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Phys Block 6
KYCOM Block 6
82
Physiology
Graduate
03/03/2013

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Cards

Term
give the percentage of distribution of blood in the body
Definition
64 veins
13 arteries
9 pulmonary vessels
7 heart
7 systemic capillaries
Term
give the percent different tissues see of the blood
Definition
lung 100
aorta 100
renal 25
GI 25
skeletal muscle 25
cerebral 15
coronary 5
skin 5
Term
vaso vasorum
Definition
small vessels that supply arteries and veins
Term
which valves are more ridgid
Definition
semilunar
Term
how is velocity calcuated
Definition
V=Q/A
Term
perfusion
Definition
delivery of arterial blood to capillary beds
Term
about how much does BP change at the spot where it changes the most
Definition
arterioles 30 mmHg
Term
what units are very low blood pressure, what is the conversion
Definition
1 mmHg = 13.6 mmH2O
Term
what is the average BP in different parts of the circulatory system
Definition
aortaa 100
artery 120/89
arterioles 50
capillaries 20
vena cava 4
RA 0-2
pulmonary artery 25/8
pulmonary capillary 10
pulmonary vein 8
LA 2-5
Term
how is pulse pressure calculateed
Definition
systolic - diastolic
Term
dicrtic notch (incisura)
Definition
made when aortic valve closes and a period of retrograde allows flow back to the valve and pressure decreases beiefly
decreased LV pressure closes aortic valve first than pulmonic. inspiration delays closure increasing venous return and RV SV prolonging ejection
Term
how is blood flow calculated
Definition
Q=P/R
Term
how is TPR calculated
Definition
R= (pressure in aorta / vena cava) / CO
Term
how is resistance calculated
Definition
R=P/Q
Term
poiseuille equation
Definition
R = (8nL) / (pi r^4)
Term
parallel resistance
Definition
floww is a fraction of the total but no loss in pressure. adding branch in parallel decreases total R
Term
series resistance
Definition
R total = R1 + R2...
Term
reynolds number
Definition
Nr = pdv / n

