Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Phys set 4
Patho Heart
102
Pathology
Graduate
02/26/2014

Additional Pathology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is CHD?
Definition
insufficient delivery of oxygenated blood to heart (demand will exceed supply)
Term
What is the most common cause of CHD
Definition
Artery atherosclerosis
Term
What are other names for CHD?
Definition
Coronary artery disease, ischemic heart disease
Term
What are some lesser common causes of CHD?
Definition
abnormalities of blood oxygen content
bad artery perfusion
bad microcirculation
Term
What is arteriosclerosis?
Definition
abnormal thickening of arterial vessels, narrowing the lumen
Term
What is the most common cause of arteriosclerosis?
Definition
atherosclerosis
Term
What is atherosclerosis?
Definition
lipid laden macrophages in arterial wall that form plaques & narrow lumen
Term
How does coronary atherosclerosis happen?
Definition
endothelial injury, then cells become inflamed, macrophages that are full of fat come and adhere to injured endothelium & create oxidative stress
Term
What are macrophages full of LDLs called?
Definition
Foam Cells
Term
When many foam cells accumulate what is it called?
Definition
fatty streak
Term
What is it called when smooth muscle forms over a fatty streak?
Definition
Fibrous plaque
Term
What is the clinical presentation of fibrous plaque build up>
Definition
signs and symptom of inadequate perfusion of tissues.
Term
persistent ischemia or complete occlusion can lead to what?
Definition
infarction
Term
How long before cardiac muscles cells become ischemic?
how long are they viable in these conditions?
Definition
10 sec
20 Min
Term
What does the heart try to do to make up for ischemia due to plaque build up?
Definition
increase HR
Increase Preload
Increase Afterload
Increase contractility
Term
what is angina pectoris often mistaken for?
Definition
Indigestion
Term
What is an unstable angina?
Definition
reversible myocardial ischemia, like a warning shot showing signs of an impending MI
Term
What is valvular stenosis?
Definition
valve orfice is constricted or narrowed, impeding forward blood flow & increasing work load of chamber behind it.
Term
What does valvular stenosis usually lead to?
Definition
myocardial hypertrophy
Term
what does stenosis mean?
Definition
constriction
Term
what is mitral stenosis?
Definition
impairment of flow from LA to LV as valve narrows and scars. Least to incomplete atrial emptying, and decreasing CO
Term
what are the most common causes of mitral stenosis?
Definition
acute rheumatic fever or bacterial endocarditis
Term
What are some of the causes of mitral regurgiation
Definition
variety of causes
Term
What happens during Mitral Regurgitation
Definition
allows back flow from LV to LA during ventricular systole,
-loud murmur
-dialates LA, lots of backflow
-Can lead to LV failure
Term
What does the mitral valve look like in mitral valve prolapse?
Definition
cusps are enlarged, thickened, and scalloped(curved)
Term
What are the symptoms and eventual outcomes of mitral valve prolapse?
Definition
can be asymptomatic or severe
can be minimal mortality to morbidity.
Term
What are some of the causes of mitral valve prolapse?
Definition
Rheumatic fever, can also be autosomal dominant
Term
What are the three most common causes of aortic stenosis
Definition
rheumatic heart disease
congenital malformation
degeneration thickening and calcificaton
Term
What happens during Aortic stenosis
Definition
LV hypertrophied to comensate
increased pressure in LV
reduced Systolic BP
slow heart rate, faint pulse
crichendo decreshendo heart murmor
Term
What happens during Aortic regurgitation?
Definition
depends on side of leak into LV after diastole
increases EDV
compensatory dilation, LV hypertrophies
Term
What causes Rheumatic heart disease?
Definition
group A Beta-hymolitic streptococcus
Term
What is Rheumatic heart disease?
Definition
diffuse inflammatory disease
have febrile illness with joint, skin, and Neverouse system, clots develop along valves & cords and can scar/deform heart if untreated, heart valves swell
Term
Why is strep throat so bad if it is untreated?
