Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Pharmacology
Exam 5 2012
184
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 3
04/28/2012

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Which of the following would be least favorable to a cancers ability to metastasize?
Definition
increased intercellular adhesion
Term
Which of the following contributes the least to ways in which cancers metastasize?
Definition
individual cells migrate
Term
Which of the following is true concerning prions?
Definition
infectious agents smaller than viruses
Term
Which of the following is associated with prions?
Definition
transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
Term
which of the following is not a recognized mechanism of microbial antiobiotic resistance?
Definition
build thicker cell walls
Term
Which of the following is not a recognized mechanism for how microbes obtain antibiotic resistance?
Definition

none of the above!!!

spontaneous mutation

picked up from free DNA

transfer during bacterial sex

obtained from a virus

Term
Which of the following contributes the least to a persons risk of developing cancer?
Definition
being poor
Term
Which of the following differentiates Gram-neg, from Gram-pos. bacteria (ie. true for gram-neg)?
Definition
they have another membrane outside their cell wall
Term
The recently discovered p73 protein appears to act in a similar fashion to p 53. There it will:
Definition
promote DNA repair
Term
A cell with active telomerase would:
Definition
continue dividing indefinately
Term
"Carcinoma in situ" refers to:
Definition
epithelial cancer that has not crossed the basement membrane
Term
Which of the following describe the physiologic action of amylin:
Definition
decreases rate of gastric emptying
Term
Which of the following is the greatest source of chemical carcinogens to humans:
Definition
cigarette smoke
Term
Which of the following are needed for malignant tumor to metastasize successfully?
Definition

collagenase secretion

protease secretion

laminin receptors

Term
Which of the following are needed for a transformed cell to become malignant
Definition
increased synthesis of angiogenesis factors
Term
Which of the following factors contribute the least to incidence of cancer?
Definition
food additives (dyes and preservatives)
Term
The leading casue of mortality from cancer in children is:
Definition
leukemia
Term
The leading cause of mortality from cancer in adults is:
Definition
lung cancer
Term
Which cancer has the highest incidence (occurrence) in women?
Definition
breast
Term
Most commonly occuring cancer among men ages 40-70 is:
Definition
prostatic adenocarcinoma
Term
The greatest source of exposure to carcinogenic agents for most of the population is:
Definition
diet
Term
Neoplastic cell growth may be stimulated by which of the following:
Definition

increased synthesis and secretion of normal growth factor

increased synthesis and deployment of growth factor receptors

increased synthesis of continuously activated DNA transcription factor

increased synthesis of defective, continuously activated signal transducer protein

Term
Mortality from cancer is highest in which of the following groups:
Definition
men over 50
Term
Which of the following describe the physiologic action of insulin:
Definition

increase glucose uptake in neurons and hepatocytes

increase breakdown of fats to ketone bodies

increase formation of protein from amino acids

Term
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is associted with
Definition
spongiform encephalopathy
Term
Oncogenes are mutated genes that:
Definition
promote mitosis
Term
Which of the following promotes spermatogenesis?
Definition
LH (hCG)
Term
Antibodies to TSH receptors are associated with:
Definition
Grave's Disease
Term
Antibodies to TPO (thyroid peroxidase) are associated with:
Definition
Hashimoto's Disease
Term
Which is NOT true concerning prions?
Definition
killled by some antiviral drugs
Term
The p53 mole can:
Definition
increase synthesis of CDKinase inhibitors
Term
p53 levels are increased in response to:
Definition
DNA damage
Term
Increased telomerase (TERT) actvity is seen in:
Definition

cancer cells

stem cells

germ cells

Term
Rimantadine is associated with few CNS side effects than Amantadine because it:
Definition
does not cross the blood-brain barrier very well
Term
Which of the following mediates actions whcih are oppostie to those of Insulin?
Definition
glucagons
Term
Diabetes symptomolgy shows up when:
Definition
over 90% of beta cells are destroyed
Term
Mortality among US diabetic patients is primarily associated with:
Definition
atherosclerosis
Term
Which of the following are mechanisms used to treat  viral infections?
Definition

disrupting nucleic acid biosynthesis (usually by inhibiting critical enzymes)

