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Phonetics
Exam 3
97
Pathology
Undergraduate 2
04/12/2010

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Term
citation form
Definition
careful pronunciation of a word as a single item.
Term
connected speech
Definition
an utterance consisting of two or more continuous words.
Term
rate of speech
Definition
10-20 segments per second
Term
overlap of features
Definition
phonemes are bundles of features.
words are not bound by pauses.
speed helps listener obtain meaning.
Term
coarticulation
Definition
overlap of articulatory movements.
due to timing constraints and ease of production.
Term
assimilation
Definition
what you produce that your listener hears. Changing one phoneme into another.
Term
primary articulation
Definition
the defining features in production of a segment.
Term
Example of primary articulation
Definition
/t/ is alveolar and /b/ is bilabial. Changes in primary articulatory features result in changes in the identity of phonemes.
Term
secondary articulation
Definition
coarticulatory changes that add features, but do not change identity.
Term
labialization
Definition
adding lip rounding to a consonant or vowel that normally lacks this feature.
Term
example of labialization
Definition
/t,k,s/ with lip rounding when the precede a /w/ or a /u/ vowel. "twin" "quick"
Term
palatalization
Definition
production of labial consonants such as /p,b,f,v/ with the tongue almost contacting the palate.
-misuse pronounced at mishuse.
Term
velarization
Definition
mainly applied to the /l/ when produced as a syllabic consonant or when post vocalic position.
-the /l/ at the end of tool.
Term
nasalization
Definition
affects vowels that are produced in the context of a nasal consonant.
-ae in pan said with nasal resonance.
Term
glottalization
Definition
refers to producing a glottal and oral stop simultaneously.
Term
two terms used to describe direction of assimilation
Definition
progressive and regressive.
Term
progressive
Definition
left-to-right assimilation:
occurs when a sound affects one that follows.
Term
example of progressive assimilation
Definition
the /i/ vowel in "sheet" being produced with labialization because of the lip rounding of the initial consonant.
Term
regressive assimilation
Definition
right-to-left assimilation:
occurs when a sound affects one the is before it.
Term
example of regressive assimilation
Definition
the phonebooth ("phomebooth")
the sandwich ("samwich")
Term
Can assimilation be both regressive and progressive?
Definition
Yes. This occurs when segments that precede and follow the affected sound exert a similar influence. "man" The /m/ and the /n/ nasalize the vowel.
Term
contiguous assimilation
Definition
occurs between segments which are next to one another in a sequence.
Term
noncontiguous segment
Definition
occurs between segments which are at a distance from one another.
Term
labial assimilation
Definition
nonlabial consonant changes to labial due to influence of another sound.
Term
palatal assimilation
Definition
producing the phrase miss you as "mishyou" due to the influence of the /j/ changing the /s/ to an /sh/.
Term
velar assimilation
Definition
a child producing the word duck and "guck" due to the influence of the /k/ changing the /d/ into a /g/.
Term
labial, palatal, and velar assimilation
Definition
examples of changes to the primary articulatory features of a segment. These changes are named for the feature that results.
Term
vowel reduction
Definition
associated with the occurence of strong forms and weak forms of words in conversational speech.
Term
strong form of vowel reduction
Definition
occurs when the word is stressed.
Term
weak form of vowel reduction
Definition
reduction of a vowel to a schwa or to the /I/ in unstressed syllables.
Term
production processes in connected speech
Definition
relatively predictable changes that occur across different speakers.
Term
elision
Definition
occurs when one or more segments are left our of a word when it is pronounced.
Term
example of elision
Definition
"police" being pronounced as a single syllable /plis/.
Term
epenthesis
Definition
occurs when a sound is inserted, such as to break-up consonant clusters or to provide an easier transition between sounds.
Term
example of epenthesis
Definition
adding the schwa vowel between the /l/ and /m/ in the word "film" -"fIlum"
Term
metathesis
Definition
occurs when two adjacent segments are reversed
Term
example of meathesis
Definition
saying the word "elephant" as "ephelant"
Term
speech errors
Definition
include a variety of changes in pronunciation such as exchanges, insertions, and sound deletions.
Term
pharyngealization
Definition
r-colored vowels; Ir, Er, "or", and ar.
Term
acoustic features of resonant consonants:
-What listeners perceive-
Definition
continuous-no silent gaps.
resonant quality due to nasal energy.
vocal fold pulsation (voicing).
lower frequency sound energy.
transition to vowel.
Term
nasal murmur
Definition
lower frequency sound energy.
Term
approximant articulation:
-what speakers do-
Definition
Bring articulators close together.
Create constriction narrower than for vowels, wider than for fricatives.
Move articulators to create appropriate shape of constriction.
Raise velum to seal off nasal cavity
Generate vocal fold vibration
Term
glide articulation
Definition
move/glide articulators from constricted to more open.
-movement is very important-
Allow sound energy to go through oral cavity in unrestricted way.
Term
lateral articulation
-later /l/ speakers-
Definition
Make tongue tip contact at midline by touching alveolar ridge.
Hold contact briefly.
Allow sound energy to radiate off sides of tongue.
