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pharmacology test 2
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Veterinary Medicine
Professional
02/15/2010

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
How well tolerated are trizoles compared to ketoconazole?
Definition
better tolerated
Term
Does Triazoles inhibit CYP-450 enzymes?
Definition
no
Term
Do you see endocrine effects with Triazoles?
Definition
no endocrine effects
Term
Itraconazole mechanism of action?
Definition

inhibits fungal cell sterol synthesis

fungistatic

Term
Itraconazole spectrum of action?
Definition

 

 

 

 

•Aspergillus

 

 

Dermatophytes

 

 

Yeasts (Malassezia)

 

 

Systemic fungi

 

Term

Itraconazole

what effects absorption of capsules?

Definition

enhanced by food

decreased by anti-acid drugs

interactions do not affect oral solution

Term
How lipophilic is itraconazole?
Definition

highly lipophillic

concentrates in tissues for 2-4 weeks

allows for pulse dosing

Term
Clinical uses of itraconazole?
Definition

cats

dermatophytes

 

dogs

blastomycosis

dermatophytosis

Term
Formulations of itraconazole?
Definition

capsule

suspension

Term
Itraconazole adverse effects?
Definition

increased liver enzymes

hepatotoxicosis

anorexia

vomiting

Term
How does the activity of Fluconoazole compare to Itraconazole with the aspect of treating Aspergillus? systemic fungi? dermatophytes? hydrophillicity?
Definition

Fluconazole has less activity on Aspergillus

less active against systemic fungi

less active against dermatophytes

 

greater hydrophilicity

Term
What are some differences in Flucoonazole compared to other Azoles?
Definition

water soluble

higher concentrations in urine, CSF, aqueous humor

high oral absorption

Term
Factors that affect the drug solubility and drug absorption?
Definition

disintegration

dissolving

membrane barriers

Term
formulations of fluconazole?
Definition

tablets

suspension

injection

Term
Use of Fluconazole in cats?
Definition
treatment of cryptococcosis in cats (orally administered)
Term

Pharmacokinetics of Fluconazole in horses?

half life?

volume of distribution?

clearance rate?

%F

where are there high concentrations

Definition

42 hour half life

1.2 L/kg volume of distribution

clearance is 0.02 L/kg/hour

%F is greater than 100%

high concentrations in tissues, eyes, urine

Term
Dosing recommendations for Fluconazole in horses?
Definition

14mg/kg oral loading dose

5mg/kg q24hr, oral maintenance dose

Term
What are some new antifungal drugs?
Definition

Voriconazole

Posaconazole

Term
Voriconazole is mostly for what species?
Definition

humans

(limited experience in animals)

Term
What is the relative activity of Voriconazole against Aspergillus?
Definition
great activity against Aspergillus
Term
What is the relative solubility of Voriconazole compared to itraconazole?
Definition
Voriconazole is more soluble (better absorbed) than itraconazole
Term
What anti-fungal drug may be neurotoxic in cats?
Definition
Voriconazole
Term
What kind of antifungal is Terbinafine?
Definition
allylamine antifungal
Term
Activity of terbinafine?
Definition

fungicidal

decreases synthesis of ergosterol in the cell membrane

Term
What are all the types of canine lymphoma?
Definition

mediastinal lymphoma

alimentary lymphoma

multicentric lymphoma *

cutaneous lymphoma

lymphocytic leukemia

Term
What are the possible outcomes of anticancer treatment?
Definition

cure-kill and remove all cancer cells

remission-reduce the tumor burden so that there are no clinical signs

palliation-to improve the well being of the patient

Term
What are the different methods of treating cancer?
Definition

surgery

radiation

hyperthermia

chemotherapy

cryotherapy

gene therapy

immunotherapy

Term
What drugs are involved in the CHOP protocol for lymphoma treatment?
Definition

C=cyclophosphamide

H=doxorubicin (hydroxydaunomycin)

O=Vincristine (Oncovin)
P= prednisone

Term
what is the cell cycle?
Definition

-G1=normal cellular events; synthesis of cellular components for DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis

 

S=synthesis phase (DNA synthesis)

 

G2=spindle and microtubule synthesis

 

M=mitosis

Term
what is the action of cell cycle specific drugs?
Definition
preferential toxicity for a specific phase of the cell cycle
Term
What is the action of cell cycle non specific drugs?
Definition
toxic to cells irresponsive to cell cycle phase
Term

anticancer drug toxicity?

other cells in the body that are affected?

Definition

-GI tract (epitheilum)
-bone marrow suppression (granulocytes)

-hair growth

-drug specificy toxicity

 

cardiotoxicosis with doxorubicin

neurotoxicosis with vincristine

renal toxicosis with cisplatin

Term
Waht are the most common clinical signs of anticancer drug toxicity?
Definition

vomiting

diarrhea

neutropenia (leading to increased infections)

Term
What are the bone marrow effects of Cyclophosphamide?
Definition

-granulocytes affected most severely

-nadir of toxicity in 7-10 days

-recovery (dogs) in 21-28 days

-stem cells are usually spared

-RBCs are less affected than WBCs

Term
steps to minimize the toxicity of anticancer drug therapy?
Definition

1. use combination drugs

2. monitor fot toxicity (CBC, renal function, cardiac toxicity)

3. administer fluid therapy prior to nephrotoxic drugs

4. administer anti-emetic drugs when nausea or vomiting is anticipated

5. dose selection (surface area versus body weight)

Term
When can body suface area not predict durg doses?
Definition

when drug clearance is determined by:

hepatic function

hepatic blood flow

protein binding

Term
Characteristics of alkylating agents?
Definition

-alkylate bases of DNA

-disrupts DNA base pairing, synthesis, and replication

-causes cell death

Term
What is the mechanism of action of alkylating agents?
Definition

-binds alkyl group to cellular macromolecules (nucleic acids, enzymes)

-bifunctional alkylating agents: Cross link DNA molecule

(example:N-7 of guanine, N-3 of cytocine, N-3 of adenine)

Term

What are these:

nitrogen mustards (cyclophosphamide)

nitrosoureas (BCNU carmustine)

busulfan (Myleran)

Dacarbazine (DTIC)

platinum compleses (cisplatin)

Definition
alkylating agents
Term

What are these?

cyclophosphamide

chlorambucil

melphalan

Definition
nitrogen mustard alkylating agents
Term
What is the clinical use of cyclophosphamide?
Definition

lymphosarcoma

carcinomas

immunosuppressive therapy (Pemphigus vulgaris, IMHA, systemic lupus)

Term
adverse effects of Cyclophosphamide?
Definition

-dose dependent bone marrow suppression

-nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

-sterile hemorrhagic cystitis

Term
hemorrhagic cystits with the use of Cyclophosphamide?
Definition

-direct injury from cytotoxic metabolites (acrolein)

-in dogs more so than cats

-mechanisms to decrease toxicity:

1. promote dilute urine

2. corticosteroids

3. furosemide diuretic

4. mesna (mercaptoethanesulfonate)

Term
mechanism of action of plantinum complexes (cisplatin)?
Definition
cross links DNA molecule with the platinum molecule
Term
clinical use of cisplatin?
Definition

carcinomas, sarcomas

osteosarcoma

TCC

 

give the group about once a month

Term
nephrotoxicity of cisplatin?
Definition

most dose limiting effect

fluid loading with saline prior to therapy

Term
adverse effects of cisplatin?
Definition

vomiting is common (pre treat animals with antiemetic)

 

toxicity and death reported in cats

 

myelosuppression (but minor compared to other drugs)

Term

What are these?

