
the pons:
Apneustic: I; stimulates I neurons
Pneumotaxic: E: (antagonizes apneustic center
Term
What do chemoreceptors influence?
Definition
automatic breathing
Term
What do chemoreceptors detect?
Definition
changes in PO2, pH, and PCO2
Term
What are the two locations of the chemoreceptors?
Definition
central in medulla, peripheral in the aorta and carotid bodies
Term
What controls breathing indirectly?
Definition
chemoreceptors
Term
What is respiratory acidosis?
Definition
hypoventilation: an increase in CO2
Term
What is respiratory alkalosis?
Definition
caused by hyperventilation, a lack of carbonic acid
Term
Chemoreceptors in the medulla sense arterial ____ and communicate with the respiratory control centers
Definition
PCO2`
Term
Immediate response to an increase in PCO2 is sensed by chemoreceptors in the ____ and ______
Definition
aortic and carotid bodies
Term
An increase in PCO2 increases ____ <--what is that sensed by?
Definition
H+, peripheral chemoreceptors
Term
What is a sustained response in respiratory control due to?
Definition
activation of chemoreceptors in the medulla
Term
Why can't H+ be sensed by chemoreceptors in the medulla?
Definition
H+ can't cross the blood brain barrier
Term
So how is the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid lowered?
Definition
CO2 can pass the BBB and form carbonic acid which will lower the pH (this fall in pH is then sensed by chemoreceptors of the medulla)
Term
What is a more sensitive measure of ventilation?
Definition
PCO2
Term
What happens to blood PCO2 in hyperventilation?
Definition
it decreases (hypocapnia- alkalosis)
Term
Hypocapnia induces vasoconstriction in the brain which leads to:
Definition
ischemia, dizziness, and stimulates the chemoreceptors to further increase hyperventilation
Term
Breathing into a paper bag does what:
Definition
causes the person to inhale more CO2: increases blood PCO2, promotes hypercapnia, and the brain vessels dilate
Term
SIDS is believed to be caused from
Definition
sleep apnea
Term
What is the hypothesis of SIDS
Definition
due to respiratory control system failure or failure of sensors in carotid bodies
Term
How do you prevent SIDS?
Definition
put babies to sleep on their backs
Term
Oxyhemoglobin
Definition
hemoglobin carrying O2, contains Iron group in heme
Term
deoxyhemoglobin
Definition
hemoglobin without oxygen. contains Fe in heme
Term
methemoglobin
Definition
oxidized hemoglobin. It can't bind or participate in O2 transport. Drugs and toxins increase numbers.
Term
Nitrate compounds increase ___
Definition
methemoglobin. <-- bind with CN rapidly
Term
carboxyhemoglobin
Definition
contains CO instead of O. stronger bond than oxygen
Term
total oxygen
Definition
hemoglobin oxygen + dissolved oxygen. 20 ml/100 ml blood
Term
carbaminohemoglobin
Definition
bound to CO2
Term
O2 loading depends on 2 things:
Definition
PO2 and affinity (bond strength) between hemoglobin and oxygen
Term
What favors loading
Definition
high PO2
Term
What favors unloading?
Definition
high PCO2
Term
At sea level, 100% of hemoglobin is bound to 02 TF
Definition
true
Term
Acidosis ____ affinity for O2 and hemoglobin
Definition
lowers
Term
What is the bohr effect?
Definition
affinity of hemoglobin for O2
Term
Alkalosis _____ affinity for hemoglobin to O2
Definition
increases
Term
What can change pH?
Definition
CO2: more CO2=more carbonic acid, more o2 delivered by hemoglobin (becuase increase in carb. acid will favor unloading)
Term
What do RBCs use to produce energy?
Definition
the glycolytic pathway. 2,3-phosphogluceric acid is a side product (2,3 DPG)
Term
What does 2,3 DPG do?
Definition
stabilizes the hemoglobin in the deoxy form, which will favor unloading.
Term
What is blood banking?
Definition
blood storage causes hemoglobin to lose affinity to metabolize glucose and produce 2,3 DPG (add energy substrates and phosphate sources for 2,3 DPG synthesis)
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