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Physics of the Earth Final Exam
scientific vocab and stuff about volcanoes and earthquakes and planets and oceanography and what not
57
Science
9th Grade
06/13/2012

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Cards

Term
life cycle of a medium star?
Definition

1) stellar nebula

2) medium star

3) red giant

4) planetary neblua

5) white dwarf

Term
neutron star
Definition
collapsed dense core of a star that forms quickly while its outer layers are falling inward.
Term
supernova
Definition
a massive explosion that occurs when the outer layer of a star is blown off.
Term
life cycle of a massive star?
Definition

1)stellar nebula

2) massive star

3) red super giant

4) supernova

5) neutron star/black hole

Term
nebula
Definition
interstellar gas and dust 
Term
black hole
Definition
extremely dense remnant of a star whose gravity is so immense, that light cannot escape its gravitational field.
Term
sunspots
Definition
dark spots on the surface of the sun that are darker because they are cooler in temperature. they are cause by magnetic field disturbances.
Term
solar flares
Definition

violent eruptions of particles and radiation from the surface of the sun. (sun eruptions)

 

Term
what is the photosphere?
Definition
innermost layer of the sun. visible surface of the sun because it gives of more light.
Term
what is the chromosphere?
Definition
layer of the sun outside of the photosphere. it is only visible during a solar eclipse.
Term
what is the corona?
Definition
it is the outermost layer of the sun. it is very thick.
Term
asteroids
Definition
rocky remnants of the early solar system.
Term
meteoroids
Definition
asteroids that begin to fall towards earth.
Term
meteors
Definition
meteoroids that begin to burn up in earth's atmosphere.
Term
meteorites
Definition
meteoroids that do not complete burn up in earth's atmosphere and so they strike earth's surface.
Term
where are most asteroids located?
Definition
in the asteroid belt which is located between Jupiter and Mars.
Term
comets
Definition
small bodies of rock and ice that have highly oval shaped orbits.
Term
what is so special about a comet's tail?
Definition
it ALWAYS points away from the sun.
Term
cosmology
Definition
the study of the universe and its nature, origin, and evolution.
Term
the big bang theory
Definition
theory that the universe began as a point and has been expanding ever since. expansion rather than explosion.
Term
what is happening to the expansion of the universe?
Definition
it is speeding up.
Term
refraction
Definition
the bending of light as it passes between materials of different optical density.
Term
reflection
Definition
the abrupt change in direction of light.
Term
electromagnetic spectrum
Definition
a continuum of all electromagnetic waves arranged according to frequency and wavelength.
Term
frequency
Definition
how often waves occur in a given time.
Term
wavelength
Definition
length of a wave. (duh).
Term
what is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?
Definition
as frequency increases, wavelength decreases. as frequency decreases, wavelength increases.
Term
list the phases of the moon in the correct order.
Definition
new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, waning crescent.
Term
what is a solar ecplise?
Definition
when the moon moves between earth and the sun. the sun is blocked out during a solar eclipse.
Term
what is the capture theory?
Definition
the theory that the moon formed by it being trapped by earth's gravitational pull.
Term
what is the simultaneous formation theory?
Definition
the theory that the moon and earth formed at the same time in the same general area.
Term
what is the impact theory?
Definition
the theory that there was a gigantic collision between earth and a Mars-sized object. materials were ejected into space and merged together to form the moon.
Term
tide
Definition
periodic rise and fall of the level of the ocean. gravity creates buldges of ocean water on both near and far sides of the earth.
Term
spring tide
Definition
when the tides are HIGHER than normal.
Term
neap tide
Definition
when tides are LOWER than normal.
Term
how are the sun, moon, and earth aligned during a spring tide?
Definition
they are in a straight line.
Term
how are the sun, moon, and earth aligned during a neap tide?
Definition
they are at a right angle.
Term
sheild vocanoes
Definition
broad gently sloping sides. lava accumulates in layers over time. non explosive eruptions.
Term
cinder cone volcanoes
Definition
steep sides and generally small. tephra accumulates around vent. ejects small pieces of magma.
Term
composite vocanoes
Definition
large sloping volcano. accumulates volcanic fragments and lava. violent eruptions.
Term
lava
Definition
magma that is very hot.
Term
hotspots
Definition
unusually hot regions of earth's mantle where high temperature plumes of mantle material rise towards the surface.
Term
what is an active volcano?
Definition
a volcano that erupts regularly. it can be currently erupting or showing signs of unrest.
Term
What is and extinct volcano?
Definition
volcanoes that are unlikely to erupt again. they have no supply of magma or lava.
Term
what is a vent?
Definition
and opening in earth's crust which lava erupts and flows out onto the surface.
Term
what is a crater?
Definition
a bowl shaped depression that forms around the central vent at the top of a volcano.
Term
what is a caldera?
Definition
a bowl shaped depression that forms around the central vent at the top of a volcano. it forms when volcanoes collapse and they are larger than craters.
Term
where are most volcanoes found?
Definition
along covergent boundaries (80%) and along divergent boundaries (15%) and also at hotspots (5%).
Term
what are some negative effects of volcanoes?
Definition

- volcanoes can erupt and release carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and water vapor into the air.

- global temperatures can be affected

- respiratory problems for humans

- pyroclastic flow, tephra, hot mud flows

Term
what is viscosity?
Definition
it is the internal resistances to flow. when low, the flow moves fast and is less thick like water has low viscosity. when high the flow moves slow and is more thick like molasses has high viscosity.
Term
what is magnitude?
Definition
the amount of energy released during an earthquake.
Term
what is stress?
Definition
the forces per unit area acting on a material.
Term
strain
Definition
the deformation of materials in response to stress.
Term
what is shearing force?
Definition
when material twists
Term
what is compression force?
Definition
decreases the volume of a material.
Term
what is tension force?
Definition
pulls material apart.
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