 

Vincristine

Vinblastine

Definition
vinca alkaloids
Term

Vinca Alkaloids:

derived from?

action

 

Definition

-derived from plants

-"spindle poison"

-binds tubulin proteins

-blocks polymerization of microtubules

-arrests cells in m phase

-interrupts mitotic spindle formation

Term
clinical use of Vincristine?
Definition

combination therapy for LSA

treats TVT

Term
Adverse effects of Vincristine?
Definition

local vesicant action

peripheral neuropathy (attributed for affinity for tubulin proteins)

constipation

causes very little myelosuppression compared to other drugs

Term
Vincristine action on the platelets?
Definition

increases release of functional platelets from bone marrow

 

inhibits platelet destruction in IMT

Term

What kind of drugs are these:

Doxorubicin

Danorubicin

Mitoxantrone

Definition
anthracycline antibiotics
Term
Mechanism of action of Doxorubicin?
Definition

inhibits topisomerase II-dependent DNA synthesis

 

forms free radicals causing oxidative injury to cancer cells

Term
anticancer mechanisms of Doxorubicin?
Definition

-intercalates between DNA base pairs

-inhibits DNA, RNA, protein synthesis

-generate oxygen radicals in cancer cells

-cell membrane toxicity

Term
clinical use of Doxorubicin?
Definition

Sarcomas

carcinomas

lymphoma

osteosarcoma

Term
adverse effects of Doxorubicin?
Definition

-bone marrow suppression (nadir at 7-10 days, recovery in 21-28 days after IV dose)

 

-cardiotoxicity (dose limiting effect, acutely arrhythmias, chronically cardiomyopathy) DOGS

 

-alopecia

 

-GI (vomiting, diarrhea_

 

-histamine reaction

Term
Cardiotoxicity seen with Doxorubicin?
Definition

-oxidative stress from redox cycling procedures (mitochondrial injury, changes in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca channels)

 

-mechanism:complex with iron to produce oxygen radical formation

 

-prevention: Dexrazoxane chelates the iron and may be used to reduce toxicity

Term

What is Toceranib?

 

Definition

-new cancer drug: approved in dogs in 2009

 

-first anticancer approved by the FDA for animals

 

-indication: mast cell tumors

Term
The use of glucocorticoids in cancer therapy?
Definition

-cytotoxic to malignant lymphocytes

-antiemetic

-decreases inflammation associated with cancer

-decreases the synthesis of TNF

-improves appetitie

Term
What glucocorticoids are used to treat cancer?
Definition

-prednisone

-dexamethasone (antiemetic)

Term
Guidelines for safe use of cancer chemotherapy?
Definition

-utilize services of a qualifies pharmacist

-avoid handling if you have a risk factor

-wear protective gloves, eye protection

-mix drugs in ventilated hood

-observe proper recommendations for disposing of drugs and materials

Term
Combination cancer therapy?
Definition

-synergisism with other drugs increases tumor cell kill

-decreased toxicity

-optimize tumor cell killing by using drugs that affect different phases

-delay drug resistance

Term
treatment of pain and inflammation?
Definition

acupuncture

physical therapy

chiropractic

dietary supplements

chondroprotective agents

anti-inflammatory/analgeic drugs

opioids

NSAIDS

local anesthetics

corticosteroids

benzodiazepines

muscle relaxants

antidepressants

antianxiety agents

Term
Review of NSAIDS registered for dogs?
Definition

meloxicam

tepoxalin

carprofen

etodolac

firocoxib

dercoxib

phenylbutazone

meclofenamic acid (not marketed)

Salicylates

flunixin meglumine

naproxen

ketoprofen

piroxicam

telfenamic acid

vedaprofen

Term
NSAIDS registered for use in cats?
Definition

carprofen

tepoxalin

meloxicam

aspirin

dercoxib

Term
Advantages of NSAIDS?
Definition

inexpensive

analgesic and anti-inflammatory

no tolerance or dependence with chronic administration

few drug interactions(compatible with antestheitics and opioids)

 

Term
potential adverse effects of NSAIDS?
Definition

GI effects

renal perfusion

bleeding (platelet inhibition)

Term
what info can you find at www.fda.gov/cvm/nsaids.htm
Definition

adverse reactions

current labels

client information sheets

Term

What can you find at http://www.usp.org?

with the use of NSAIDS

Definition

indications

dosing information

off-label uses

Term
only NSAID approved for long term use in cats?
Definition
meloxicam
Term
what is the action of COX-2 inhibitors?
Definition

inhibits COX-2 expression

which prevents the formation of PGE

which prevents edema, swelling, pain

Term
take a look at the mechanism cascade of cell injury and the role of COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors
Definition
next......
Term
Roles of Cox-2 products?
Definition

(biological effects in brain, spinal cord, kidney, GI mucosa, bone, cartilage, lung)

 

aid in ulcer healing

promotes angiogenesis

contributes to bone remodeling

preserves renal function

Term
What are some of the adverse effects of NSAIDS?
Definition

gastritis

vomiting

diarrhea

GI ulcaration and hemorrhage

renal injury

hepatic injury

platelet inhibition and bleeding

allergic reactions

Term
NSAIDS GI adverse reactions?
Definition

non selective drugs (COX1 and COX2 inhibitors) cause ulcers at high doses

 

even selective COX2 inhibitors can cause ulcers

Term
Are there certain NSAIDS that are shown to be more effective than others in controlled clinical trials?
Definition
no
Term
How should you select which NSAID to use?
Definition
drug selection should be made based on personal experience and individual response to the NSAID
Term
Do all animals respond the same to NSAIDS?
Definition

no

all animals respond differently

Term
What factor makes it difficult to distinguish between different NSAIDS?
Definition
the high placebo effect
Term
see slide about the half lives and dosing of different NSAIDS?
Definition
next...
Term
do all nsaids have potential to cause hepatic injury?
Definition
yes
Term
if an animal has been on NSAIDS, and has liver toxicity, what will the chemistry look like?
Definition

increased ALP

increased ALT

increased Bilirubin

Term
adverse effects associated with Caprofen are mostly what?
Definition
gastrointestinal
Term
What are the mechanisms of adverse drug reactions?
Definition

side effects

intrinsic reactions

idiosyncratic reactions

allergic reactions

Term
Most common summary of adverse effects of Carporfen?
Definition

elevated liver enzymes

depression, lethargy

elevated bilirubin

death

diarrhea

Term
Hepatopathy with the use of Carprofen?
Definition

the second most common advese event

 

70% of adverse effects were seen in dogs that were 6 years old or older (but this may not really be relevant due to the fact that dogs under 6 probably wouldn't need Carprofen anyway)

Term
Is there any suggestion that Labs are most sensitive to Carprofen than other breeds?
Definition
no
Term

What defines a side effect?

examples?

Definition

undesirable, but unavoidable effects

 

expected reactions, usually related to the drug's pharmacolgocial effect

 

usually does not require treatment

 

examples are antihistimines that cause drowsiness or glucocorticoids that cause Pu/Pd

Term

What classifies an intrinsic reaction?

What are some examples?