Definition
can turn into scarlet fever, rheumatic fever and cause heart issues down the road.
Term
How does Rheumatic heart disease develop?
Definition
only as a sequal to pharyngeal infection
begins as carditis, affecting all 3 layers
Term
What are aschoff bodies?
Definition
fibrotic areas of myocardium surrounded by areas of necrosis
Term
What are some common symptoms of RHD?
Definition
carditis- murmur
chest pain
polyarthritis-
chorea- irregular involuntary movements
Erythema marginatum-tunical rash & rheumatic fever
Term
What is infective endocarditis?
Definition
growth of anything on endocardium (fungi, bacteria, parasites...ect)
Term
What risk factors are there for infective endocarditis?
Definition
implantation of prostetic heart valves,
being male, IV drug use, ventricular septal defects
Term
What are the three things required for it to be considered infective endocarditis?
Definition
endocardium must be rough for colonization
blood bourne microorganisms adhere
they must proliferate! (hosts defenses cant get to them
Term
Where does infective endocarditis happen in the heart?
Definition
can happen anywhere on ENDO cardium, typically on valves
Term
What are the classic findings of infective endocarditis?
Definition
fever, cardiac murmur, petechial lesions of the skin, conjunctive & oral mucosa
Term
What does the onset of myocarditis look like compared to cardiomyophathy?
Definition
Myocarditis- acute & stormy (recover or die)
Cardiomyopathy- insipid over years, few symptoms til u drop dead
Term
What is Myocarditis?
What causes it?
Definition
inflammatory DO of heart muscle, cells degenerate & necrose.
In US generally virally caused
Term
What happens in the acute form of myocarditis
Definition
all four chambers dialate
either recover or progress to dilated cardiomyophathy(stretch stays permanent)
Term
What is Cardiomyopathy?
Definition
heart disease: a disease of the heart muscle, usually chronic and with an unknown or obscure cause
Term
Is cardiomyopathy an inflammatory process?
Definition
NO (does not CAUSE inflammation)
Term
Is myocarditis an inflammatory process?
Definition
YES- regardless of the cause.
Term
What causes cardiomyopathy?
Definition
underlying cardiovascular D/O
or secondary to infection
Toxins
Term
What is dilated cardiomyopathy
Definition
ventricular dilation
-diminishes heart contractility and increases EDV
-thin walls
Term
Is dilated cardiomyopathy an inflammatory process?
Definition
No but can be caused by inflammation
Term
What are the common symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy?
Definition
dyspnea, fatigue, pulmonary congestion
systemic & pulmonary emboli
Term
What is another name for asymmetrical septal hypertrophy?
Definition
subaortic stenosis
Term
What is asymmetrical septal hypertrophy
Definition
thickening of septal wall
-impairs diastolic relaxation
-decreases ventricular compliance
Term
What causes hypertensive or valvular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Definition
increased resistance to ventricular ejection
myocytes hypertrophy & then dysfunction (so systolic & diastolic disfunction)
Term
Restrictive cardiomyopathy is caused by what?
Definition
infiltrative disease of the myocardium, such as amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, glycogen storage disease
Term
What happens in restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Definition
myocardium becomes rigid and non-compliant, impeding ventricular filling
Term
What generally causes pericardial diseases?
Definition
manifestation of another disorder.
Term
What is pericardial effusion?
Definition
any accumulation of fluid in pericardial cavity
Term
What is cardiac tamponade?
Definition
if pressure exerted by pericardial fluid is = to diastolic pressure, it prevents the chambers from filling
Term
Which side of the heart is affected by cardiac tampanade first?
Definition
Right, show symptoms of RHF
-decreased atrial filling
Term
What is pulsus paradoxus?
Definition
arterial bp during expiration is 10mm greater than inspiration
Term
restrictive cardiomyopathy clinically mimics what disease?
Definition
constrictive pericarditis
Term
What are the classic presentations of acute pericarditis
Definition
sudden onset of severe chest pain that worsens when breathing or laying down.
