Shared Flashcard Set

Details

PHSC 160
Substance Abuse & Addiction
226
Science
Undergraduate 4
10/22/2015

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
How many diagnostic criteria in the DSM-V?
Definition
11
Term
How many categories in the DSM-V?
Definition
4
Term
What is pharmokinetics?
Definition
"What the body does to the drug."
Term
What is pharmodymanics?
Definition
"What the drug does to the body."
Term
What are two types of synapses?
Definition
Chemical and electrical
Term

What are the three classification schemes?

 

Definition

DSM-V

ICD 9/10

Controlled Substances Act (CSA)

Term
Alcohol intoxication risks
Definition
motor vehicle traffic fatalities, residential fire deaths, falls and drownings, child abuse cases, suicides, industrial accidents
Term
What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Definition
GABA
Term
What is in the reward circuit?
Definition
VTA
Term
What is a decrease response from the same dose?
Definition
Tolerance
Term
What is the reward neurotransmitter?
Definition
Dopamine
Term
What is referred to as the brain and spinal cord?
Definition
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Term
What is the lobe of the brain that controls hearing?
Definition
Temporal
Term
What are the three basic philosophical models of drug use?
Definition
Free-Will Model, Moralistic Model, Disease Model
Term
What receives information from other neurons?
Definition
Dendrites
Term
What part of the brain controls balance and coordinates movement?
Definition
Cerebellum
Term
What is the Free Will Model?
Definition
It is that drug use is a means of coping with environmental experiences, a behavioral choice and a function of psychological and environmental factors combined.
Term
What is the emotional center of brain?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
What form of therapy is recommended for the Free-Will Model?
Definition
a matter of choice, concerned with awareness and responsibility, values clarification, a means of support to achieve behavioral goals, an Educational process that involves learning of coping strategies
Term
What part of the brain controls eating, drinking and body temperature?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
What blocks the function of a neurotransmitter?
Definition
Antagonist
Term
What neurotransmitter regulates sleep and mood?
Definition
Serotonin
Term
What is tied to the endocrine system?
Definition
Hormones
Term
What area of brain that controls speech?
Definition
Broca
Term
What is the Moralistic Model?
Definition
Addiction is considered to be the result of low moral standards, bad character, and weak will.
Addicts are perceived as lacking values.
Term
What is the imaging using radioactive glucose tied to brain function?
Definition
PET
Term
What is the recommended treatment under the Moralistic Model?
Definition
Treatment consists of punishment for drug-using behavior, i.e, "use accountability"
Term
What is the lobe of the brain that controls vision?
Definition
Occipital
Term
What carries neurotransmitters in cells?
Definition
Vesicle
Term
What is the act to ban alcohol?
Definition
Volstead Act
Term
What is the Disease model?
Definition
Physiological differences from normal people, differences based on genetics or created through the chemical effects of drugs.
The interaction between the individual's physiology and the psychoactive substances consumed is the disease and the mediator of behavior and experience.
Term
What is the diagnosis classification scheme?
Definition
DSM-V
Term
What is the recommended treatment under the Disease model?
Definition
Treatment is both psychological and physiological. In addition, spiritual support is seen as a component.
Term
What is a chemical messenger?
Definition
Neurotransmitter
Term
What is the lobe connected with thinking, planning and emotional control?
Definition
Frontal
Term
When does the brain complete the majority of its development?
Definition
Around 24 years old, women tend to develop earlier than men by a couple of years.
Term
What is the gap junction channel?
Definition
Connexon
Term
What mimics a neurotransmitter?
Definition
Agonist
Term
What are the 6 brain structures?
Definition
Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, cerebellum, brain stem, temporal lobe. (FPOCBT)
Term
What targets a serotonin receptor?
Definition
CSD
Term
What is the reward pathway?
Definition

VTA-->nucleus accumbens-->prefrontal cortex

 