Definition

dose related

predictable

can be reproduced in experimental animals

 

examples are renal injury caused by aminoglycosides, gastric ulceration with high doses of NSAIDS, enrofloxacin induced blindness in cats

Term
What is the difference in a high therapeutic ratio and a low therapeutic ratio?
Definition

high theraputic ratio=wide gap between the safe dose and the toxic dose

 

low therapeutic ratio=small gap between the safe dose the the toxic dose

Term
What is the classification of an idiosyncratic toxicty?
Definition

unpredictable

not dose related

difficult to demonstrate in experimental animals

may represent 3-25% of reactions

may be under genetic control

 

examples include:

carprofen=hepatotoxicosis in dogs

phenobarbital=hepatotoxicosis

diazepam=hepatotoxicosis in cats

azathioprine=bone marrow injury

sulfonamides=keratoconjunctivities sicca

Term
What is the classification of an allergic reaction to a drus?
Definition

not dose related

reaction is unrelated to the drug's pharmacological action

 

minimal reaction from initial exposure but more serious reaction from subsequent exposure

 

can be minimized or treated with antihistimines, glucocorticoids, or epinephrine

 

examples include=penicillins causing skin reactions, and sulfonamides causing joint injury or hepatic injury

Term
the use of SAMe as a dietary supplement in hepatic disease?
Definition

(S-Adenocylmethionine)

 

hepatic anti-oxidant

glutathione conjugation reactions

sulfation of bile acids

reduces hepatocyte apoptosis

 

may be beneficial in hepatitis and hepatotoxicosis

Term
The use of Silymarin (milk thistle) supplement for hepatic disease?
Definition

mixture of anti-hepatotoxic flavonolignans

 

phosphatidylcholine formulation that are important for oral absorption

 

hepatic anti-oxidant

 

may increase hepatic gluthathione content

Term
What are some commonly used dietary supplements for hepatic disease?
Definition

S-Adenosyl methionine (SAMe)

silymarin (milk thistle)

Vitamin E

 

benefits of restoring liver function are unknown for sure

Term
What is Denamarin?
Definition
Silyrarin + SAMe
Term
Other medications for osteoarthritis? (besides carprofen)
Definition

chrondroprotective agents

dietary supplements

omega 3 fatty acids

opioids (morphine like drugs)

corticosteroids

benzodiazepines

muslce relaxants

antidepressants

anti-anxiety agents

 

Term
follow up on the drug regimine for the lame lab from the NSAID lecture
Definition
Term
What are some various chondroprotective agents?
Definition

glycosaminoglycan

glucoasmine+chrondroitin sulfate (cosequin)

polysulfated glycosaminoglycans (adequan)

tetracyclines (DOXY)

green lipped mussel powder (Glyco-flex)

Na or Ca pentosan polyphosphate

Hyaluronic acid

Term

benefits of Glucoasmine+Chondroitin sulfate

 

and risks?

 

Definition

stimulates cartilage matrix synthesis

 

decreases enzyme activity in joints

 

 

risks

minor changes in hematologic and hemostatic variables

Term
see slide about clinical evaluation of chondroitin sulfate adn glucosamine HCl from NSAIDS ppt
Definition
look at it!!!
Term
What is Dasuquin
Definition
Glucosamine+chondroitin sulfate+ASU (avocado/soybean unsaponifiables and decaffeinated tea)
Term

Hill's diet that is used for nutritional management of dogs with osteoarthritis

contains optimum ratio of omega6 and omega 3 fatty acids, plus glucosamine and chondroitin

Definition
Hill's J/D
Term

Trichophyton spp

and

Microsporum spp

are examples of what?

Definition
Dermatophytes
Term
What are some topical drugs for the treatment of dermatophytes?
Definition

Enilconzole (Clinafarm)

Miconazole (Conofite)

Clotimazole (Lotrim)

Terbinafine (Lamisil)

Term
What are some systemic antifungals for the treatment of Dermatophytes?
Definition

Griseofulvin (Fulvicin)

Ketoconazole (Nizoral)

Itraconazole (Sporanox)

Fluconazole (Diflucan)

Terminafine (Lamisil)

Term
What is the spectrum of activity of Griseofulvin (Fulvicin)?
Definition

microsporum spp

trichophyton spp

Term
What is the mechanism of action of Griseofulvin (Fulvicin)?
Definition

incorporates into keratin of the skin and nails

 

inhibits mitosis of fungal cells

Term
The oral absorption of Griseofulvin (Fulvicin) is enhanced by what?
Definition
oral absorption is enhanced by a meal
Term
Griseofulvin (Fulvicin) is distributed to the skin, then deposits where, how long does it take to get here?
Definition
deposits in the stratum corneum by 48-72 hours
Term
How is the metabolism of Griseofulvin (Fulvicin) in dogs and cats compared to people?
Definition
higher metabolism (faster clearance) in dogs and cats than in people
Term
What is the clinical use of Griseofulvin (Fulvicin) in animals?
Definition

treatment of Dermatophyte infection

for a duration of > 4 weeks

Term
What are some of the adverse effects of Grisofulvin (Fulvicin) in cats?
Definition

bone marrow suppression, especially in cats with viral infection (FIV)

 

tertogenic in pregnant animals

 

do not administer during pregnancy

Term
What is the mechanism of action of Amphotericin B (Fungizone)?
Definition

binds to sterols in the fungal cell membrane

 

cell membrane becomes more permeable

 

fungal cell death (fungicidal)

 

 

Term
What is the spectrum of activity of Anphotericin B (Fungizone)?
Definition

Blastomyces

Histoplasma

Cryptococcus

Coccidioides

Candida

Aspergillus

Leishmania

Term
What are the clinical uses of Amphotericin B (Fungizone)?
Definition

systemic fungal infections

given IV

Term
What are some of the adverse effects of Amphotericin B?
Definition

fever

thrombophlebitis

nausea, vomiting, anorexia

anemia

renal injury (acute injury, chronic injury)

Term
What are some strategies to decrease the toxicity that may be associated with Amphotericin B?
Definition

pretreatment fluid administration

slow IV infusion

SQ administration

liposomal formulations

Term

Characteristics of the lipid formulations of

Amphotericin B?

Definition

-modify rate of transfer of drug from lipid carrier to cholesterol containing mammilian membranes

 

-increased uptake by mononuclear phagocyte system (increases clearance)

 

release at the site of infection from monocytes

 

higher theraputic index so you need higher doses

 

 

Term
What is the name of the Amphotericin B "Lipid complex"?
Definition
Abelcet
Term
What is the name of the Amphotericin B "Unilamellar Liposome"?
Definition
AmBisome
Term
What is the name of the Amphotericin B "Colloidal Dispersion"?
Definition

Amphotec

ABCD

Term
What is Abelcet used for in dogs?
Definition
Blastomycosis
Term
What is AmBisome used for?
Definition
Leishmaniasis
Term
What are the examples of Imidazoles?
Definition

Ketoconazole

Enilconzole

Clotrimazole

Term
What are some examples of Triazoles antifungals?
Definition

Fluconazole

Itraconazole

Voriconazole

Term
What is the mechanism of action of Ketoconazole?
Definition

inhibits fungal P450 enzyme responsible for synthesis of fungal cell sterols

 

inhibits ergosterol synthesis

 

fungistatic

Term
What is the spectrum of activity for ketoconazole?
Definition

yeasts (malassezia pachydermatis)

dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Microsporum)

Systemic fungi (Bastomyces, Coccidiodies, Histoplasma)

Term
The oral absorption of Ketoconzole is enhanced by what? inhibited by what? Poorly absorbed in what species?
Definition

enhanced by food

inhibited by stomach antacids

pooryly absorbed in horses

Term
What are the adverse effects of Ketoconazole?
Definition

GI (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)

 

Hepatotoxicosis (increased liver enzymes ALT and ALP, idiosyncratic hepatic injury)

Term
What anti-fungal drug inhibits steroid synthesis and decreases testosteron and cortisol?
Definition
Ketoconazole
Term

This anti-fungal drug inhibits the metabolism of these drugs:

cyclosporine

prednisolone

digoxin

warfarin

Definition
ketoconazole
Term

What is P-glycoprotein?

Where is it located?