<2000 laminar
>2000 possible turbulant
>3000 turbulant
Term
thrombi
Definition
blood clot narrows vessel diameter increasing reynolds number
Term
shear
Definition
blood travels at different velocities in a vessels. breaks up RBC where shear rate is highest lowering viscosity
Term
anemia
Definition
decreased hemocrit causes turbulence
higher CO increases veolcity
Term
what does hypokalemia cause
Definition
torsades de pointes and ventricular tachycardia
Term
responsiveness relationship
Definition
rate (dV/dT) (volt/sec) depends on...
RMP: faster when RMP is more negative because more Na channels available
side of inward current
Term
list the different channels we talked about and where they are located
Definition
L-type channels: inward Ca in plateau
T-type channels: inward Ca and Na in upstroke of SA node
I-Funny Channels: inward Na in spontaneous depolarization of SA node
Term
what is RMP of cardiac muscle, what is max depolarization
Definition
-85 mV
20 mV
Term
override supression
Definition
SA is fastest phase 4 and repolarization so it beats latent pacemakers
Term
causes of latent pacemaker
Definition
vagal or sympathetic increases
SA destoried or supressed
overstimulation via drugs or caffiene
ischemia leading to apoptosis causing hyperkalemia or hypercalcemia
AV block
Term
stoke adams attack
Definition
lack of CO due to asystole or ventricular fibrillation. lack of blood to the brain causes syncope or seizures
Term
give the mV borders for the refractory periods
Definition
absolute is 20 to -50
effective -50 to relative
relative ends at -70
supranormal is -70 to -85
Term
what occurs in a positive chronotrophic effect
Definition
increase HR via sympathetic NE activates B1 increasing If at SA
Term
what happens in negative chronotrophic
Definition
parasympathetic ACh decreases HR via M which activates Gk qhich opens Ik-ach channels
Term
what happens in positive dromtrophic
Definition
sympathetic increases Ica, increase conduction velocity
Term
what happens in negative dromotrophic
Definition
parasympathetic decreases Ica and increases Ik-ach
can cause heart block if over done
Term
what does positive inotrophic do
Definition
sympathetic via B1 opens sarcolemme Ca channels, phosphorlyates phospholambain which increases Ca SR storage
faster relaxation, shorter contraction, more time for refill
Term
what does negative inotrophic do
Definition
parasympathetic via M and Gk decreases Ca inward in plateau and increases Ik-ach, decreases contraction
Term
bodwitch staircase
Definition
increase heart rate increases tension except for on first beat
Term
post extrasystolic potentiation
Definition
latent pacemaker or extra systole
tension on extra beat is less to save Ca for normal beat increasing normal beat tension
Term
explain the length tension relationship
Definition
pressure is proportional to tension
length is proportional to EDV
Lmax is max overlap of fibers for most tension
Term
what is the normal CO, SV and EF
Definition
5000 mL/min, 70 mL, 55%
Term
frank starling relationship
Definition
CO/SV is proportional to EDV
CO=venous return
volume ejected in systole is proportional to EDV
Term
what is the pressure volume loop comparing
Definition
LV volume to LV pressure
Term
how is left ventricle work calculated
Definition
SV x aortic pressure = stroke work
Term
how is minute work calculated
Definition
minute work = CO x aortic pressure
Term
law of laplace
Definition
P= (2HT) / r
explains LV thickness
Term
fick principal
Definition
CO LV = RV
O consumed = (CO x O pulV) - (CO x O pulA)
Term
when would S4 sound be heart
Definition
artial contraction in ventricle hypertrophy. ventricular vibration because ventricle is too full or is hypertrophy
Term
when would S3 be heard
Definition
congestive heart failure or mitral/tricuspid regurgitation. more blood or stiff ventricle
common in youth
Term
how is an atrial septal defect heard
Definition
fixed split (in inspiration and expiration) with aortic abnormally early before polmonic)
Term
how is a LBBB heard at S2
Definition
expiration pulmonic first
inspiration one sound
Term
how is mitral stenosis diagnosed
Definition
loud S1 that is late
open snap of mitral early due to increased LA pressure
turbulance
Term
ductus arterioses
Definition
constant murmur, closed surgically
shortness of breath, right sided heart failure
Term
what happens when the carotid or aortic bodies sense low O
Definition
signal sympathetic vasoconstriction center to constrict skeletal muscle, renal, and splanchnic vessels
Term
cushing reaction
Definition
increased intracrainial pressure
central chemoreceptors sense increas CO2 and H
sympathetic response increases TPR and HR
pushes blood into the brain
Term
in what ways does the cardiopulmonary low pressure baroreceptors act
Definition
increase ANP, decrease ADH, renal vasodilation, increase HR
Term
how does the cardiopulmonary low pressure baroreceptors increase HR
Definition
decreased pressure sensed in atria, vagus sends info to solitary tract, medullary cardiovascular center recieves stimuli on low pressure receptors and increases HR
Brain bridge reflex
Term
how does the cardiopulmonary low pressure baroreceptors decrease ADH
Definition
inhibits hypothalamus via pressure receptors projecting from the atria
Term
what is the starling equation
Definition
Jv = Kf ((Pc-Pi)-(PIc-PIi))
Term
autoregulation
Definition
maintience of blood flow despite changes in BP
kidney, brain, heart, skeletal muscle
Term
active hyperemia
Definition
blood flow is proportional to metabolic activity
Term
reactive hyperemia
Definition
increase blood flow in response to a decrease, usually until O2 debt is repayed
brain, coronary
Term
myogenic hypothesis
Definition
explains autoregulation
smooth muscle stretch causes contraction
law of laplace
Term
metabolic hypothesis
Definition
explains active hyperemia
metabolic activity causes release of vasodilator metabolites
more blood flow washes away metabolites
Term
when is seritonin released what does it do
Definition
in response to vessel damage, causes vascular spasm in migrane, local vasoconstriction
Term
what do thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin F do
Definition
vasoconstrict
Term
what do prostacyclin and prostaglandin e do
Definition
vasodilate
Term
what do angiotensin II and vasporessin do
Definition
vasoconstrict via V1
Term
how is pulmonary circulation conteolled
Definition
hypoxia vasoconstricts shunting blood to areas with more O
Term
how is renal circulation controlled
Definition
autoregulation due to myogenic properities and tubuloglomerular feedback
Term
what is MAP how is it calculated
Definition
driving force of blood flow maintained at 100 mmHG
Pa = CO x TPR
Term
what are the areas of the brainstem that regulate baroreceptors
Definition
vasoconstriction center: efferent sympathetic that synapse in spinal cord, sympathetic ganglia, organs
cardiac deceleration center: parasympathetic on CN X
cardiac acceleration centeR: efferents sympathetic and synapse like vasoconstriction center, increase SA, AV, contraction
Term
how do pyrogens cause fever
Definition
increase the set point in the hypothalamus by releasing IL-1 causing prostaglandin releasse
involves dinural variations
Term
hypothermia
Definition
can exceede 41 deg C, failure of thermoregulation, no duniral variations
Term
milagnant hypothermia
Definition
increase in metabolic rate increases O2 consumption and heat production in skeletal muscle and dissipation cant keep up
can be caused by inhaled anstitetics
Term
orthostatic hypertension
Definition
light headed when standing too quick due to pooling in lower extremities
Term
what is the mV on EKG paper
Definition
1 mV
Term
what is the time on EKG paper
Definition
0.04 sec
Term
what is a cycle length
Definition
R to R, 1 sec
Term
how is HR calculated
Definition
300 / # big boxes
Term
what are the pillars for the transverse arch
Definition
MLA and LLA
Term
what muscle an ligament support the transverse arch
Definition
peroneus longus, transverse metatarsal ligament
Term
what are the most commonly sprained ligaments in order
Definition
anterior talofibular
calcanofibular
posterior talofibular
Term
what are the causes of plantar fascitis
Definition
overstretching, traction on calcaneus
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