Term
What does the hippocampus do? Where is it located?
Definition
The hippocampus is located within the limbic system and it is the area that is for acquisition and retention of memories.
Term
What does acetylcholine do?
Definition
Regulates memory.
Term
What does dopamine do?
Definition
  • Produces pleasure through the "reward system"
  • Controlling movement
  • Regulates hormonal responses
Term
What is the Basal Ganglia?
Definition
It is involved in the control of movement
Term
What does serotonin do?
Definition
  • Plays a role in sleep
  • Involved in sensory perceptions
  • Involved in controlling emotional states such as anxiety and depression
Term
What is the nucleus accumbens?
Definition
is a nucleus of the basal forebrain.
receives dopamine-secreting terminal buttons from neurons of the VTA and is thought to be involved in reinforcement and attention
Term
What does glutamate do?
Definition
  • Excites the firing of neurons
  • Aids process of memory
Term
What does gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) do?
Definition
Inhibits the firing of neurons.
Term
What does norepinephine (NE) do?
Definition
  • Implicated in arousal
  • Attention and sensation-seeking behavior
Term
What does the nucleus accumbens have to do with teenage development?
Definition
It is believed that an immature nucleus accumbens leads to the result of preferences for activities that require low effort yet produce high excitement.

Real world examples include: video games, skate boarding, and substance abuse
Term
What are opioid peptides?
Definition

Produce the same effects as classic akaloid opiates, which include morphine and heroin.

Term
What are endocannabinoids?
Definition
Involved in a variety of physiological processes including appetite, pain-sensation, mood, and memory.
Term
What neurotransmitters are involved with cocaine and amphetamines?
Definition

Dopamine

y-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

Term
What neurotransmitters are associated with opioids?
Definition

Opioid peptides

Dopamine

Endocannabinoids

Term
What neurotransmitters are associated with nicotine?
Definition

Dopamine

y-Aminobuytric Acid (GABA)

Opioid peptides

Acetylcholine

Term
What is the frontal lobe?
Definition
It is the seat of judgement, personality, reasoning, problem solving, and rational decision making

Provides for logic and understanding of consequences

Governs impulsivity, aggression, ability to organize thoughts, and plan for the future, attention, cognitive flexibility, and goal persistence

not fully developed until mid 20's
Term
What neurotransmitters are associated with  9 - Tetrahydrocannabinol?
Definition

Endocannabinoids

Opioid peptides

Dopamine

Term
What neurotransmitters are associated with alcohol?
Definition

Dopamine

Opioid peptides

y-Aminobuytric Acid (GABA)

Glutamate

Endocannabinoids

Term
What sites of the brain are affected with abuse of cocain and amphetamines?
Definition

Nucleus accumbens

Amygdala

 

Term
What sites of the brain are affected by nicotine?
Definition

Nucleus accumbens

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Amygdala

Term
what is the prefrontal cortex?
Definition
it is the area of the brain responsible for the complex processing of information, making judgements, controlling impulses, foreseeing consequences, and setting goals and plans

one of the last areas to mature, located just behind the forehead

sometimes referred to as "the seat of sober second thought"
Term
What sites of the brain are affected by 9 - Tetrahydrocannabinol?
Definition

Nucleus accumbens

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

 

Term
What sites of the brain are affected by alcohol?
Definition

Nucleus accumbens

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Amygdala

Term
What neurotransmitter is LSD associated with?
Definition
Serotonin
Term
What neurotransmitter is assosicated with GABA?
Definition
Benzodiazepines
Term
What neurotransmitters are associated with PCP?
Definition

Glutamate

Dopamine

Term
What is the negative effects of withdrawal from dopamine?
Definition
Dysphoria
Term
What is the negative effects of withdrawal of opioid peptides?
Definition
Pain
Term
What negative hedonic effects of withdrawal serontonin?
Definition
Dysphoria
Term
What are the negative effects of withdrawal of GABA?
Definition