Definition

transmembrane protein that is associated with multi-drug resistance

 

ATP-dependent pump producing drug efflux out of cells

 

sites:

liver bile canaliculus

intestinal epithelial cells

placenta

kidney (proximal tubule)

endothelial cells (brain)

Term
This drug inhibits chitin (polymer) synthesis?
Definition
Lufenuron
Term
This drug is distributed to the fat and has a long half life?
Definition
Lufenuron
Term
What is Lufenuron used for?
Definition

treats dermatophytes

 

predominantly treats Microsporum canis

Term
NSAID susceptibilities in cats?
Definition

salicylates (aspirin)=acidosis

 

acetaminophen =hepatic injury, blood cell injury

Term
What non steroidals are used in cats?
Definition

aspirin

ketoprofen

meloxicam

piroxicam

firocoxib

Term
Non steroidals in horses?
Definition

phenylbutazone

flunixin

ketoprofen

ibuprofen

naproxen

meclofenamic acid

firocoxib

Term
Why may you want to use prophylactic antibiotics?
Definition

if contaminated

if there is tissue perfusion

increased time of surgery increases risk of infection

depends of prognosis

is there a high likelihood of postoperative infection

Term
Prophylactic antibiotics durg factors?
Definition

bactericidial

broad spectrum

IV route

must be compatible with anesthetics

use appropriate timing of administration

Term
what are the important factors involved in prophylactic antibiotic selection?
Definition

select a drug that is active against the bacteria

 

select a drug that reaches the site of infection

 

consider local factors that affect drug activity

 

select a drug that can be administered conveniently

 

consider drug safety

Term
What are some pre-surgical prophylactic antibiotics that are injectable?
Definition

cefazolin

ampicillin

ceftazidime (3rd generation)

cefoxitin (2nd generation)

Term
What drugs are good for the treatment of acute pain?
Definition

opioids

nsaids

local anesthetics

muslce relaxants

alternative therapy

Term
Treatment of severe pain?
Definition

drug infusions

opioid agonist (IV, IM)

 

 

Term
treatment of moderate pain?
Definition

transdermal opioid

opioid agonist/antagonist

 

Term
treatment of mild pain?
Definition

oral opioids and NSAIDS

 

Term
Timing of prophylactic antibiotic administration?
Definition

20-30 minutes prior to surgery

 

may need to redose every 90-120 minutes

 

post operative regimen is not necessary in most cases

Term
coniderations of perioperatice pain treatment?
Definition

compatibility with anesthetics

 

potential adverse effects on the heart and blood pressure

 

effects on coagulation and bleeding

 

effects on the kidney

 

avoid oral medications

 

Term
What are the NSAIDS registered for the use in dogs?
Definition

meloxicam

tepoxalin

carprofen

etodolac

firocoxib

deracoxib

phenylbutazone

meclotenamic acid(not marketed)

Term
What are some NSAIDS used for acute pain?
Definition

flunixin

ketoralac

ketoprofen

phenylbutazone

carprofen

meloxicam

Term
What is the best drug to use for prevention of pain in animals undergoing ovariohysterectomy?
Definition
Carprofen
Term
What are some post-operative drugs?
Definition

meloxicam

tepoxalin

carprofen

etodolac

dercoxib

firocoxib

Term

most common NSAIDS used in small animal?

 

large animal?

Definition

meloxicam

carprofen

 

large animal=flunixin

Term
What are some of the advantages of opioid drugs?
Definition

potent analgesia

produce euphoric and sedative effect

high therapeutic index

few drug interactions

few contraindications

may be administered locally

reversible (nalonone)

Term
What are some of the CNS effects of opioids?
Definition

analgesia

sedation

euphoria

dysphoria/excitment

Term
  • What are some of the disadvantages of opioids?
Definition

short half life

poor oral absoption

tolerance with chronic use

abuse by humans

celiling effect with partial agonists

side effects: constipation, excitement, nausea, vomiting

Term
What the various opiate receptors characteristics of each?
Definition

mu

analgesia, supraspinal, spinal

 

kappa

analgesia, spinal

 

delta

analgesia, supraspinal, spinal

 

sigma

unknown significance

Term
morphine bins what receptors?
Definition

strong to mu

weak to kappa

Term
fentanyl binds to what receptors?
Definition
strong to mu
Term
where does buprenorphine bind?
Definition
partial to mu
Term
where does enkephalin bind?
Definition

moderate to mu

moderate to delta

Term
Where does endorphin bind?
Definition

strong to mu

strong to delta

Term
see slide about varying strenghts of different opioids!
Definition
Term
What are the cardovascular side effects of opioids?
Definition

bradycardia

vasodilation

Term
What are the gastrointestinal effects of opioids?
Definition

smooth muscle spasm

constipation

nausea

vomiting

Term
What are the CNS effects of opioids?
Definition
sedation
Term
What are the respiratory effects of opioids?
Definition

respiratory depression

panting

Term

these drugs affect:

thermoregulatory centers

vomiting center

intestinal receptors

vagal effects

histamine release

Definition
opioids
Term
what are the pure opioid agonists?
Definition

morphine

oxymorphone

hydromorphone

meperidine

fentanyl

Term
what is the prototype of opioid analgesics?
Definition
morphine sulfate
Term
how can morphine be administered to animals?
Definition

IV

IM

SQ

rectal

epidural

local infusion

Term
is morphine cleared rapidly or slowly?
Definition
rapidly
Term
what is the active metabolite of morphine?
Definition

morphine-6-Glucouronide

(20%-200% activity of morphine)

Term
how much more potent is hydromorphone compared to morphine?
Definition
hydromorphone is 5-7X more potent than morphine
Term
hydromorphone is equivalent to what other drug on the basis of sedation and side effects?
Definition
oxyomorphone
Term
when hydromorphone is given pre-operatively, it is typically combined with what other drug?
Definition
usually combined with acepromazine pre-operatively
Term
what are some of the Fentanyl derivatives?
Definition

fentanyl

alfentanil

sufentanil

carfentanil

 

Term
what is the potency of fentanyl compared to morphine?
Definition
fentanyl is 80-100 times more potent than morphine
Term
What are the different ways that you could administer Fentanyl?
Definition

IV formulation (Submimazine)

transdermal patch (Duragesic)

buccal tablet (Fentora)

oral delivery (Actiq)

Term
what is the lag time of Fentanyl to reach steady state?
Definition
12-24 hours
Term
how long are steady state concentrations of Fentanyl maintained after application of the patch?
Definition
will maintain steady state for 72 hours
Term

to compare Fentanyl and Morphine:

 

50ug/hr Fentanyl patch with equivalent to how much morphine per day?

Definition
23-37mg of morphine per day
Term

Transdermal Fentanyl in cats:

 

lag time?

rate of delivery?

% absorbed

steady state concentration?

Definition

lag time= 12 hours

 

rate of delivery= 8.5 mcg/hr

 

% absorbored= 36%

 

steady state concentration = 2.0ng/mL

Term
What are the opioid angonists/antagonists?
Definition

Pentazocine

Butorphanol

Buprenorphine

Term
The Kappa receptor effect of Butorphanol are primarily at what level?
Definition
primarily at the spinal level
Term
Do Kappa receptor angonists produce more or less respiratory depression that mu-receptor agonists?
Definition
k-receptor agonists produce less respiratory depression than mu-receptor agonists
Term
Butorphanol is a weak analgesic with a ceiling effect
Definition
Term
the kappa antagonist activity or Buprenorphine is similar to what other drug?
Definition
naloxone
Term
Buprenorpine has a high affinity for what receptor, which may have what effect on duration of action?
Definition

Buprenorphine has a high affinity for mu-receptor

this may prolong the duration of activity

Term

Buprenorphine has  a high affinity for mu-receptors but less intrinsic activity

 

may compete with other mu-agonists

Definition
Term
Why is transmucosal (oral) delivery of Buprenorphine particularly good in cats?
Definition

the drug is a weak base

therefore the absorption of the drug if favored by the high pH of the cat saliva

drug is nearly 100% absorbed because the pH is the environment (cat's mouth) is higher than the pKa of the drug

 

