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Pharmacology
U of I CON
208
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 1
03/04/2010

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Term
idosyncratic effect
Definition
an uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predispostion
Term
iatrogenic disease
Definition
drug induced disease
-essentially identical to naturally occurring pathology
Term
qt interval
Definition
measure the time required for ventricles to repolarize( become more -) after each contraction
Term
QT drugs
Definition
can prolong AT interval, creating life threatening arrhythmias
-avoid in patients with bradycarida, CHF, low K, and low Mg
Term
K in heart function
Definition
K helps trigger depolarization of the heart. Helping it beat
Term
Mg in heart function
Definition
has the ability to block calcium from entering muscle cells, as a result, Mg can help reduce vascular resistance.
Term
creatine
Definition
kindey function.
less than 2
Term
kidney main function
Definition
excretion
Term
liver
Definition
blood supplied by hepatic artery ( oxegentated blook from aorta) and portal vein( blood with digested food from small intestine)
detoxification
protein sythesis
produces biochemicals for digestion
Term
tachyphlylaxis
Definition
reduction in drug responsiveness brought on by repeated dosing over a short time
Term
tachyphlylaxis
Definition
reduction in drug responsiveness brought on by repeated dosing over a short time
Term
parasympathetic nervous system uses what NT at both ganglion neurons
Definition
ACH
Term
the SNS uses what NT at Alpha and Beta receptors
Definition
NE or EPI(released from Adrenal Medulla)
Term
The SNS used what NT at Sweat gland with a muscarinic receptor
Definition
ACH
Term
Cholinergic receptors cause what effect
Definition
REST DIGEST. (ach is on PNS and sweat in SNS)
Term
Alpha one
Definition
vasoconstriction in periphery
ejaculation
contraction of bladder neck and prostate
pupil dilation or mydriasis
Term
alpha 2
Definition
periphery receptors: regulate NE release through negative feedback
CNS receptors: reduce sympathetic outflow to heart and blood vessels, relief of sever pain
Term
beta 1
Definition
increase HR
-force of contration
-velocity of conduction in AV node
KINDEY
- renin release causes vasoconstriction and other events associated with RAAS
HF, shock, atriovent heart block, CA
Term
beta 2
Definition
bronchial dilation
relaxtion of uterine muscles
vasodilation to heart
glycogenolysis
enhanced skeletal muscle contraction
dopamine dilates renal blood vessels
Asthma, delay of preterm labor, can cause hyperglycemia and tremors due to increased skeletal muscle contraction
Term
EPI can activate what adrenergic receptors
Definition
all alpha and beta
Term
NE can activate what adrenergic receptors
Definition
alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta 1
Term
Dopamine can activate what adrenergic receptors
Definition
alpha 1, beta 1 and DOPAMINE!
Term
Bethanechol
Definition
muscarinic agonist (will cause rest and digest symptoms)
bradycardia plus all other things about resting
Term
atropine
Definition
muscarinic antagonists/ anticholinergic (will have fight or flight response bc you are doing opposite of PNS)
Term
Oxybutynin
Definition
anticholinergic (I gotta go med)
Term
Catecholamines
Definition
an adreneric agonist the has a brief DOA and is metabolized quickly by MAO and cannor cross BBB
and no PO
-NE, EPI, DOP, Isoproterenol, Dobutamine
Term
Noncatecholamines
Definition
adreneric agonist that is metabolized slowly by MAO can be given orally and can cause CNS effects by crossing BBB
Phenylephrine, terbutaline, ephedrine
Term
epinephrine
Definition
all receptors
catecholamine
delays absoption of local anesthetic
control superficial bleeding
elevated blod pressure
dialation
overcome AV block
shock the heart! resore cardiac function in arrest
bronchial dilation in asthma
anaphlactic shock
Term
MAOI
Definition
prevent the breakdown of EPI
Term
Norepinephrine
Definition
Alpha 1 alpha 2 and beta 1
catecholamine
hypotensive states
cardiac arrests
does not promote hyperglycemia
Term
isproterenol
Definition
beta1, beta 2
catecholamine
cardiovascular
bronchospasm
Term
dopamine
Definition
catecholamine
increases cardiac outpue
increases renal perusion
HF: increases myocardial contractility
Term
Dobutamine
Definition
Beta 1