Anxiety

Panic attacks

Term
What drugs effect dopamine release (rank highest to lowest)?
Definition

Amphetamine

Cocaine

Nicotine

Alcohol

Term
What are the degrees of substance use?
Definition
  • Occasional, controlled, or social use
  • Abuse or harmful use
  • Addiction and/or dependence
Term
What are the three states of the addiction cycle?
Definition
  • Binge/Intoxication
  • Withdrawal/negative affect
  • Preoccupation/Anticipation
Term
What are the temporal lobes?
Definition
they are responsible for hearing, understanding, speech, and forming an integrated sense of self
responsible for sorting new information and for short term memory
contains the limbic reward system
Term
What's within the limbic-reward system?
Definition
Amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus acumbens, and VTA
Term
What does the limbic system regulate?
Definition
it regulates emotions and motivations related to survival (ie fear, anger, pleasure concerning sex and eating)
Term
What are the four groupings of pharmokinetics?
Definition
  • Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Metabolism
  • Elimination and excretion
Term
Describe the "reward system" in regards to the limbic system
Definition
feelings of pleasure and reward are very powerful and these pleasurable behaviors activate a circuit of specialized nerve cells in the limbic area = reward system
Term
What are the four groupings of the DSM-V?
Definition
  1. Impaired control
  2. Social impairment
  3. Risky use
  4. Pharmacological (tolerance/withdrawal)
Term
Define/describe "neuron"
Definition
is a specialized cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells and muscles
Term
Define/describe "dendrites"
Definition
they receives messages from other neurons
Term
Define/describe "axon"
Definition
an electricity conducting fiber that carries information away from the cell body
Term
Define/describe "synapse"
Definition
it is the contact point where one neuron "communicates" with another neuron
Term
how do neurons communicate?
Definition
by transmitting electrical impulses along their axons
axons then send messages across a synapse to the receiving dendrite of the target neuron
Term
What is impaired control?
Definition
  • May take the substance in larger amounts over a longer period of time than was originally intended.
  • May express a persistent desire to cut down or regulate substance use and may report multiple unsuccessful efforts to decrease or discontinue use.
  • The individual may spend a great deal of time obtaining the substance, using the substance, or recovering from its effect.
  • Craving as manifested by an intense desire or urge for the substance.
Term
What is craving?
Definition
  • Is more likely to occur in an environment where the drug previously was obtained or used.
  • Has been showon to involve classical conditioning and is associated with activation of specific reward structures in the brain.
  • Queried by asking if there has ever been a time when they had such strong urgesto take the drug that they could not think of anything else.
  • May be a signal of impending relapse.
Term
What is social impairment?
Definition
  • Recurrent substance use that results in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home.
  • Continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated the effects of the substance.
  • Important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced because of substance use.
Term
What is risky use?
Definition
  • Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous.
  • Continued substance use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance.
  • The individual abstains from using the substance despite the difficulty it is causing.
Term
How many dendrite receptors does a neuron have? What are dendrite receptor sites called?
Definition
each neuron has an average of 6,000 dendrite receptors

dendrite receptor sites are specialized areas known as "lock and key"
Term
What is tolerance?
Definition
  • Signaled by requiring a markedly increased dose of the substance to acheive the desire effect or a markedly reduced effect when the usual dose is consumed.
  • Varies greatly across different individulas as well as across substances and may involve a variety of central nervous system effects.
  • Must be distinguished from individual variability in the initial sensitivity to the effects of particular substances.
Term
What does gray matter do? What does white matter do?
Definition
Gray matter contains neurons that are responsible for "thinking" (100 billion)
White matter contains supportive cells with nutritive roles (dendrites - 1 trillion)
Term
What is myelin? What does it do?
Definition
Myelin is a layer of insulation that progressively insulates these supportive cells and is whitish in color

It makes white matter more efficient, much like insulation on electric wires, it contributes to overall cognitive functioning

Allows for more efficient communication between the white and the gray matter
Term
What synapse do we (humans) know more about?
Definition
We know more about chemical synapses
Term
What is withdrawal?
Definition
  • A syndrome that occurs when blood or tissue concentrations of a substance decline in an individual who had maintained prolonged heavy use of the substance.
  • The same (or closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.
Term
What three categories of substance abuse disorder (SUD) severity?
Definition
  1. Mild (Presence of 2 or 3 symptoms)
  2. Moderate (Presence of 4 or 5 symptoms)
  3. Severe (Presence of 6 or more symptoms)
Term
What is recreational substance use?
Definition
Use that occurs in a social setting among friends or acquaitances who desire to share an experience that they define as both acceptable and pleasureable. Use is both voluntary and patterned.
Term
What is circumstantial substance use?
Definition
Substance use for the purpose of acheiving an anticipated effect in order to cope with a specific problem, situation or condition of a personal or vocational nature.
Term
The reward pathway radiates to what regions of the brain?
Definition
The Limbic system: amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus acumbens, and VTA.