inhibit uncoating

preventing adsorbtion and penetration

Term
Which of the following is not found in prokaryotes?
Definition
a nucleus
Term
The rational approach to antimicrobial chemotherapy relies on which of the following:
Definition
there are subtle differences in cellular components or molecules between microbes and humans
Term
Retroviruses are unique because:
Definition
they can make DNA from RNA
Term
A term which describes an agent that kills microorganisms:
Definition
fungicidal
Term
Which of the following limit our ability to treat cancer effectively:
Definition
the toxicity of the drugs to normal tissues
Term
In order to truly cure a person of cancer, what percentage of the cancer cells MUST be killed?
Definition
100%
Term
Chronic hyperglycemia contributes to which of the following:
Definition

development of heart disease due to atherosclerosis

development of kidney disease (nephropathy)

development of hypertension

Term
Advanced glycosylated endproducts (AGEs) contributes to:
Definition
macrovascular damage/all of the above
Term
Which of the following contributes the greatest to retinal damage in diabetics?
Definition
microhemorrhages
Term
Extreme dehydration is most likely to be associated with:
Definition
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNK)
Term
Sorbitol accumulation occurs in cells that:
Definition
do not require insulin to take up glucose
Term
Obesity primarily contributes to which of the following:
Definition
insulin resistance
Term
agent which stimulates clonal expansion or growth authonomy
Definition
promotor
Term
agent which can induce cancer in normal cells
Definition
complete carcinogen
Term
agent which can cause permanent DNA changes
Definition
initiator
Term
agent which induces invasiveness and metastatic ability
Definition
progressor
Term
blocks IIb/IIIa (fibrinogen) receptor to decrease platelet action
Definition
Abciximab (Reopro)
Term
anti-TNFalpha used to treat some chronic inflammatory conditions
Definition
Infliximab (Remicade)
Term
IL2 receptor blocker to decrease T-cell action in transplant rejection
Definition
Dacliximab (Zenapax) 
Term
blocks cytokine production by T-cells  to help prevent organ transplant rejection
Definition
Tacrolimus (Prograf)
Term
adenosine deaminase replacement to promote T-cell development
Definition
Pegademase (Adagen)
Term
stimulate acticity of RNase-L which destroys viral RNA
Definition
Ampligen (Oragen)
Term
blocks HER2 (EGF) receptors which are overexpressed in 25-30% of breast cancers
Definition
Trastuzumab (Herceptin)
Term
increases immune system activity against some cancers
Definition
Alfa-Interferon
Term
associated with insulin resistance
Definition
primarily seen with Type 2 diabetes
Term
associated with beta-cell autoantibodies
Definition
primarily seen with Type 1 diabetes
Term
most commonly occurring diabetes in the US
Definition
primarily seen with Type 2 diabetes
Term
incidence increases with obesity
Definition
primarily seen with Type 2 diabetes
Term
associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Definition
primarily seen with Type 1 diabetes
Term
associated with HHNK syndrome
Definition
primarily seen with Type 2 diabetes
Term
associated with intracellular sorbitol accumulation
Definition
primarily seen with Type 2 diabetes
Term
associated with absolute requirement for daily insulin injections
Definition
primarily seen with Type 1 diabetes
Term
associated with very high, sustained, hyperglycemia
Definition
primarily seen with Type 2 diabetes
Term
women who experienced gestational diabetes are more likely to develop
Definition
primarily seen with Type 2 diabetes
Term
associated with vision loss due to diabetic retinopathy
Definition
primarily seen with Type 2 diabetes
Term
DNA crosslinking by covalently bridging guanine bases
Definition
cisplatin
Term
inhibit microtubule function
Definition
paclitaxel
Term