catecholamine
CHF
Term
phenylephrin
Definition
alpha 1
noncatecholamine
Term
terbutaline
Definition
beta 2
noncatecholamine
Term
ephedrine
Definition
apha 1, alpha 2, beta 2
noncatecholamine
can make meth from this
Term
Prazosin
Definition
alpha 1 adreneric blocker
HTN and BPH
Term
Phentolamine
Definition
alpha 1 and alpha 2 blockade
treatment of pheochromacytoma
treatment of tissue necrosis followin IV
Term
propranolol
Definition
non selective beta blockade
HTN
Angina
Cardiac dysrythmias
MI
Term
Metoprolol
Definition
Beta 1 blockade only
HTN
angina pectoris
MI
heart failure
( can be used in DM bc of no B2)
Term
Clonidine
Definition
activation of alpha 2 receptors located in the cardio control centers in brainstem
reduction of smpathetic outflow to blood vessels and heart
vasodialtion
decrease HR
used for
HTN
sever pain
Term
3 basic functions of kidney
Definition
1. cleanins ECF and maintain ECF volume and comp
2. maintenance of acid- base balance
3. excretion of metabolic wasted and foreign substances
Term
where does filtration occur
Definition
glomerulus
Term
what is the first step in urine formation
Definition
filtration at the glomerulus
Term
for small molecules such as elctrolytes, glucose, amino acids, drugs, and metabolic wastes, what kind of proces is filtration
Definition
non selective
Term
Large molecules are transfered where during filtration
Definition
they stay behind in the blood
Term
how much of water, electrolytes and nutrients undergo reabsorption
Definition
99%
Term
what kind of transport do solutes require in order to be reabsorbed
Definition
active transport
Term
where does reasoption take place
Definition
Proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal concoluted tubule (just not in collecting duct)
Term
where does active tubular secretion occur
Definition
proximal convoluted tubule
Term
what substances are actively pumped into the nephron from the plasma during active tubular secretion
Definition
acids and bases
Term
reabsoprtion at the proximal convoluted tubule
Definition
65% of Na filtered Na+ and Cl- reabsorbed. Essentailly all HCO3- and K+ reabsorbed
water follows passively
Term
reabsorption in the loop of henle descending limb
Definition
water drawn from loop into the interstitial space of the medulla.
freely permeable to h20 and causes urine to becom concertrated
Term
reabsoption in the loop of henle in the ascending limb
Definition
20%of filtered Na+ and Cl- reabsorbed.
not h20 permeable.
Term
reabsorption at the distal convoluted tubule (early segment)
Definition
10% of Na and C reabsorbed. water follows passively.
Term
late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
Definition
Na-K exchange as influenced by aldosterone
regulation of urine concentration by ADH
Term
ADH
Definition
acts on collecting duct to increase it permeabilty to water therfore increasing reabsorption and concentration of urine
Term
Diabetes insipidus
Definition
lacking ADH. Water can not be reabsored in collecting duct therefore pt has large amounts of dilute urine
Term
diuretic uses
Definition
HTN
mobilize edematous fluid r/t heart failure cirhosis and kidney disease
prevent renal failure
Term
how do diuretics work?
Definition
the block sodium and choride reabsorption which causes h20 to be attracted into the nephron
Term
adverse effects of diuretects
Definition
hypovelemia
acid base imbalance
electrolyte imbalance
Term
Furosemide
Definition
high ceiling diuretic (loop diuretic)
acts on ascending loop of henle to block reabsoption of na and cl (20%)
oral- 60 min onset, persits for 8 hours
IV- onset of 5 min. last up to 5 hours. (for ER reasons)
Term
Theraputic uses of Furosemide
Definition
pulmonary edema with CHF
edamatous states related to hepatic renal disease
CAN PRODUCE DIURESIS EVEN WHEN GFR and RENAL BLOOF FLOW ARE LOW
HTN
Term
adverse effects of furosemide
Definition
hyponatremia, hypochloremia and dehydration
hypotention
hypokalemia( increased secretion in distal nephron)
ototoxicity
hyperuricemia (can increase gout symptoms)
Fetal dealth
Term
Drug interaction of furosemide
Definition
digoxin
ototoxic drugs
lithium (excretion of lithium is decreased when NA is low. can reach toxic levels)
Use cause with other HTN meds
Term
HCTZ (hydrocholorthiazide)
Definition
thiazide
early seg distal convoluted tubule
peakes 4-6 hours
PO only
FIRST DRUG OF CHOICE IN HTN TREATMENT (cheap!!)