Also known as the nucleus accumbens to the VTA and also the prefrontal cortex
Term
Inserting an electrode in the ventral tegmental of a mouse would produce what effect?
Definition
There would be an injection of a substance into the nucleus accumbens which would become a "binding site, which would then trigger a neurotransmitter reaction
Term
Opiate binding sites are located in what regions of the brain?
Definition
In the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum
Term
The serotonin pathways affect what functions?
Definition
mood, memory processing, sleep, cognition
Term
The dopamine pathways affect what functions?
Definition
reward (motivation), pleasure, euphoria, motor function (fine tuning), compulsion, perseveration, decision making
Term
What are the neurobiological substrates for the acute reinforcing effects of cocaine/amphetamines?
Definition
dopamine and y-Aminobutric Acid (GABA)
Term
What are the neurobiological substrates for the acute reinforcing effects of opioids?
Definition
Opioid peptides, dopamine, endocannabinoids
Term
What are the neurobiological substrates for the acute reinforcing effects of nicotine?
Definition
dopamine, y-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA), opioid peptides, acetylcholine
Term
What are the neurobiological substrates for the acute reinforcing effects of alcohol?
Definition
dopamine, opiod peptides, y-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA), glutamte, endocannabinoids
Term
What are the neurobiological substrates for the acute reinforcing effects of tetraydriocannabinol (THC)?
Definition
endocannabinoids, opioid peptides, dopamine
Term
Hallucinogens are associated with what neurotransmitter?
Definition
Hallucinogens are associated with the neurotransmitter serotonin
Term
Benzodiazepines and "z" drugs are associated with what neurotransmitter?
Definition
Associated with GABA
Term
Phencylidine (PCP) is associated with what neurotransmitter?
Definition
It disrupts the functioning of receptors for the glutamate (perception of pain, as well as learning, memory and emotion), also dopamine
Term
The motivational effects of drugs of abuse is biphasic, what does that mean?
Definition
there are two phases, meaning positive and negative hedonic effects
Term
What are the effects of food and sex on dopamine levels, using the animal model?
Definition
It's a part of the natural rewards system, the dopamine concentration goes up (150-200) in accumbens area
Term
What are the effects of amphetamine on dopamine levels, using the animal model?
Definition
Incredibly high of basal release/dopamine in a short amount of time// in accumbens area
Term
What are the effects of cocaine on dopamine levels, using the animal model?
Definition
Very high basal release/dopamine in a short amount of time (1-2.5 hours)//in accumbens area
Term
What are the effects of nicotine on dopamine levels, using the animal model?
Definition
A medium high (around 225 at max) release of dopamine within short amount of time, 0-1hr//in accumbens area
Term
What are the effects of ethanol on dopamine levels, using the animal model?
Definition
A medium release of dopamine within a medium amount of time, .5-1.5 hours// in accumbens area
Term
What is the impact on dopamine transporter after heavy methamphetamine use?
Definition
Significantly lower brain activity, lower dopamine reaction/transporter
Term
After chronic use of methamphetamine, followed by a period of abstinence, does the dopamine transporter system immediately return to normal?
Definition
No, it may never return back to normal. After 2 years some of the dopamine deficits are recovering in chronic stimulant abusers. However, there are functional deficits that do persists.
Term
What are the three states of the addition cycle as envisioned by George Koob?
Definition
1) binge/intoxication 2) withdrawal/negative 3) preoccupation/anticipation
Term
Intoxication is more likely by what routes of administration?
Definition
1) smoked 2) intravenous 3) intranasal 4) oral 5) transdermal

Intravenous, smoking, and intranasal (snorting) tend to result in a more intense intoxication and increased likelihood of substance use leading to withdrawal
Term
What is the impact of duration of effects on withdrawal?
Definition
Relatively short-acting substances tend to have a higher potential for the development of withdrawal than do those with a longer duration of action.

Longer-acting substances tend to have longer withdrawal duration.
Term
What is pharmacokinetics?
Definition
describes the movement of a drug within the body and how a drug's concentration in blood, body fluids, and tissues varies over time

"What the body does to the drug"
Term
What is pharmacodynamics?
Definition
it describes the biochecmical and physiologic effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action.