inhibit deoxyribonucleotide synthesis

Definition
hydroxyurea
Term
inhibit enzymes needed for DNA base synthesis
Definition
methotrexate
Term
increase DNA strand breakge by inhibiting repair enzymes
Definition
etoposide
Term
increase DNA strand breakage by inserting between DNA bases
Definition
bleomycin
Term
DNA crosslinking by covalently bridging guanine bases
Definition
busulfan
Term
inhibit microtuble function
Definition
vinblastine
Term
inhibit enzymes needed for DNA base synthesis
Definition
pemetrexed
Term
increases DNA strand breakage by inhibiting repair enzymes
Definition
teniposide
Term
increase DNA strand breakage by inserting between DNA bases
Definition
doxorubicin
Term
inhibit the peroxide-catalyxed steps in thyroxine synthesis
Definition
methimazole
Term
block the cardovascular stimulation by excess thyroxine
Definition
propranolol
Term
inhibit the release of thyroxine from the thyroid gland
Definition
iodide salts
Term
decrease the size of functional thyroid tissue
Definition
radioactive iodine
Term
tetra-iodothyronine (t4) preparation
Definition
levothyroxine
Term
Rosiglitazone
Definition
increases expression of glucose transporters in muscle and adipose cells
Term
Acarbose
Definition
inhibits digestion of starch and disaccharides
Term
Metformin
Definition
decreases hepatic glucose production
Term
Sitaglipton
Definition
inhibits breakdown of incretins
Term
Repaglinide
Definition
stimulates increased secretion of insulin
Term
Glyburide
Definition
stimulates increased secretion of insulin
Term
Exenatide
Definition
increases sensitivity of beta-cells to blood glucose levels
Term
Miglitol
Definition
inhibits digestion of starch and disaccharides
Term
inhibit DNA synthesis by inhibiting GTP production
Definition
Ribavirin
Term
inhibit DNA synthesis by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase
Definition
Acyclovir
Term
prevents viral uncoating
Definition
Amantadine
Term
neuroaminidase inhibitor blocks virus release
Definition
Oseltamivir
Term
blocks viral protease
Definition
Indinavir
Term
blocks rhinovirus binding to ICAM-I
Definition
Zinc gluconate
Term
reverse transcriptase inhibitor
Definition
Zidovudine
Term
inhibit DNA synthesis by inhibiting GTP production
Definition
Efavirenz
Term
inhibit DNA synthesis by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase
Definition
Famcylovir
Term
prevents viral uncoating
Definition
Rimantadine
Term
blocks viral protease
Definition
Nelfinavir
Term
reverse transcriptase inhibitor
Definition
lamivudine
Term
Rhinovirus
Definition
zinc gluconate
Term
Influenza Type A
Definition
Amantadine
Term
Influenza Type A and B
Definition
Zanamivir
Term
HIV and Hepatitis B
Definition
Lamivudine
Term
Herpes virus
Definition
Famcylovir
Term
inhibit peptidoglycan cross linking
Definition
penicillins
Term
inhibit incorporation of peptide subunits into cell wall
Definition
vancomycin
Term
inhibit protein synthesis at 30s ribosome level
Definition
aminoglycosides
Term
inhibit protein synthesis by interfering with 50s ribosome function
Definition
erythromycin
Term
inhibit folate synthesis
Definition
sulfonaamides
Term
also inhibits folate synthesis
Definition
trimethoprim 
Term
inhibits RNA synthesis by blocking polymerase activity
Definition
rifampin
Term
inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by blocking DNA gyrase activity
Definition
quinolones
Term
attack cell membrane and cause leakage
Definition
amphotericin B
Term
antifungal that blocks ergosterol synthesis
Definition
ketoconazole
Term
cancer associated with the poorest survival rate
Definition
pancreas
Term
cancer with the highest incidence among males
Definition
prostate
Term
cancer with the highest incidence among females
Definition
breast
Term
cancer with the greatest mortality among males
Definition
lung
Term
cancer with the greatest mortaily among females
Definition
lung
Term
cancer with declining incidence in the US for the past 3 years
Definition
stomach
Term
Topoisomerase I inhibitor
Definition
irinotecan
Term
Topoisomerase II inhibitor
Definition
etoposide
Term
Antiviral used to treat hepatitis C and Kaposi's sarcoma
Definition
Interferon-alpha
Term
used to treat malignant melanoma
Definition
Il-2 (proleukin)
Term
anti-androgen used to treat prostate cancer
Definition
Bicalutamide (Casodex)
Term
anti-estrogen used to treat breast cancer
Definition
Raloxifene (Evista)
Term
Aromatase inhibitor used to treat breast cancer
Definition
Letrozole (Femara)
Term
Which one of the following products would not fall into the category of "dietary supplements"?
Definition
Aspirin
Term
The best measure of the therapeutic potency of a garlic product is its ability to produce
Definition
allicin
Term
Whch herbal drug has been generally approved for treatment of such symptoms as vertigo, tinnitus, and memory loss due to diminished cerebral blood flow?
Definition
ginkgo
Term
A 60-year old man comes into the pharmacy and says that he has been diagnosed with BPH (Benign Prostate Hyperplasia) and tells you that his urologist has told him that he has a choice: he can get a prescription drug finasteride or he may want to try an herbal product.  Which of the following is generally approved to help patients with BPH?
Definition
saw palmetto
Term
This herbal supplment for treatment of mild to moderate depression:
Definition
St. John's wort
Term
The primary benefit of preparations made from the herb hawthorn is:
Definition
Cardiotonic
Term
One of the following herbs has a specific effect on the liver.
Definition
Milk thistle
Term
An important advice for patients who are using herbs is which of the following?
Definition
do not delay seeking conventional medical treatment for serious conditions
Term
pruritus (itching)
Definition
histamine
Term
activates pain receptor
Definition
bradykinin
Term
promotes platelet aggregation
Definition
thromboxane
Term
chemotactic for neutrophils
Definition
leukotriene B4
Term
agent that activates DNA transcription
Definition
nuclear factor
Term
induces fever and hyperplasia
Definition
PGE2  (Prostaglandin E2)
Term
induces vasoconstricition and platelet aggregation
Definition
TXA2 (Thromboxane A2)
Term
induces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation
Definition
PGI2 (Prostacyclin)
Term
chemokines that induce chemotaxis and endothelial cell activation
Definition
IL-1, TNF
Term
complement fragments useful as opsonins
Definition
C3a, C3b
Term
increase flow to an area
Definition
hyperemia
Term
leakage of protein-rich fluid from the circulation
Definition
exudate
Term
WBCs that predominate in an area of acute imflammation
Definition
neutrophils
Term
Chemicals that attract WBCs
Definition
chemotactic factors
Term
substances that bind to antigens and facilitate phagocytosis
Definition
Term
released from cell membrane by phospholipase a2
Definition
arachidonic acid
Term
enzyme needed for sunthesis of prostaglandins
Definition
cyclooxygenase
Term
enzyme needed for synthesis of leukotrienes
Definition
lipoxygenase
Term
substances released by activated WBCs to activate orhter immune cells
Definition
cytokines
Term
synthesized primarily by activated platelets
Definition
thromboxane
Term
sequence of activated proteases that eventually cause an insoluble fibrin meshwork
Definition
clotting cascade
Term
Collagenases are released by white blood cells in order to:
Definition
emigrate through basement membrane 
Term
Colecoxib (Celebrex) is a specific COX-2 inhibitor.  What are the advantages of this drug compared to aspirin?
Definition
fewer side effects
Term
Neutrophils primarily emigrate from:
Definition
venules
Term
Which of the following contributes to pruritis (itching)?
Definition
histamine
Term
Histamine-induced increased vascular permeability is achieved by:
Definition
endothelial cell contraction
Term
Acute inflammation is characterized by:
Definition