Edema
Term
adverse effects of HCTZ
Definition
hypovelemia, hypocholeremia, dehydration
hypokelemia
no prego
hypereuricemia ( uric acid level in people pre desposed to gout)
DEPENDEDNT ON ADEQUATE KIDNEY FUNCTION
Term
HCTZ drug interactions
Definition
digoxin
use caustion with other HTN meds
lithium ( counter transport system wtih na)
no ototoxic effects
Term
spironolactone
Definition
potassium sparing
rarely used alone from diuretic effects
ofen used to counteract potassium loss caused my thiazied or loop diuretics
blocks the effect of aldosterone on the Na/K exchange pump in the distal nephron
Term
aldosterone
Definition
promotes Na and K homeostasis. Helps maintain intravascualr volume. promotes sodium reaboption in exchange for secreted K and H.
If blocked, K is retaiend and Na excretion is increased. (pump is reversed) ex. Spironolactone
released from adrenal cortex
regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
Term
spironolactone uses
Definition
HTN
edematoes states
HF due to blockade of aldosterone receptros
primary hyperaldosteronism
Term
Spironolactone Side effects
Definition
hyperkalemia is most common
Term
spironolactone drug reactions
Definition
agents that rise K levels
-salt subs
-K sups
-angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
angiotensin receptor blockers
direct renin inhibitors
Term
mannitol
Definition
huge molecule capable of large amounts of diuresis
creats osmotice force in the lumen of nephrom
undergoes minimal reabsorption
little effect of excretion of other electrolytes
MUST BE GIVEN IV
Term
mannitol uses
Definition
reduction of intracranial pressure
prevention of renal failure in sever hypotention r/t hypovolemic shock or dehydration
Term
mannitol side effects
Definition
it can leak out into the interstitial space except those in brain. (EDEMA)
headache
N/V
Term
What should a nurse monitor while administering a diuretic
Definition
hypovelmia (weight!)
Dehydration
I/O
Electrolyes, especially K
Term
what should the serum level of K be
Definition
3.5- 5
Term
where is a majority of our blood at all times?
Definition
systemic circulation
Term
when is pressure in heart the highest?
Definition
when it leaves the left ventricle
Term
what controls the HR
Definition
autonomic nervous system
Term
what 3 factors effect stroke volume
Definition
1. myocardial contractility
2. cardiac afterload
3. cardiac preload
Term
cardiac afterload
Definition
arterial pressure the left ventricle must overcome to eject blood
Term
cardiac preload
Definition
amount of tension applied to a muscle prior to contraction
Term
what controls stroke volume
Definition
venous return
Term
starlings law of the heart
Definition
force of contraction proportional to the muscle fiber length
Term
what aspect of venous return determinants can drugs directly alter
Definition
blood volume, venous tone
Term
arterial pressure
Definition
peripheral resistance x cardiac output
Term
what regulates arterial pressure
Definition
ANS
RAAS
Term
what does the ANS use for steady state control for arterial pressure
Definition
the ANS regulates AP by adjusting CO and peripheral resistance
Term
what does the ANS use for rapid control of arterial pressure
Definition
baroreceptor reflex
Term
How does RAAS help regulate AP
Definition
angiotensin II constricts arterioles and Veins
aldosterone permits water retention in the kidneys
Term
natriuretic peptides
Definition
protect cardio system in event of volume overload
-atrial natriuretic peptide: produced by atrial myocytes
-B(brain)- natriuretic peptide: cardiac ventricular myocytes and some produced by brain cells
-C natriuretic peptide: produced by cells in vascular endothelium
Term
which natriuretic peptide promote natriuresis and therefore diuresis
Definition
ANP and BNP
Term
whic natiuretic peptides promote vasodilation
Definition
ANP BNP CNP
Term
Renin
Definition
hormone released by kidney when there is a decrease in blood flow
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Term
types of Angiotensin
Definition
I, II, III
only type II is highly active
Term
angiotensin II
Definition
vasoconstricion
very potent: contricts everything!