What the drug does to the body
Term
What is involved in pharmacokinetics?
Definition
absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and excretion
Term
Orally administered drugs are affect by what?
Definition
the dosage amount
pH of gastric contents (drugs can be destroyed by extreme acid or basic conditions)
gastric emptying time (faster gastric emptying time results in more rapid delivery to the small intestine, the site of absorption)
intestinal transit time (for drugs absorbed in the small intestine, how fast it is etc)
integrity of intestinal epithelium
presence of food
Term
What is bioavailability?
Definition
is the fraction of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation after administration by any route
Term
What is first past metabolism?/when does it occur?
Definition
is a phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation.

occurs before a drug reaches the systemic circulation
Term
Drug metabolism can be either non-synthetic or synthetic. Which can involve cytochrome P450 mechanisms?
Definition
Non-synthetic reactions, in which a drug is chemically altered and oxidized

oxidation can occur by cytochrome P450 dependent and independent mechanisms
Term
What is a synthetic reaction?
Definition
It is where the drug is conjugated iwth another moiety, such as a glucuronide.
Term
The metabolism of codeine to morphine is determined by a cytochrome genotype that reduces the metabolic function, resulting in less morphine being produced from a dosage of codeine. What impact does this have clinically on pain?
Definition
More pain, less tolerance to pain.

Less morphine = less numbing = more pain
Term
What substance do you know is eliminated by zero-order kinetics?
Definition
Alcohol

it is eliminated at constant rate, no matter how much ethanol is in the system
Term
What are the four common receptor types?
Definition
Ligand-gated ion channels
G-protein-coupled receptor signaling
Receptors with intrinsic enzymatic activity
Receptors regulating nuclear transcription
Term
What neurotransmitters are influenced by alcohol?
Definition
adenosine, dopamine, opiates, serotonin (5-HT), endocannabinoids, VTA dopamine neurons, midbrain DA neurons
Term
When body weights are equivalent, what is the relationship of blood alcohol level in women compared to men following the ingestion of the same amount of alcohol?
Definition
Women show a 20-25% higher blood alcohol level than men, due to less gastric metabolism in women
Term
In 1933, the 21st Amendment to the Constitution gave states what right?
Definition
Gave states the right to regulate the purchase and sale of alcohol
Term
In 1919, what amendment to the Constitution and what act resulted in the prohibition of what substance?
Definition
In the US in 1919, alcohol was legally restricted nationally by the Volstead Act and the 18th Amendment
Term
G-Proteins and Second Messengers, Ligand Gate Ion Channels, Receptors Regulating Nuclear Transcription, Receptors with Intrinsic Enzyme Activity, receptor physiology, and potency, efficacy, and dose response are all apart of what phenomenon?
Definition
Dose response phenomena
Term
What is the percentage of motor vehicle traffic fatalities are alcohol related?
Definition
31%
Term
What is the percentage of falls and drownings are alcohol related?
Definition
34
Term
What is the percentage of child abuse cases are alcohol related?
Definition
16%
Term
What is the percentage of suicides are alcohol related?
Definition
12%
Term
What is the percentage of industrial accidents are alcohol related?
Definition
10%
Term
What is the percentage of residential fire deaths are alcohol related?
Definition
40%
Term
List 6 signs or symptoms of alcohol intoxication
Definition
1) slurred speech
2) incoordination
3) unsteady gait
4) nystagmus
5) impairment in attention or memory
6) stupor or coma
Term
Define "stupor"
Definition
sign of alcohol intoxication - damage to the appendages, your body doesn’t realize/recognize the pressure. so if someone is paraplegic, they are not able to shift therefore they can injure themselves further
Term
List 8 signs or symptoms of alcohol withdrawal
Definition
Nausea & vomiting
Tremor
Paroxysmal sweats
anxiety
agitation
tactile/auditory/visual disturbances
heachache
increased blood pressure/pulse
seizures
Term
What are the "z" drugs? (list the 4 of them, hint* 3 with z, 1 with e)
Definition
These are the "non-benzodiazepine hypnotics"
-eszopiclone
-zaleplon
-zolpidem
-zopiclone
Term
What are the "z" drugs used for?
Definition
used for the treatment of mild insomnia
Term
How would you conclude that an unfamiliar benzodiazepine was not a "Z" drug?
Definition
Benzos usually end in -am (w/ exception of -ate and -xide
Term
What is the relationship between alcohol intoxication and sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic intoxication under DSM-V?
Definition
The symptoms/signs are almost the exact same for alcohol intoxication and sedative/hypnotic/anziolytic intoxication