Term
what are some of the guidelines for administration of drugs for perioperative pain management?
Definition

administer pre-operative for maximum benefit

 

administer on regular schedule

 

compare a pure opioid agonist vs. opioid agonis/antagonist and partial agonists

 

continue drug administration for 24-48 hours post-operatively

Term
look at ppt for info on 6.5 year old Great Dane with osteosarcoma of right humerus
Definition
Term
What are some analgesic possibilities other than opioids?
Definition

Tramadol

Gabapentin

Transdermal fentanyl

Amantadine

Bisphosphonates

Term
What are different ways that morphine can be administered?
Definition

injection

immediate release tablets

slow release tablets

combined immediate and extended release

Term
the high oral clearance of morphine in dogs is so high that it leads to what?
Definition
poor systemic availbility
Term
What are the chronic effects of opioids?
Definition

1.tolerance

with chronic administration, equivalent doses become less effective for analgesia, with fewer adverse effects

 

2. dependence

psychological dependence, euphoria, addiction

Term
What are the effects of Tramadol?
Definition

weak mu-receptor agonist

 

decreases reuptake of norepinephrine and seratonin

 

mild analgesic

 

not a controlled substance

Term
Why is Tramadol known as the "triple threat" analgesic?
Definition

inhibits re-uptake of serotonin

alpha 2 agonist

opiate effects

Term
this drug is a water soluble cyclin amine with antiviral activity against RNA viruses?
Definition
Amantadine
Term
How is Amantadine used in the treatment of pain?
Definition

inhibits N-metyl-D-aspartate receptors

 

(NMDA produces central sensitization of pain)

 

 

Term

this drug is an anticonvulsant that inhibits the a2sigma subunit of the voltage dependent Ca channel of neurons?

it is also a structural analog of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Definition
Gabapentin
Term
This drug is related to Lyrica?
Definition
Gabapentin
Term

This drug inhibits bone resorption

decreases bone turnover by inhibiting osteoclastic activity

reduces the pain associated with bone cancer or cancer that has metastisized to the bone

 

Definition
Bisphosphonates
Term
What is the name of the Bisphophonate that is used in dogs with bone tumors?
Definition
Zoledronate
Term
the effect of antiparasitic therapy depends on what?
Definition

accurate diagnosis

knowledge of the life cycles

environment and management practices

Term
what is the ideal antiparasitic drug?
Definition

reduce parasite burdens

wide therapeutic index

does not require multiple dose regimen

easily administered

no residues in food animal

Term
Are injectable antiparasitic drugs soluble, insoluble, or suspension?
Definition
soluble
Term
Are feed additive antiparasitic drugs soluble, insoluble, or suspension?
Definition
insoluble
Term
Are oral drench antiparasitic drugs soluble, insoluble, or suspension?
Definition
suspension
Term
What are the three general modes of action of antiparasitic drugs?
Definition

paralysis of the parasite by stimulating or inhibiting the neurotransmitters

 

alteration of metabolic processes

 

alters parasite reproduction

Term
What are the two broad spectrum antiparasitic drug classes?
Definition

macrolide endectocides

benzimidazoles

Term
What are the two narrow spectrum antiparasitic drugs?
Definition

Clorsulon

Piperazine

Term
What does antiparasitic drug efficacy depend on?
Definition

inherent toxicity to the parasite

ability to reach the parasite or infection site

dosing rate

route of administration

Term
the time that must elapse before either an animal is slaughtered for meat or time before the milk is collected for human consumption?
Definition
withdrawl time
Term
Are most antiparasitic drugs fat soluble or water soluble?
Definition
fat soluble
Term
what routes of infection of antiparasitic drugs can lead to depot in the meat?
Definition

SQ

IM

Term
What routes of administration of antiparasitic drugs can lead to milk residues?
Definition

SQ

IM

oral

drench

Term

in a sample deworming schedule for horses, when should you use each drug:

ivermectin?

Fenbendazole?

Mexidectin?

Double dose strogid P or Praziquantel?

Definition

ivermectin

March/April

September/October

 

Fenbendazole

Janurary/February

 

Moxidectin

May/June

November/December

 

Double dose Strongid P or Praziquantel

July/August

Term
Piperazine (Heterocyclic compound) is lipid soluble or water soluble?
Definition
water soluble
Term
what is the mechanism of action of Piperazine?
Definition
paralyzes worms by blocking Ach at the neuromuscular junction or by stimulating GABA receptors
Term

Which are more susceptible to the actions of Piperazine?

(mature worms or larval stages)

Definition
mature worms
Term
How often should dogs and cats be treated with Piperazine?
Definition
every two weeks
Term
How often should horses be treated with Piperazine?
Definition
every 10 weeks
Term
What is the spectrum of activity of Piperazine?
Definition
narrow spectrum (Ascarids)
Term
Piperazine is combined with what other drug to treat for bots?
Definition
Piperazine + CS2 (Parvex)
Term
Piperazine is combined with what other drug to treat strongyles?
Definition
Piperazine + TBZ (Equizole)
Term
Piperazine should be avoided in what kinds of patients?
Definition

animals with liver or kidney disease

 

animals with high ascarid load (ascarid impaction colic or perforation of the small intestine)

Term

Piperazine in swine:

how is it administered?

Why is it administered?

 

 

Definition

put in feed/water for 1-2 days

treats ascarids or nodular worms

Term
Piperazine is not approved for use in what group of animals?
Definition
ruminants
Term
this drug is a Piperazine derivative?
Definition
Diethylcarbomzine citrate(DEC)
Term

this antiparasitic drug is rapidly absorbed from the GI tract and rapidly eliminated.

What can we infer about the drug based on this?

Definition

DEC

 

can infer that it has low toxicity

Term
This antiparasitic drug is prophylactic for heartworms and ascarid infections in dogs and cats?
Definition

DEC

(Filbariabits)

Term
This drug is formulated with oxibendazole to protect against hookworms?
Definition
Filariabits Plus
Term
Since DEC drugs can caused GI irritation, it should be given when?
Definition
after a meal
Term
Why should an infected dog be cleared of adult worms and microfilaria before starting treatment with DEC?
Definition

DEC is mostly larvacidal and effective against microfilaria

 

if you give DEC and the animal has adult worms, it may result in hypovolemic shock

Term
What is the mode of action of Benzimidazoles?
Definition

binds nematode dimeric tubulin (prevents polymerization of tubulin during microtubule assembly)

 

 

Term
Which binds tubulin more strongly? (Thiazolyls or Methylcarbamates)
Definition
Methylcarbamates
Term
Benzimidazoles are effective against what parasites in horses?
Definition

large strongyles

small strongyles

Term
Benzimidazoles are effective against what parasites in cattle and sheep?
Definition

Ostertagia

lung worms

Term
Benzimidazoles are effective against what in swine?
Definition

kidney worms

nodular worms

lung worms

whip worms

Trichinella

Term
Benzimadazoles are effective against what in dogs?
Definition

hookworms

ascarids

whipworms

tapeworms

Term
Benzimadozoles are not approved for use in what animal?
Definition
cats
Term
Potential effect if you give Parbendazole and Cambendazole to pregnant ewes?
Definition
teratogenicitiy (limb defects) in the fetus
Term
what are probenzimidazoles? What is an example?
Definition

prodrugs that don't have any anthelminthic activity until metabolized

 

example is Febantel which is converted in the GI tract to Fenbendazole and Oxfendazole

Term
Febantel is effective against what in horses?
Definition

adult strongyles

ascarids

pinworms

Term
Febantel is effective against what in dogs? Formulated with what?
Definition

Fenbantel is formulated with Praziquantel or Praziquantel + pyrantel (Drontal Plus)

 

effective against hookworms, ascarids, whipworms, tapeworms

Term
Drontal Plus is only approved for use in what animal?
Definition
dogs
Term
What is the mechanism of action of Imidazothiazole class of antiparasitic drugs?
Definition

ganglion stimulant (cholinomimetic)

 

paralysis of worms (depolarizing neuromuscular blockade or sustained muscle contraction)

Term
Use of Levamisole (Imidazothizole class) in cattle and sheep?
Definition

abomasal worms

intestinal worms

lung worms

Term
use of Levamisole (Imidazothizole class) in swine?
Definition

ascarids

lungworms

nodular worms

kidney worms

 

(should administer with food and water)

Term
How safe is Levamisole compared to benzimidazoles?
Definition
Levamisole has a narrow margin of safety compared to Benzimidoles
Term
what is the most widely used class of antiparasitic drugs?
Definition
Pyrantel Salts
Term
Use of Pyrantel tartrate in horses? (Strongid C)
Definition

in the form of pellets or powder

fed daily to horses

prevents migration of large strongyles

Term
What is the use of Pyrantel pamonte in horses? (Strongid T)
Definition
used every 6 weeks and is used for rotational worm treatment
Term
mechanism of action of pyrantel salts?
Definition

acts as nicotinic agonist

 

causing muscular contraction and tonic paralysis

Term

Which is more potent?