acts indirectly on:
-sympathetic neurons to increase NE release
-adrenal medulla to increase to
EPI release
-CNS to increase SNS outflow
all of this mean increase HR and increase contractility
CAUSES RELEASE OF ALDOSTERONE
Term
Fact! HTN can cause renal damage due to angiotensin II
Definition
angiotensen II increases filtration pressure. by increasing pressure in afferent arteriole(in to nephron) *after increasing systemic arterial pressure) and by constricting the effert arteriole (out of nephron) this generates back pressure in glomerulus. initially is beneficial. Overtime is harmful
Term
what regulates renin release
Definition
negative feedback
Term
steps to form angiotensin II
Definition
renin catalyzes the formation of Angiotensis I from angiotensinogen.
Angiotensin converting enzyme catlyzes I to II.
ACE is a non-specific enzyme and is known as kinase II when it acts on sunstrates or hormones known as bradykinins
Term
ACE inhibitors
Definition
"prils"
reduces levels of angiotensin II through inhibiton of ACE
-vasodilation
-reduce blood volume
increases levels of bradykinin through inhibition of kinase II (same as ACE)
-vasodilation
-can lead to cough and angioedema( sever swelling to the tongue, more fatal in blacks)
Term
bradykinin
Definition
a peptide that causes blood vessels to dilate, lowering BP, ACE inhibiors increase levels of bradykinin by inhibitation of kinase II
Term
ACE pharmacokinetics
Definition
most PO only enalaprilat given IV
prolonged half lived (BID) except captopril
Prodrugs- must be converted to an active form in small intestine and liver except lisinopril
ALL are excreted by kidneys. those with renal disease require reduced doses
Term
ACE inhibitor usues
Definition
HTN: vasodialte and reduce blood volume HF: vasodilation reduces afterload (increases CO) vasodilation reducs pulmonary congestion and edema
Term
Adverse effects of ACE inhibitors
Definition
first dose hypotension (first dose should be small)
Cough (most common reason pts discontinue med)
-increased permeability in lung causes irritation and cough
angioedema
hyperkalemia
fetal injury
Term
ACE inhibitor drug interaction
Definition
Diurectics- can cause first dose hypotention, stop 1 week prior to ACE inhibitor initiation and then restarted if needed
Antihypertensive agent
Drugs that raise K levels (Sporonolactone)
lithium
Term
ace inhibitor excreted what ion and retains what ion
Definition
exetes sodium and retains K
Term
which hormone can promote vascular fibrosis (which decreases arterial compliance)
Definition
aldosterone
Term
prazosin
Definition
selective blockade of alpha 1 adreneric receptor
HTN and BPH
Term
Phentolamine
Definition
blockade of alpha 1 and alpha 2
treatment of pheochromactyoma
treatment of tissue necrosis following IV
Term
ARBS
Definition
Valsartan
Losartan
blocks access of angiotensin II to systemic vessels and kidney
decreased release of aldoserone ( increase renal excretion of sodium and water and reduced excretion of potassium)
Does not inhibit kinase II so no increased levels of bradykinin. no cough!
Term
uses of ARBS
Definition
HTN
heart failure
diabetic nephropaty
MI
stroke prevetion
Term
adverserse effects of ARBS
Definition
angioedema
hyperkalemia
fetal harm
Term
Administration of ARBS
Definition
PO
Term
aliskiren
Definition
DRI
inhibits renin
angioedema
cough
GI effects
hyperkalemia
fetal injury
death
Term
aldosterone antagonist
Definition
spironolactone
Term
calcium channel blockers
Definition
greatest impackt on heart and blood vessles
Term
do calcium channel blockers cause vasoconstriction or vasodialation
Definition
vasodialtion!!