ie: slurred speech, incoordination, unsteady gait, nystagmus, impairment in cognition/memory, stupor or coma
Term
Who is Al Capone?
Definition
He was an American gangster who was a big part of the prohibition era. He was a provider of alcohol
Term
Which two benzodiazepines have a one step biotransformation to glucuronide?
Definition
Tamazepam and Oxazepam
Term
"Z" drugs are positive modulators of what agonist and on what receptor?
Definition
This type of drug is a positive modulator of the effects of GABA agonist on the GABAa receptor
Term
What "date rape" drug is both a Schedule I and a Schedule III drug? Why?/what are it's effects?
Definition
This drug is Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and is known as a club drug and date rape drug (which two schedules is it apart of?)

because it is a precursor and degradation product of GABA, but unlike GABA it passes through the blood brain barrier
Term
What are the 8 signs and symptoms of sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic withdrawal?
Definition
anxiety, irritability, insomnia, fatigue, headache, muscle twitching/aching, tremor/shakiness, nausea, loss of appetite, observable depression, depersonalization, seizures
Term
What enzyme genetic variant causes the decreased alcohol consumption among Asians?
Definition
a common reaction caused by a result of a deficiency of a liver enzyme called ALDH2. leads to a "glow" in what certain race?
Term

What is the percentage of women 18-25 who binge drink?    

Definition

31.4% (2013)

31.8% (2014)

Term

What is the percentage of women 18-25 who are heavy drinkers? 

Definition

15.2% (2013)

14.2% (2014)

 

Term
What enzyme genetic variant causes the decreased alcohol consumption in Asians? (the specific one)
Definition
aldehyde dehydrogenase
Term
As a result of aldehyde dehydrogenase variant, what substance builds up within Asians? What is it known as?
Definition
The substance that builds up is acetaldhyde, which is known as a carcinigen
Term
What is a carcinogen?
Definition
a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue.
Term
What percentage of US people aged 12 and older are past month smokers of cigarettes?
Definition
25.8 (12 or older)
35 (18-25)
Term
What is the percentage of women 18-25 who binge drink?
Definition
31.4%
Term
What is the percentage of women 18-25 who are heavy drinkers?
Definition
3.4%/2%
Term
What is the drinking pattern of women who are pregnant?
Definition
Downward trend. Aka drinking in 1st trimester (can be attributed to the fact that some women don't realize they're pregnant until they're midway through the first tri), and then taper/decrease drinking in 2nd/3rd trimester.
Term
What percentage of pregnant women binge drink alcohol in the 1st trimester?
Definition
2011-2012: 6.6%
2012-2013: 4.8
Term
What percentage of pregnant women binge drink alcohol in the 2nd trimester?
Definition
'11-'12: 1.1
'12-'13: 1.8
Term
What percentage of pregnant women binge drink alcohol in the 3rd trimester?
Definition
'11-'12: .4%
'12-'13: .1%
Term
What is the pattern of drug use among pregnant women by trimester?
Definition
Goes down/decreases each trimester
Term
Define binge drinking of alcohol
Definition
Five or more drinks on the same occasion
Term
Define heavy drinking of alcohol
Definition
female: 8 or more drinks per week
male: 15 or more drinks per week
Term
What are the current (past month) percentages of whites who drink alcohol?
Definition
57.7%
Term
What are the current (past month) percentages of blacks who drink alcohol?
Definition
44.2%
Term
What are the current (past month) percentages of Asians who drink alcohol?
Definition
38.7%
Term
What are the current (past month) percentages of Hispanics who drink alcohol?
Definition
44.4%
Term
What are the current (past month) percentages of American Indian/Alaska Natives who drink alcohol?
Definition
42.3%
Term
What are the current (past month) percentages of Native/Pacific Islanders who drink alcohol?
Definition
15.6%
Term
What are the current (past month) percentages of whites, blacks, Asians, Hispanics, American Indian/Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiin/Pacific Islanders use drugs?
Definition
White: 66%
Black: 15%
Asians: 2.09%
Hispanics: 14%
American Indian/Alaska Natives: .8%
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders: .6%
Term
Other than alcohol and tabacco, what's the most prevalent drug used by people 12 and older in the US?
Definition
1) Marijuana
2) Pain relievers
3) Tranquilizers
4) Stimulants
Term
What does prevalent/prevalence mean?
Definition
it is the ratio of the total number of cases of a particular disease divided by the total number of individuals in a particular population at a specific time
Term
What does incident/incidence mean?
Definition
This refers to the occurrence of new cases of a disease divided by the total number at risk for the disorder during a specified period.
Term
What are the three basic characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome? (FAS)
Definition
1) dysmorphic facial chatacteristics (smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, and short palpebral fissures)
2) prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency in height or weight (<10th percentile)
3) CNS (central nervous system), including structural, neurological, and/or functional brain abnormalities
Term
What is the difference between FAS and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder?
Definition
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a result of high doses of alcohol consumption during pregnancy such as binge drinking and/or drinking on a regular basis.
Term
Define a hangover
Definition
the disagreeable physical aftereffects of drunkenness, such as a headache or stomach disorder, usually felt several hours after cessation of drinking.
Term
What are the contributing factors associated with a hangover? What is a congener? Why is an empty stomach relevant?
Definition
Contributing factors include: food, hydration
C: may be produced along with ethanol during fermentation
Empty stomach: high BAC
Term
Can you cure a hangover?
Definition
Time and hydration
Term
What are the eleven diagnostic Classification Schemes used to determine whether a person has a problem with substance use?
Definition
1) alcohol is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period that was intended
2) there is a desire along with unsuccessful efforts to cut down/control alcohol use
3) high amount of time is spent to get/use/recover from alcohol
4) craving/strong desire to use alcohol
5) failure to fulfill major role obligations at work/school/home
6) persistent social/interpersonal problems caused by the effects of alcohol
7) important things are given up/reduced because of alcohol use
8) use in risky/hazardous situations
9) use continued in spite of knowing issues that they should not be drinking
10) tolerance -> a need for a greater amount// diminished effect w/ the same amt of alcohol
11) alcohol withdrawal
Term
What is the controlled substances act? How many schedules are in the CSA?
Definition
The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) is the statute prescribing federal U.S. drug policy under which the manufacture, importation, possession, use and distribution of certain substances is regulated.