Term
Rhotic articulation
-rhotic /r/ speakers-
Definition
Might curl tongue tip back, not quite touching alveolar or palate.
Might bunch tongue dorsum toward the palate.
Hold this articulatory position briefly.
Term
What listeners perceive for glides
Definition
continuous segment.
no period of silence.
continuous voicing for /w,j/.
Immediate change in resonance of vocal tract.
Long transition of "noise" compared to obstruents.
Term
what listeners perceive for lateral and rhotic
Definition
continuous segment. no silent gap. resonant quality like vowels. steady resonance unlike glides.
Term
bilabial glide
Definition
/w/ and /hw/
-these have two places of production:
bilabial and velar
Term
palatal
Definition
glide /j/
only voice beginning or middle of words.
rhotic /r/.
Term
alveolar
Definition
later /l/
initial, final, and medial
Term
approximate
Definition
a consonant such as a glide or liquid that is produced with an obstruction in the vocal tract.
Term
three approximate sound classes
Definition
glides
liquids
-lateral /l/
-rhotic /r/
Term
formant
Definition
resonant frequency of the vocal tract
Term
Two reasons why coarticulation occurs in connected speech...
Definition
1) Maintaining rate of speech.
2)Speech is continuous signal.
Term
What is a phonetic cue for a tone group in spoken English?
Definition
rising or falling intonation.
Term
definition of suprasegmentals
Definition
phonetic phenomena.
Beyond boundaries of single speech sounds.
-stress, intonation, timing.
Term
Prosody
Definition
nearly a synonym
Term
Affected units of production by suprasegmentals?
Definition
syllables, words, phrases, and sentence.
Term
stress
Definition
prominance, duration, intensity
-highlighting of a unit with respect to other units.
Term
Intonation
Definition
pitch, fundamental frequency
Term
Timing
Definition
rhythm, duration, units per second.
Term
perceptual cues for stress
Definition
loudness, pitch, length, vowel quality, resistance to assimilation.
Term
primary stress
Definition
loudest/longest duration
Term
secondary stress
Definition
only in some words and phrases.
Term
tertiary stress
Definition
disappearing syllable
Term
word stress
Definition
relative prominence of syllables within words.
Term
Equal stress, predictable stress, unpredictable stress
Definition
word stress varies across languages.
Term
True/False:
Does word stress vary depending on whether it is used as a verb or a noun?
Definition
True!
Term
Example of noun verb contrast
Definition
a conflict/to conflict
a contrast/to contrast
a defect/to defect
Term
Word meaning examples
Definition
insight/incite
decade/decayed
desert/dessert
Term
multisyllable words
Definition
-paper
-around
-animal
-continue
-pioneer
-educated, educate
-philosophy, philosophical
Term
Sentence stress or emphasis
Definition
relative prominence of words within phrases and sentences.
Term
Functions of sentence stress of emphasis in our language:
Definition
Importance of word-highlight content words.
Speakers intent-highlight new information.
Signal syntactic differences.
Term
adjective + noun words
Definition
secondary stress on adjective.
primary stress on noun.
Term
compound adjective noun words
Definition
primary stress on adjective.
secondary stress on noun.
Term
tone group or intonation contour
Definition
sentences, phrases, or words with their own internal intonation patterns.
Term
True/False
-Long sentences usually have more than one tone group...
Definition
True!
Term
Tonic or nuclear syllable
Definition
syllable that receives greatest stress in a tone group.
Term
Transcription of sentence stress
Definition
Identify stressed words
-usually content words
Mark word with primary stress
-one per tone group.
-mark other stressed words with secondary symbol.
Term
pitch changes
Definition
may occur in syllables, words, phrases, and sentences.
-associated with fundamental frequency
Term
Uses of pitch
Definition
Tone in tonal languages.
-changes in fundamental frequency in syllables and words change meaning.
Term
True/False
-English uses tone to change meaning of words...
Definition
False!
Term
Intonation Patters
Definition
changes in fundamental frequency in phrases and sentences.
-question vs. statement.
Term
Fall intonation
Definition
statements, "wh" questions
Term
Rise-sharp fall intonations
Definition
exclamations
Term
fall-rise
Definition
"yes, no" questions, making a list, incomplete thought.
Term
Timing or tempo
Definition
variations in speaker's durational or temporal pattern.
Term
Interval between stressed syllables in a sentence.
Definition
fast speakers vs. slow speakers-have the same interval.
Term
Examples of timing or tempo
Definition
rate of speech
rhythm
duration of phonemes
pauses and juncture
Term
What is rate of speech measured in?
Definition
phonemes or syllables per second.
-5 to 5.5 syllables per second.
Term
variations associated with durations of phonemes
Definition
-levels of stress
-phonetic context
-sentence context
Term
internal juncture symbol
Definition
(+)
Term
external juncture symbol
Definition
short pause | long pause ||
Term
pauses signaled phonetically by:
Definition
silence
phoneme lengthening
hesitation
Term
Juncture
Definition
associated with:
-division/connection between words
-division/connection between tone groups
Term
External juncture
Definition
connects tone groups
rising or falling terminal juncture
associated with punctuation
Term
Internal juncture
Definition
between words within a tone group
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