Term
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Definition
• extinct primate
• 23-5 million y/a
• old world monkey/ape mix
• Fossil remains in Kenya and Uganda
• No tail
• Enhanced grasping capabilities
• Stabilized elbow joint
• Facial structure
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Term
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Definition
• extinct primate discovered in France.
• Brachiate
• Robust features of mandible indicate diet consisting of relatively tough foods, probably mostly leale
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Term
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Definition
• Early catarrhine
• Extinct primate
• 2-1-2-3 dental formula
• short-limbed, heavily muscled, slow-moving arboreal quadruped
• found in the Fayum in Egypt
• sexual dimorphism
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Term
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Definition
• extinct ape
• late miocene
• 12-9 million years ago from southern France and northern Spain
• long arms, large hands, long fingers, indicating brachiation
• diet consisted of both fruits and leaves
• highly arboreal
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Term
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis: |
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Definition
• Around 7-6 Ma
• Toros-Menalla, Chad
• Desert/lake margin
• Toumai
• Small brain case
• Flat face with large brow ridges
• U-shaped dental arcade, small canines
• Foramen magnum
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Term
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Definition
• About 6 million years ago, found in Kenya
• First hominin with post-cranial remains, possibly bipedal
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Term
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Definition
• About 4.4 Ma
• Aramis, Ethiopia
• Bipedalism incorporating an arboreal grasping hallux (big toe)
• Reduced canine teeth
• Smaller brain, like the modern chimpanzee
• Teeth suggest an omnivorous and frugivorous diet
• Ardi
• Woodland?
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Term
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Australopithecus anamensis : |
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Definition
• 4.2-3.9 Ma
• Kanapoi, Alia Bay Kenya, Aramis, Ethiopia
• Wooded savanna?
• lower jaw bone resembles chimpanzees while the teeth resemble human
• Believed to be a tree climber
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Term
| Australopithecus afarensis: |
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Definition
• 3.6-3.0 Ma
• Hadar, Ethiopia and Laetoli, Tanzania
• Wooded savanna
• Lucy specimen, 3 footprints in Laetoli, bipedal
• Reduced canines and molars
• Small brain size
• Prognathic facial structure
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Term
| Australopithecus africanus: |
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Definition
• 2-3 Ma
• Gracile
• Larger brain
• Taung, southern Africa
• Sexual dimorphism
• Pelvis and position of foramen magnum suggest upright posture
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Term
| Paranthropus (Australopithecus) boisei: |
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Definition
• 2.1-1.1 Ma
• Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania
• Wooded savanna
• Small brain size, but skull is highly specialized for chewing
• Very large molar teeth with extremely thick enamel
• Saggital crest
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Term
| Paranthropus (Australopithecus) robustus: |
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Definition
• 2.0-1.2 Ma
• Southern Africa
• Large sagittal crest, jaws, jaw muscles, post-canine teeth that were adapted to serve in the dry environment they lived in
• Large sexual dimorphism
• Brain size similar to chimpanzee
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Term
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Definition
• 2.5-2.6 Ma
• Bouri Formation in Ethiopia’s Afar Depression
• Missing link between Australopithecines and the genus Homo
• Same cranial size as Australopithecines
• Some primitive stone tools resembling Oldowan technology found with the specimens
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Term
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Definition
• 1.9-1.7 Ma
• Koobi Fora, Kenya and Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
• Lake delta
• Short with disproportionately long arms
• Less prognathism
• Cranial capacity a little less than half the size of modern humans
• Remains are accompanied with primitive stone tools
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Term
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Definition
• 1.9 Ma
• Koobi Fora, Kenya
• Lake delta
• Flatter, broader face
• Broader post-canine teeth with more complex crowns and roots and thicker enamel
• Larger cranium
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