Term
What is acute pericarditis?
Definition
acute inflammation of the pericardium,
-idiopathic
-friction rub
Term
What is Chronic Pericarditis?
Definition
-heart becomes hard shell
-scaring and calcification of pericardium
-viseral & parietal layers fuse
Term
What chamber most often fails in CHF?
Definition
LV
Term
Which side of the heart CAN destroy the other?
Definition
Left
Term
What is systolic heart failure?
Definition
heart can't generate enough CO
-LV stretches
Term
What goes up in SHF? What goes down?
Definition
EDV & preload goes up
SV, Contractility, CO
Term
What are the backwards effects of systolic heart failure?
Definition
lower ejection fraction
increased preload LV
Increase LA pressure
increase pulmonary pressure
increase RV afterload
RV hypertrophy
Term
What are the forward effects of SHF?
Definition
Lowered CO & tissure perfussion
Term
What usually causes Right heart failure?
Definition
LEFT
Term
What is RHF?
Definition
increase in LV filling reflects into pulmonary circulation & increases resistance to RV emptying, it compensates poorly and dialates and fails
Term
What are the backwards effects of RHF?
Definition
lower ejection fraction
increased RV preload
Increased RV pressure
systemic CONGESTION
Term
What is lymphedema?
Definition
flow altered due to impairement in lymph circulation
Term
What is a thrombus?
Definition
blood clot attached to vessel wall
Term
WHat is a thromboembolus?
Definition
detached thrombus
Term
What is an embolism?
Definition
obstruction of a vessel by an embolus
Term
What is an embolus?
Definition
ball of shit in blood
Term
What is a vasospasm?
Definition
sudden involuntary constriction of arterial smooth muscle that obstructs blood flow
Term
what is vasculitis?
Definition
inflammation of a vein
Term
what is mechanical compression?
Definition
external forces altering blood flow
Term
what are arteriovenous fistulas?
Definition
abnormal communication between veins and arteries
Term
What is arteritis?
Definition
inflammatory disease of peripheral arteries
Term
What is buerger disease?
Definition
inflammatory lesions on arteries with thrombi and vasospasms occluding small arteries in hands and feet
-japanese smokers
Term
What is Raynaud Syndrome?
Definition
attacks of vasospasms in small arteries of fingers and toes
-idiopathic
-young women
Term
What is the raynaud phenomenon?
Definition
same symptoms, but caused as result of another disease
Term
Where are the common places for aneurysms?
Definition
cerebral and thoracic aorta
Term
What is a fusiform aneurysm?
Sacular?
Definition
true aneurysms that the buldge encircles the vessels
-buldge out on one side
Term
what is a dissecting aneurysm?
Definition
tear in arterial wall that creats blood flow channel
Term
what is a dissecting aortic aneurysm?
Definition
sudden severe tearing pain back of abdomen
spear, massive blood loss
Term
what are the 6 P's of acute arterial occlusion?
Definition
pallor, parasthesia, paralysis, pain, polar, pulseless
Term
what can cause valvular incompetence?
Definition
standing for long periods, obesity and pregnancy
Term
What is chronic venous insufficiency?
Definition
inadequate venus return over long periods of time
-feet swell
-cause venous stasis ulcers
Term
What promotes DVTs?
Definition
venous stasis
venous endothelial dammage
Term
WHat is the primary cause of lymphedema?
Definition
congenital absense or decreased numbers of lymphatics
Term
what is secondary hypertension
Definition
caused by another disease altering hemodynamics
Term
people with hypertension have more or less salt in their urine?
Definition
LESS
Term
what gene mutation increases hypertension risks?
Definition
adducin
Term
treatments for hypertension?
Definition
diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers,
Term
Orthostatic hypertension?
Definition
both #s in bp drop upon standing. Systolic 20 drop diastolic 10 drop
Term
what is Chronic Orthostatic hypotension?
Definition
seondary to endocrine, metabolic, disorders,
also idiopathic
Supporting users have an ad free experience!