Term
do CCB have an effect on arterials veins or both
Definition
arteriols, arteries and arterioles of the heart
Term
if beta 1 receptors are stimulates what happens the level of calcium
Definition
it increases
Term
when calcium channels are open does av node conduction increase or decrease
Definition
increase
Term
Varapamil
Definition
CCB
acts on vascular smooth muscle and the heart
-dialition, decrease BP, decrease HR, decrease AV, decrease FOC
has indirect reflex effects: barorecepter reflex
Net effects: only effect that appears is vasodialation , reduce BP and increase coronary perfusion
Term
Diltiazem
Definition
CCB same as verapamil
Term
main adverse effect of varapamil and diltiazem
Definition
constipation from decrease contraction in bowels
can also cause heart block
dizziness
facial flushing
headache
edema of ankles and feel
gingival hyperplasia
Term
nifedipine
Definition
CCB
works on blood vessels (minimal work on heart)
CANNOT treat dysrythmias
less likely that verapmail to exacerbate pre existing cardiac disorders
because no effects on heart. the indirect effects are not oppesed and there will be an increased HR and increased contractile force.
Term
adverse effects of nifedipine
Definition
flushing
diziness
headache
peripheral edema
gingival hyperplasia
ECZEMA
increases cardiac oxygen demand
increased angina pain (sometimes combined with beta blockers but b blockers can intensify the aderse cardiac effects of V and D (heart block)
Term
hydralazine
Definition
vasodialator of arterioles
postural hypotenstion is minimal b/c no veins!
hypertension crisis
AE: reflex tachycardia
increase blood volume
systemic lupus erythematousus
headache, dizziness, weakness and fatigue
Term
nitroglycerin
Definition
vasodilater
organic nitrate that converts into nitric oxide in the body
VIENS
cheap effective and fast acting
hypertensive emergencies
Term
sodium nitroprusside
Definition
vasodilator
fastest acting
veins and arteries
emergencies! 230/140!!
continuous IV infusion
fast results but will stop once iv is stoped.
streat the cause not the symptoms
can cause cyanide poisoning (liver patients)
Term
Nesiritide
Definition
syntethis BNP that causes vasocntriction
suppressed the RAAS
arterioles and veins
Term
normal BP
Definition
below 120
below 80
Term
pre hypertention
Definition
120-139
80-89
Term
stage 1
Definition
140-159
90-99
Term
stage 2
Definition
150-169
over 100
Term
what kind of stroke will be cause by hypertention
Definition
hemorragic
Term
what is the second most common cause of ESRD in caucastians and leading cause of EDRD in AAs
Definition
hypertensive nephrosclerosis
Term
in a patient with stage one or stage two hypertention what is the maintenance blood pressure goal
Definition
140/90
Term
for patients with DM or kidney disease it is important to maintain a BP below what
Definition
130/80
Term
how does microalbuminuria cause risk for hypertension
Definition
if albumin is low that is indication of renal damage which means fluid is being retained which increases BP
Term
what is the equation for arterial pressure
Definition
CO x peripheral resistance
Term
classes of antihypertensive drugs
Definition
diuretics
sympatholytics(antiadrenergic drugs, beta, adrenergic blockers, direct actin vasodilators, calcium channel blockers, druges the suppress RAAS)
Term
Drugs that suppress RAAS
Definition
ace inhibitors (prils)
ARBS ( valsartan, losartan)
aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone)
direct renin inhibitor (aliskiren)
Term
Drugs that suppress RAAS
Definition
ace inhibitors (prils)
ARBS ( valsartan, losartan)
aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone)
direct renin inhibitor (aliskiren)
Term
sympatholytics (antiadrenric drugs)
Definition
beta adrenergis blockers
alpha 1 blockers
alpha 1/ nonselective beta blockers
centrally active alha 2 agonist
direct acting vasodilators
CCB
RAAS suprresers
Term
labetalol
Definition
alpha and beta adrenergic blockera
should be avoided in patients wiht asthma, heart failur, AV block or bradycardia
Term
what anithypertensives are contradicted during pregnancy
Definition
all RAAS inhibitors
Term
in patients with heart failure what is their prognosis dependent on
Definition
ther ejection fraction. ( should be 55-80 percent
Term
what happends to the heart during HF
Definition
cardiac remodeling :hypertrophies, ventricles dialate
trys to reduce CO
water retention and increased blood volume
Term
drugs used to treat HF
Definition
DIURETICS
drugs that inhibit RAAS
beta blockers
Digozin
inotropic agents
vasodilators
Term
Digoxin
Definition
naturally occurring compund
cardiac glycoside
positive inotropic effect
not shown to prolong life
inhibits the na/k atapse which indirectly promose CA accumulation whiin the myoctyes (increase contraction)
digoxin competes with digoxin for binding to NA K so if K is low binding of digoxin increases
low TI
monitor HR frequently
antidot is digoxin immune FAB
USED ONLY FOR ATRIAL FIB
Term
dobutamine
Definition
synthetic catecholamie
beta 1 activation adrenergic receptor
continuous IV infusion
Term
milrinone
Definition
phosphodieterase inhibitor
increases cAMP which increased contractility
Term
isosorbide dinitrate
Definition
vasodilator
veins!