edema

increased vascular permeability

accumulation of neutrophils

Term
Chronic inflammation is characterized by
Definition
presence of lymphocytes and macrophages
Term
Drugs (neoglycopolymers) are being developed that block L-selection activity.  Which of the following are they most likely to produce?
Definition
reduce leukocyte migration
Term
Which of the following is associated with the anti-inflammatory activity of steroids?
Definition
prevent NF-kB activation
Term
Inhibition of COX-2 is responsible for
Definition
the anti-inflammatory activity of aspirin-like NSAIDS
Term
Inhibition of COX-1 is responsible for:
Definition
GI side effects of aspirin-like NSAIDs
Term
NF-kB when activated is assocated with which of the following:
Definition
activates DNA transcription
Term
Integrins are primarily expressed on:
Definition
leukocytes
Term
Which of the following activities are associated with Leukotriene B4:
Definition
chemotactic for WBCs
Term
Aspirin can reduce NF-kB activation by:
Definition
blocking phosphorylation of I-kB
Term
The most potent mediator for vasodilation and increased permeability is:
Definition
platelet activating factor
Term
The adhesion molecules associated with WBC emigration from the vasculature is:
Definition
PECAM
Term
Epithelial cell/cell adhesion molecules are primarily:
Definition
cadherins
Supporting users have an ad free experience!