There are 5 schedules (listed as I, II, III, IV, V)
Term
What is the distinction between Schedule I and II of the CSA?
Definition
Schedule I has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the US, Schedule II does.
Term
List 5 drugs in the CSA Schedule I
Definition
LSD, marijuana, peyote, mescaline, psilocybin
Term
List 5 drugs in the CSA Schedule II
Definition
codeine, morphine, opium fluid/extracts, oxycodone, fentanyl, cocaine, methadone
Term
Who determines what drugs goes into what schedule?
Definition
Attorney general, FDA, Government
Term
How many elements are in the DSM-V definition of a substance Use Disorder?
Definition
The presence of at least 2 of the 11 criteria indicates an Alcohol Use Disorder
Term
does all substance use meet criteria for a substance use disorder?
Definition
No, that's the reason why there are various factors or "signs" that if multiple are diagnosed, then there can be an idea of abuse
Term
What does the DSM-V not recognize for caffeine? For hallucinogens? For tobacco? For Inhalent?
Definition
No recognized caffeine use disorder
No recognized hallucinogen withdrawal
No recognized tobacco intoxication
No recognized inhalent withdrawal
Term
What is route of administration of a substance relevant?
Definition
the faster a drug reaches its site of action in the central nervous system (CNS), the greater its reinforcing properties