indication patients with severs refractory HF
Term
stage A HF
Definition
no symptoms
no structural cardiac ab
treat with cardiotoxic drug
risk factors (HTN)
REDUCE RISK!!!
Term
Stage B HF
Definition
no signs
ECG is bad
prevent symptoms
use ACE OR ARBS
Term
stage C HF
Definition
symptoms
structural
improve quality and prolong life
dont use
-antidysrhytmic agents
-CCB
NSAIDS (can cause fluid retantion)
Term
stage D HF
Definition
going to die
heart translplant
control fluid volume (diuretics)
Term
class I anridysrhythmic drugs
Definition
sodium channel blockers
Term
class II antidysrhythmic drugs
Definition
beta blockers
Term
class III
Definition
block potassium channes
Term
class IV
Definition
CCB
Term
supraventricular dysrhythmias
Definition
a fib: fire randomly, stroke is big risk
atrial flutter
sustained supraventricular tachycarida (SVT): citcuit, increased HR
Term
ventricular dysrythmias
Definition
sustained ventricular tachycardia
: heart cant pump effectively, treat immediatly
v fib: impossible coordination leads to failure and death
ventricular premature beats: usually benign
Digozin induces ventricular dysrythmis
torsades de pointes" prologed QT
Term
Class IA HF agents
Definition
delay repolarization
quinidine
Term
quinidine
Definition
class IA HF agents
delay repolarization
both atrial and ventricular fib
GI upset
Term
Class IB HF agents
Definition
Na blockers
accelerate repolarization
Lidocaine
Ventricular fib only
Term
Lidocaine
Definition
Class IB HF agent
Accelerates repolarization
ventricular dysrhythmia
Term
class IC agents
Definition
used as last resort because they can make what you have worse
Term
class II HF agents
Definition
Beta blockers
propranolol
both atrial and ventricular
Term
class III HF agent
Definition
K channel blocker amiodarone
ventricular only
pulmonary toxicity is greatest concern
corneal microdeposists
Term
class IV HF agents
Definition
CCB
varapamil and Diltiazem
Atrial only
Term
amiodarone
Definition
class III potassium channel blocker
Term
adenosine
Definition
inhibits cAMP induces camcum infux so no Ca for contraction.