(Morantel or Pyrantel)

Definition
Pyrantel
Term
Pyrantel tartrate  (Strongid C) is effective against what in horses?
Definition

S. vulgaris

Parascaris

Pinworms

Term
Pyrantel is effective against what in swine?
Definition

ascarids

nodular worms

stomach worms

 

Term
Pyrantel is not approved for use in what group of animals?
Definition
ruminants
Term
What is pyrantel effective against in cats and dogs?
Definition

hookworms

ascarids

Term
Pyrantel should not be used with what other antiparasitic drug?
Definition
Pyrantel should not be used with Levamisole
Term
This antiparasitic drug is a methyl ester or Pyrantel?
Definition
morantel
Term
what is the spectrum of activity and the use of Morantel?
Definition

stomach worms

intestinal worms

 

most often used in cattle and goats

Term
Diclorvos and Trichlorfon (organisphosphates) are used particullary in what animals?
Definition

swine

horses

dogs

Term
Coumaphos (organophosphates) are used principially in what animals?
Definition
ruminants
Term
mode of action of organophosphates?
Definition
inhibits AchE (therefore leads to accumulation of Ach)
Term
What is the relative margin of safety of organophosphates?
Definition
less margin of safety
Term
what is the only organophosphate approved for use in dairy cattle? why?
Definition

coumaphos

because milk residues are a concern with other organophosphates

Term
organophosphates are effective against what?
Definition

worms

insects

Term
organosphosphates are rapidly absorbed where, and then what happens?
Definition

rapidly absorbed in the GI tract

then rapidly detoxified

Term
what is the pharmacokinetic implication of the fact that organophosphates are slow releasing?
Definition
you get low blood levels
Term
what is the spectrum of activity of Dichlorvos in dogs and cats?
Definition

hookworms

ascarids

whipworms

Term
what is the spectrum of activity of Dichlorvos in swine?
Definition

ascarids

nodular worms

whipworms

Term
dichlorvos should not be given after exposure to what?
Definition

cholinesterase inhibitors

tranquilizers

muscle relaxants

dogs with heartworm infections

Term
this organophosphate should not be given to dogs with heartworms?
Definition
dichlorvos
Term
this organophosphate is approved for use in lactating cattle as a feed additive?
Definition
coumaphos
Term
this organophosphate is safe and rapidly degraded in the liver?
Definition
coumaphos
Term

which method of coumaphos administration has a wider margin of safety?

(feed supplement or drench)

Definition
feed supplement
Term
How is Trichlorfon (organosphosphate) usually administered to horses?
Definition
bolus or paste
Term
Trichlorfon (organophosphate) is effective against what parasites in horses?
Definition

immature and mature ascarids

adult pinworms

bots

Term
when Trichlorfon is combined wtih Piperazine and Phenothiazine, it is effective against what parasites in the horse?
Definition

ascarids

strongyles

Term
when Trichlorfon (organophosphate) is combined with BDZ and given to horses, it is effective against what parasites?
Definition

ascarids

large strongyles

pin worms

Term
Is the migratory form of S. vulgaris in the mesenteric artery susceptible to Trichlorton (organophosphate)?
Definition
no
Term
what is the spectrum of activity of Trichlorton (organophosphate) in dogs?
Definition

ascarids

hookworms

whipworms

mange

fleas

Term
are macrolide endectocides effective against cestodes and trematodes?
Definition
no
Term
what is more lipophillic, Doramectin or Ivermectin?
Definition
Doramectin
Term
what is the mechanism of action of ivermectin?
Definition

agonist of GABA receptors

(therefore causes paralysis of the parasite)

Term
Is ivermectin safe for use in pregnant animals?
Definition
yes it is safe
Term
high doses of ivermectin may cause what effect in a animal?
Definition
CNS depression (especially in the Collie dog)
Term

What are these:

Ivermectin, Doramectin, Selamectin, Eprinomectin

Definition
Acermectins (Macrolide Endectocides)
Term
Ivermectin is 90% metabolized where in the body?
Definition
liver
Term

which route of administration of Ivermectin has a greater rate of absorption?

(SQ/dermal or oral)

Definition
oral
Term
what is the major route of excretion of Ivermectin?
Definition
bile
Term
What is the spectrum of acitivity of Ivermectin in cattle/sheep?
Definition

all GI worms (including Ostertagi)

lung worms

Term
What is the spectrum of activity of Ivermectin in horses?
Definition

bots

stomach worms

small and large strongyles (including migrating larvae)

pinworms

ascarids

Term
What is the spectrum of activity of Ivermectin in swine?
Definition

GI worms

lung worms

kidney worms

Term
Is Ivermectin effective against Trichinella spp. (muscular stage) in sheep?
Definition
no
Term
What is the spectrum of activity of Ivermectin in dogs?
Definition

ascarids

hookworms

whipworms

heartworm preventative

(extra-label) microfilaricide

Term
What is the spectrum of activity of Ivermectin in cats?
Definition

heartworm preventative

hookworms

Term
What are acute signs of Ivermectin toxicity?
Definition

CNS depression

ataxia

tremors

mydriasis

possible death

Term

Which has a greater half life?

(Doramectin or Ivermectin)

Definition
Doramectin
Term
What is the spectrum of activity of Doramectin in cattle?
Definition
similar to Ivermectin + screwworms and Ostertagia
Term
What is the spectrum of activity of Doramectin in swine?
Definition

major GI worms

lung worms

kidney worms

lice

mange mites

Term
Is Doramectin approved for use in Dairy cattle?
Definition
no
Term
How is Eprinomectin administered to beef and dairy cattle?
Definition
pour on application ("water proof")
Term
This is the only Avermectin class drug that is approved for use in Dairy cattle?
Definition
Eprinomectin
Term
This is a good broad spectrum macrolide endectocide that is effective against adult and immature helminths, lice, hornflies, and mites?
Definition
Eprinomectin
Term
Selamectin (Revolution) is effective against what in dogs and cats?
Definition

heartworms

ectoparasites

(hookworms and roundworms in cats only*)

Term
How is Selemectin particullary effective against ectoparasites?
Definition
forms reserviors in the sebaceous glands
Term
What is the spectrum of activity for Milbemycin?
Definition

hearworms

hookworms

ascarids

whipworms

amitra-resistant Demodex canis

Term
Is Milbemycin OK to use in collie dogs?
Definition
yes fine in Collies (up to 20x recommended dose)
Term
What are some of the adverse reactions associated with Milbemycin?
Definition
mild cardiovascular shock due to reactions with the dead microfilariae
Term
What is the only pour on endectocide labelled for use in ruminants to treat the common scab mite?
Definition
Moxidectin
Term
The spectrum of activity of Moxidectin in cattle is similar to what other Macrolide Endectocide?
Definition
similar to Ivermectin and also similar to Milbemycin
Term
What is the spectrum of activity of Moxidectin in horses?
Definition
common internal parasites
Term
What is ProHeart 6?
Definition

injectable moxidectin

provides 6 months of heartworm protection

pulled in 2004 and reintroduced in 2008

Term
Pro Heart 6 was reintroduced in 2008 under what conditions?
Definition

vets must complete training before purchase

 

must require signed "informed consent" from pet owner before the product can be administered