the concentration of drug depends on the intake type
Term
Which route of administration by-passes the liver and goes to the brain?
Definition
Venous system, no liver metabolism// injection to veins
Term
What are the three basic philosophical models of substance use?
Definition
1) free-will model
2) moralistic model
3) disease model
Term
What model favors punishment as a behavioral modification approach?
Definition
The Moralistic Model
Term
How much does the brain weigh?
Definition
3 pounds
Term
Full development of the brain continues until about which age?
Definition
about age 24
Term
What are the lobes of the brain (6)?
Definition
1) parietal lobe
2) occipital lobe
3) cerebellum
4) frontal lobe
5) brain stem
6) temporal lobe
Term
A sagittal section of the middle of the brain reveals which structures? (9)
Definition
1) cerebrum
2) hypothalamus
3) thalamus
4) amygdala
5) hippocampus
6) pons
7) cerebellum
8) medulla oblongata
9) spinal cord
Term
The Limbic system is made up of what structures?
Definition
amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus make up this system
Term
The Basal Ganglia are what structures? (6)
Definition
Dorsal Striatum [ caudate nucleus and Putamen]
Ventral Striatum [nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle]
Globus pallidus
Ventral pallidum
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus
Term
Which 3 brain structures undergo maturation during youth?
Definition
nucleus accumbens
amygdala
prefrontal cortex (the limbic system within it)
Term
Which basal ganglia structure is associated with high excitement, low effort activities?
Definition
the nucleus accumbens
Term
Which limbic system structure is responsible for integrating emotional reactions to pleasurable and aversive experiences?
Definition
the amygdala
Term
Which love of the brain is regarded as the seat of personality, judgment and reasoning?

When does this structure become fully developed? Is there a difference between sexes?
Definition
the frontal lobe

not fully developed until mis-20's

females mature/develop faster than males
Term
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for hearing, understanding speech, and forming an integrated sense of self?

What system does this lobe contain?
Definition
Temporal lobes

contains the limbic-reward system
Term
What's the relationship between drugs of abuse and the reward system?
Definition
Drugs of abuse activate the reward system in the limbic area of the brain, producing powerful feelings of pleasure

desire to repeat drug using behavior is strong//drugs can exert powerful control
Term
Name the parts of a neuron and the function of those parts, what does a neuron do?
Definition
Neuron - specialized cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells and muscles

dedrites - receives messages from other neurons
cell body - the body
axon - en electricity conducting fiber that carries info away from the cell body
myelin sheath
synapse - contact point where one neuron "communicates" with another neuron
Term
What is grey matter vs white matter, amount of each?
Definition
Gray matter contains neurons that are responsible for “thinking” (100 billion).
White matter contains supportive cells with nutritive roles (dendrites—1 trillion).
Term
What is a gap junction channel?
Definition
For an electrical synapse, it is the space between the pre- and post- synaptic cells
Term
What is a connexon?
Definition
it is also known as a connexin hemichannel or a pannexin channel, is an assembly of six proteins called connexins that form the pore for a gap junction between the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells.
Term
What is a synaptic vesicle?
Definition
Within a chemical synapse, store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse.
Term
What is a synaptic cleft?
Definition
In a chemical synapse, the space between neurons at a nerve synapse across which a nerve impulse is transmitted by a neurotransmitter—called also synaptic gap.
Term
What is a post-synaptic receptor?
Definition
In a chemical synapse, after release into the synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters interact with receptor proteins on the membrane of the postsynaptic cell, causing ionic channels on the membrane to either open or close.
Term
What are the major neurotransmitters? What are their functions? (8)
Definition
acetylcholine - regulates memory
dopamine - produces pleasure through the "reward system", controls movement, regulates hormonal responses, important to cognition and emotion
serotonin - plays a role in sleep, sensory perception, involved emotional states such as anxiety/depression
glutamate - excites the firing of neurons, aids process of memory
Gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) - inhibits the firing of neurons
Norepinephrine (NE) - implicated in arousal, attention and sensation-seeking behaviors
Opioid peptides - produce similar effects to morphine/heroin (aka alkaloid opiates)
Endocannabinoids - involved in appetite, pain-sensation, mood, and memory
Term
What is the relationship of marijuana, heroin, and GHB to neurotransmitters?
Definition
Some drugs, such as marijuana and heroin, can activate neurons because their chemical structure mimics that of a natural neurotransmitter.

Don't activate, but mimic!
Term
What is the function of an uptake pump in a synaptic cleft?
Definition
binds the neurotransmitter and "pumps" it to the nucleus accumbens
Term
Noradrenaline originates in the brain stem (locus coeruleus) and radiates to what areas?
Definition
radiates to amygdala, cerebellum, and hippocampus
Term
Dopamine originates in what part in the midbrain?
Definition
Originates in the VTA and substantia nigra
Term
Why do people drink alcohol/use drugs?
Definition
Because it makes them feel good, gives them liquid courage, gives an image
Term
What is Epidemiology
Definition
is the study of how diseases are distributed in populations. It also is the study of the determinants of disease and health.
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