very short half life
need to lift patients arm after giving IV
Term
Statins
Definition
hmg coa reducats inhibiots
this is needed to make cholesterol
increased number of LDL receprots on heptoctys allowing more removal of LDLS from blood
AE: myopathy/ rhabdomyolosis
hepatoxicity
dosing should be once in the evening
Term
nicotinic acid
Definition
reduces LDL
increases HDL more effectively than any other drug
decreased production of VLDLS
Term
colesevelam
Definition
bile acid binding sequesterant
reduction of LDL cholesterol
Term
ezetimibe
Definition
inhibits cholesterol absorption within the the small intestine as well as colesterol secreted in the bile
reduces toal cholesterol, LDL, cholesterol and TG
Term
Fibric acid derivatives
Definition
most effective drug available for lowering TG levels
can raise HDL cholesterol
little or no effect on LDL
Term
gemfibrozil
Definition
decreases plama TG content
lowers VLDL levles
Can raise HDL cholesterol
little effect on LDL
displaces warfarin from plasam albumin (check INR frequently)
Term
apolipoproteins
Definition
alows cells to bing and ingest lipoproteins
activate enzymes that metabolize lipoproteins
increase the structural stability of lipoproteins
Term
cholesterol levels
Definition
total: less that 200
HDL: 60 or greater
LDL: less that 100
TG: less that 150
in kids
total: 170 or less
ldl less that 110
Term
TLC
Definition
clolesterol less that 200 mg a day
sat fat to 7% of total cals
increase soluble fine to 10-25 gm/day
Term
normal sodium value
Definition
136-145
Term
chloride serum level
Definition
95-105
Term
glucose
Definition
60-110
Term
calcium serum levels
Definition
8.4-10.2
Term
antianginal agents
Definition
organic nitrates
beta blockers
CCB
Term
chronic stable angina
Definition
occurs in response to strain
Term
variant angina
Definition
coronary artery spasm
can produce pain even at rest or during sleep
CCB
orgaic nitrates
Term
unstable angina
Definition
medical emergency
angina at rest
new onset exertional angina
intesification of existing angina
need
-anti-ischemic therapy (NTG, beta blocker, 02, morphine (reduces sympathetic response)
-antiplatelet/anticoag therapy - aspirin, clopidogrel, abciximab, eptifibatide. LMW heparin or IV heparin
-organic nitrates. tolerance can develo[p rapidly
Term
what type of angina are beta blockers effective for
Definition
angina with effort
Term
what kind of angina are CCB used for
Definition
stable and varian (vasospastic angina) not unstable!
Term
revascularization therapy
Definition
CABG surgery
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty PTCA
-used for pts with stable angina, usually involves balloon angioplasty and subsequent stent placement
Term
drugs used to prevent MI infarction and death
Definition
antiplatelet drugs
cholesterol lowering drugs
ACE inhibitors
antianginal agents
Term
coag stages
Definition
stage 1- formation of platelet plug
stage 2- coag
Term
fibrin
Definition
a protein the reinforces the platlet plug
Term
intrinsic coag pathway
Definition
turned on by trauma to the vessel wall. releases tissue factor
Term
extrensic coag pathway
Definition
turned on when blood makes contact with exposed collagen from a damaged vessel wall
Term
plasmin
Definition
degrades the meshwork of the clot to remove clots
plasminogen is the precursor
Term
anticoags
Definition
reduce formation of fibrin (which reinforces platelet plug)
- can inhibit syntheses of clotting factors
- can inhibit activity of clotting factors
Term
heparin
Definition
enhaces antithrombin which inhibits activation of clothing factors thrombin and factor Xa
Term
HIT
Definition
development o antibodies againt heparin platelt complexes. antibodies activate platelets and damage vessel walls. = platelet aggragation. CBC monitored daily
Term
LMW heparins
Definition
not as effective as unfractionated heparin
DVT prevention, unstable angina
Sub q injection!
does not require monitoring
Term
warfarin
Definition
oral anticoag
blocks biosynthesis of vitamin K dependant factors
long term therapy
monitor treatment
Term
clopidogrel
Definition
(ADP receptors located on platelts) this is an ADP receptor antagonist and prevents ADP stimulated platelet aggregation
prevents blockage of coronary artery stenets
Term
gycoprotein IIb/IIIA receptor antagonists
Definition
most effective antiplatelt drugs
super aspirins
prevents formation of fibrinogen bride
Term
alteplase (tPA)
Definition
converts plasminogen to plasmin
thrombolytic drug
causes bleeding
ischemic stroke, PE, MI
does not cause AE or hypotension
needs to be used with in 3-4 hours for IS
and 6 hours for AMI
in order to take tPA patient can not have
-active bleeding
-hemorrhagic CVA in past 3 months
-intracranial, intraspinal or cardiac surgery in past 2 months or gen surg in past 10 days
-SBP greater that 190 or DBP greater the 115
-know intracranial neoplasms, AV malformations, aneurysms or bleeding disorders
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