Term
Arsinicals (Thiacetarsamide and Melarsomine) are used primarily for the treatment of what in dogs and cats?
Definition
removal of adult Dirofilaria
Term
What are two serious side effects of Arsenical treatment of Dirofilaria in dogs and cats?
Definition

hepatotoxicity

nephrotoxicity

Term
This particular Arsenical is the treatment of choice for dogs with heartworm infections? Why?
Definition

Melarsomine

because it is less toxic

has a longer retention time and slower clearance

the toxicity can be reversed

Term
What are the two most effective and safest approved cestocides?
Definition

Praziquantel

Epipraziquantel

Term
What is the difference in a taenicide and a taeniafuge?
Definition

Taenicide=causes death of the tape worm in situ

 

Taeniafuge=facilitates tapeworm expulsion

Term
Praziquantel is rapidly absorbed where, then does what?
Definition

rapidly absorbed in the GI tract

then readily distributes throughout the host

Term
What is the mechanism of action of Praziquantel?
Definition
tapeworm muscle paralysis by increased influx of Ca
Term
This Anticestodal drug is an approved analog of Praziquantel for dogs and cats?
Definition
Epsiprantel (Cestex)
Term
Since very little of Epsiprantel is absorbed, what effect does that have on its activity?
Definition
very little activity on extraintestinal worms
Term
Epsiprantel is 100% effective against what two parasites?
Definition

Dipylidium caninum

Taenia pisiformis

Term

What are these drugs:

Mebendazole, Fenbendazole, Oxfendazole, Albendazole?

Definition

Anticestodal drugs

(class Benzimidazole)

Term
What anticestodal drugs are approved for use in ruminants against Monezia spp. tapeworms?
Definition
Benzimidazole class of drugs
Term
what do we know about the safety of Epsiprantel?
Definition

we don't know much

hasn't been throughly assessed

Term
At what point in the life cycle are liver flukes most susceptible to fascilocidal drugs? When are they least susceptible?
Definition

most susceptible

10-12 weeks after infection (in the bile duct)

 

least susceptible

when they become adult flukes and become progressively walled off by connective tissue

Term
What is the antitrematodal drug approved for use in cattle and sheep?
Definition

Clorsulon

but not approved for use in dairy cattle

Term
What is the mechanism of action of Clorsulon (antitrematodal)?
Definition
deprives the flukes of their energy source
Term
This anti-trematodal drug is effective against mature flukes, but needs a higer dose to get immature flukes?
Definition
Albendazole
Term
This anti-trematodal, although no approved in USA, is effective against immature flukes?
Definition
Diamfenetide
Term
What anti-trematodal drugs are effective against Paramphistomiasis (rumen flukes)?
Definition

Resorantel

Bithionol

Term
What anti-trematodal drugs are effective against Paragonimus (lung flukes) in dogs and cats?
Definition

Praziquantel

Albendazole

fenbendazole

Term

What are these drugs:

Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Dimetridazol, Ronidazole, Iprmidazole?

Definition
Nitroimidazoles
Term
many of this class of drugs are mutagens and carcinogens?
Definition
Nitroimidazoles
Term
extralabel use of this drug class is illegal in food animals?
Definition
Nitroimidazoles
Term
What is the mechanism of action of Metronidazole?
Definition
metabolite that disrupts DNA synthesis
Term

Metronidazole lipid solubility?

(high or low)

Definition
high
Term
Metronidazole (although not approved in the US) has historically been used to treat what?
Definition
Giardia
Term
Metronidazole toxicity may induce what?
Definition

lethargy

weakness

teratogenic effects

Term
What are some drug classes that are effective against ameobae adn flagellates?
Definition

Nitrofurans

Arsenicals

Paromomycin

Benzimidazoles

Term
This is the drug of choice to treat Giardia?
Definition
Fenbendazole
Term
Tetracyclines are effective against what amaeba and flagellates?
Definition

amoeba

coccidia

piroplasms

ciliates

Term
Clindamycin (Antirobe) is dervied from what?
Definition
Lincomycin
Term
Clindamycin (Antirobe) is absorbed where, then rapidly distributed?
Definition
GI tract
Term
What is the mechanism of action of Clindamycin? (Antirobe)
Definition
inhibits protein synthesis by binding 50S subunit
Term
What is the drug of choice for the treatment of Toxoplasmosis in dogs and cats?
Definition
Clindamycin (Antirobe)
Term
Resistance to this class of drugs if a convern in broiler chickens?
Definition
Anti-coccidials
Term
How can you minimize the resistance that broiler chickens have shown to anit-coccidials?
Definition
use a shuttle program or a rotational program for deworming
Term
What are some of the major anti-coccidials?
Definition

sulfonamide

polyether ionophores

Term
What group of drugs is are the drugs of choice for the treatment of coccidia in small animals? Also used somewhat in ruminants, but not at all in poultry
Definition
Sulfonamides
Term
What is the mechanism of action of Sulfonamides?
Definition

inhibit folic acid synthesis

most effective against asexual stages

Term
When Sulfonamides are combined with this other drug, they can be used to treat Coccidia in poultry?
Definition
Sulfadimethoxine + Ormetoprim
Term
Decoquinate is effective against what?
Definition
coccidia
Term
What is the mechanism of action of Decoquinate?
Definition
blocks DNA synthesis by inhibiting DNA gyrase
Term
This drug is approved for the treatment of coccidosis in ruminants and all avain Eimeria spp.? (but not in dairy cattle)
Definition
Decoquinate
Term
This drug is structurally similar to Thiamine? What is the significance of that?
Definition

Amprolium (Corid)

therefore completely inhibits active transport of thiamine in E. tenella

Term
What is the only approved anti-coccidial for layers?
Definition
Amprolium (Corid)
Term
There is a concern about coccidal resistance to Amprolium (Corid), therefore it is given in combination with what?
Definition
Amprolium + sulfas
Term
What is a potential effect of Amprolium (Corid) overdose?
Definition
thiamine deficiency
Term
This drug is an arsenical used primarily for its growth promoting benefits?
Definition
Roxarsone
Term
Roxarsone (anti-coccidal drug) is often formulated with what?
Definition
often formulated with Ionophores
Term
What is the mechanism of action of polyether ionophores?
Definition

facillitates Na transport across the cell membrane

(therefore cell swelling, inhibition of mitochondrial function, ATP hydrolysis)

Term
Not only is Roxarson an anti-coccidial and a growth promoter, but this drug is too?
Definition
Polyether ionophores
Term
This anti-coccidial is effective against all Eimeria spp. in cattle, chickens, and sheep?
Definition
polyether ionophores
Term

What are these drugs:

Monensin and Lasalocid

Definition
Ionophores
Term

How can ionophores be administered to an animal?
Definition
added to the feed
Term
What species are particullary susceptible to feed containing inophores?
Definition

horses (other equines too)

turkeys

Term
What is the effect of Inophore toxicity?
Definition
severe cardiovascular effects (effects on Na and Ca)
Term
These drugs are effective for the treatment of EPM in horses?
Definition

Pryimethamine + Sulfadiazines (Rebalance)

Nitazoxamide (Navigator)

Ponazuril (Marquis)

Term
There is no evidence of the safety of drugs that treat EPM in this particular patient because testing has not been done?
Definition
pregnant mares
Term
What drug if effective against Babesiosis in dogs?
Definition
Imidocarb (Imizol)
Term
What drug is used to treat East Coast Fever (East Africa)?
Definition
Parvaquone
Term
Treatment of Coccidiosis in dogs and cats?
Definition
Sulfadimethoxine
Term
Treatment of Giardia?
Definition
Fenbendazole
Term
Treatment of Toxoplasmosis?
Definition
Clindamycin
Term
What is the drug of choice for the treatment of EPM in horses?
Definition
Ponazuril
Term
Ectoparasiticides are effective against what?
Definition

mites

lice

fleas

ticks

flies

Term
What are the different formulations of ectoparasiticides?
Definition

sprays, dips, shampoos

pour ons, dustings

oil sprays

collars, ear tags

Term
What are the only two Organochlorines approved by the EPA for animal use?
Definition

Methoxychlor

Lindane

Term
What is the mechanism of action of Methoxychlor?
Definition
affects the Na voltages gate in PNS (therfore prevents repolarization)
Term
What is the mechanism of action of Lindane? (organochlorine)
Definition

antagonizes GABA receptors in chloride channels (therfore inhibits chloride transport)

 

Term
What is the significance of the fact that organochlorides are very lipophillic?
Definition
form depot in fat tissue
Term
How does the half life of organochlorides compare to other ectoparasites?
Definition
longer half life
Term
This organochloride is used as a poweder for cats and dogs?
Definition
Methoxychlor
Term
This organochlorine drug is used primarily for the screw-worm and ear tick infections?
Definition
Lindane
Term
Even though acute toxicity to organochlorines is rare, the use of it is still discouraged in what animals?
Definition

young animals

lactating animals

Term
What is the mechanism of action of organophosphate drugs?
Definition
inhibits AChE irreversibily (therfore increase in ACh at the cholinergic receptors)
Term
What is an advantage of the lipid solubility of organophosphates?
Definition
they are well absorbed through the skin and GI tract
Term
What is the spectrum of activity of organophosphates?
Definition

Topical (coumaphos dust)
for lice, horn flies, face flies

 

pour-on (Fenthion and Famphur)

for cattle grubs and lice

 

flea collars and ear tags (Diazinon)

for face flies

 

oral administration (Cvthioate)

for fleas in dogs

Term
What animals are particularily sensitive to organophostphates?
Definition
Brahman cattle, greyhounds, cats
Term
what are some of the signs of organophosphate toxicity?
Definition

muscarinic and nicotinic effects

may cause OPIDN (?)

Term
What is the relative toxicity of Carbamates compared to Organophosphates?
Definition
carbamates are less toxic than organophosphates
Term
What is the mechanism of action of Carbamates?
Definition

inhibition of AChE

(but it can be reversed, unlike organophosphates)

Term
What is the drug in flea and tick collars for dogs and cats?
Definition
Propaxur
Term
What are the formulations of Carbaryl for cats and dogs?
Definition

sprays

dustings

Term
What is the difference in Pyrethroids and Pyrethrins?
Definition

Pyrethrins=plant origin

 

Pyrethroids=synthetic (resistant to metabolites, greater residual activity)

Term
Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids (insecticides) are often formulated with what in order to enhance efficacy?
Definition
often formulated with synergists and repellants
Term
What is the mode of action of Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids (insecticides)?
Definition

modulate Na channels (therefore cause membrane depolarization)

 

suppress GABA and glutamate receptor channel complexes

 

inhibit calmodulin binding to Ca (therfore increases Ca)

Term
What is the relative toxicity of Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids compared to organophosphates or Carbamates? Why?
Definition

safer

because they are more selective for insects

Term
What is the spectrum of activity of Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids (insecticides)?
Definition

fleas

ticks

head flies

Term
What are some of the signs of toxicity to Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids?
Definition
nerve and muscular disorders
Term
What are the pour-on Endectocides?
Definition

Avermectin class

Milbemycin class

Term
Macrolide Endectocides are effective against what?
Definition

mite

biting lice

sucking lice

grubs

Term
What is used to treat mites and lice in swine?
Definition
Ivermectin (SQ injection)
Term
What drug is approved for the treatment of ear mites in cats?
Definition
Ivermectin (topical)
Term
What is the clinical use of Fipronil (Frontline) in dogs and cats?
Definition

controls adult fleas and ticks

approved for puppies and kittens > 8 weeks

gives 30 days of protection

Term
Imidacloprid (Advantage) is effective against what?
Definition

mosquitoes

fleas

Term
When Imidocloprid (Advantage) is combined with Premethrin, it extends the spectrum of activity to include what? (K9 Advantix)
Definition

ticks

 

now covers: mosquitoes, fleas, ticks

Term
What is the activity of Nitenpyram (Capstar)?
Definition

effective against fleas in dogs and cats

fleas begin falling off within 30 minutes

Term
What is the spectrum of activity of Spinosad B (Comfortis)?
Definition

fleas

 

100% knockdown in 4 hours

only for dogs

Term
How does Spinosad B (Comfortis) differ from Nitenpyram (Capstar)?
Definition

binds to a different site

can give once per month

only approved for dogs

Term
What is the mechanism of action of Metaflumizon (Promeris)?
Definition

blocks voltage dependent Na channels

(therefore flaccid paralysis and death of the flea)

Term
What is the spectrum of activity of Metaflumizon (Promeris)?
Definition
fleas in dogs and cats
Term

What is d-limonene (Ectoparasitic)?

comes from?

activity?

toxicity?

 

Definition

comes from oil extract from oranges

vapors kill the insect

toxicity has been reported in cats

Term
What is the mechanism of action of Amitraz? (ectoparasitic)
Definition
MAO inhibitor
Term
What is the spectrum of activity of Amitraz? (ectoparasitic)
Definition

mites

ticks

Term
In what species has toxicosis to Amitraz been reported?
Definition
dogs
Term
What is the action of Methoprene?
Definition

juvenille hormone analog (falsely signals parasite to remain immature)

effects the developing life stages

Term
Because Methoprene only targets immature ectoparasites, it is good to combine it with what other drug?
Definition
combine with adulticides such as Pyrethroid
Term
What is the mechanism of action of Lufenuron (Program)?
Definition
inhibits chitin synthesis or depostion in exoskeleton development
Term
What is the spectrum of activity of Lufenuron (Program)?
Definition

flea control in dogs and cats

administer orally in dogs and cats

Term
these drugs can be combined  with another insecticide such as Pyrethroid, in order to enhance its activity?
Definition
synergist or repellant
Term
FDA vs EPA?
Definition

FDA

provides drug approval

concerned with drug working systemically

flea control must be 90% effective

often prescribed by a vet

 

EPA

provides pesticide registration

concerned with pesticides working topically

clinical studies are not required

sold over the counter

Term
What are some of the reasons that certain medications that do not require a prescription still only available from a vet?
Definition

improves efficacy

reduces toxicosis

Term
Deworming rotation with horses?
Definition

- Ivermectin (spring and fall) gets rid of bot larvae and eggs

 

-Strongid P or Rotectin 2 or Praziquantel (summer) gets rid of tapeworms

 

-consider Moxidectin once or twice per year after Ivermectin treatment to get rid of encysted larvae

Term
What dewormer class is on AHSA's list of forbidden masking substances?
Definition
Benzimidazoles (must administer >24 hours before competition)
Term
What worms should you be concerned with in horses at regular dewormings?
Definition

strongyles

round worms

pinworms

Term
How often should horses be dewormed specifically for tapeworms?
Definition
once per year (summer)
Term
At what times of the year should you deworm horses for bots specifically?
Definition

early spring

late fall

Term
What is the action of Moxidectin in horses?
Definition

encysted strongyles

bots

 

84 day suppression of strongyle eggs

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