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Pharmacology Review Test #3
Review Test #3
175
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 2
11/19/2013

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Term
This term means "kills bacteria".
Definition
Bactericidal
Term
Penicillin are bactericidal or bacteriostatic
Definition
Bactericidal
Term
This type of enzyme is found is penicillin-Type 1, and cephalosporins-Type II; it can be the site of action for some bacterial enzyme.
Definition
Beta-Lactamase
Term
When an antimicrobial drug is used, traces of the drug can be found in the tissue long after the drug has been stopped. This term refers to these traces of left over drug.
Definition
Residue
Term
What are two types of toxicities associated with aminoglycosides?
Definition
ototoxic and nephrotoxic
Term
_____form complexes with calcium in developing bones and teeth and should not be given to young animals.
Definition
Tetracyclines
Term
It is important that animals receiving sulfonamides have adequate _____ available, since crystals can form in the urine.
Definition
water
Term
Ketoconazole causes ______, and the live functions should be monitored during use.
Definition
hepatotoxicity
Term
_____is a condition called "dry eye" due to the decreased function of the tear glands; is a condition that can result from the use of sulfonamine antibiotics.
Definition
KCS-Keratoconjuctivitis Sicca
Term
This drug concentration is the lower end of the therapeutic range for antibiotic; this is the concentration of drug at which bacteria are inhibited.
Definition
MIC-minimum inhibitory concentration
Term
This process by which bacteria are isolated and their susceptibility to different antimicrobial drugs is determined.
Definition
culture and sensitivity
Term
Antifungal used to treat Candida infections
Definition
Nystatin
Term
Used to treat viral infections
Definition
interferon
Term
Fluoroquinolone antimicrobial
Definition
enrofloxacin
Term
Antimicrobial used widely before the advent of penicillin
Definition
sulfonamide
Term
Aminoglycoside antibiotic that may cause nephro- and ototoxicity
Definition
gentamicin
Term
Has duration approximately 24 hours; often combined with benzathine form for longer duration of base drug
Definition
procaine penicillin G
Term
Antibiotic known as cephalosporin
Definition
cephalexin
Term
Tetracycline antibiotic
Definition
doxycline
Term
Macrolide antibiotic
Definition
erythromycin
Term
Drug used orally and topically to treat fungal infections by causing leaking of the fungal cell membrane
Definition
ketoconazole
Term
Category of antiparasitic that work against endo- and ectoparasites and includes the drug ivermectin
Definition
avermectin
Term
Cholinesterase inhibitor
Definition
carbamate
Term
Commonly used antinematodal that includes the brand name product Panacur
Definition
fenbendazole
Term
Cholinesterase inhibitor that is used against endo- ectoparasites and has a narrow safety margin
Definition
organophosphate
Term
Quick-kill chemical found in flea products
Definition
pyrethroids
Term
A drug that is used to treat demodectic mange in dogs is.
Definition
amitraz
Term
Treatment of Giardia lamblia infections should include.
Definition
metronidazole (Flagyl)
Term
All heartworm preventatives also control intestinal parasites-TRUE OR FALSE
Definition
False
Term
All flea products also control ticks-TRUE OR FALSE
Definition
False
Term
The active ingredient of the most common once-a-month dewormer in pet stores is.
Definition
piperazine
Term
What type of drug is an osmotic diuretic?
Definition
Mannitol
Term
Mannitol is administered IV and reduces intraocular pressure by decreasing the vitreous humor volume, what type of drug is Mannitol?
Definition
Osmotic diuretic
Term
This osmotic diuretic drug can also be used to reduce intracranial pressure in traumatic head/brain injuries.
Definition
Mannitol
Term
Are most ophthalmic drugs human label or veterinary label?
Definition
Human Label
Term
What is the medical name for dry eye?
Definition
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Term
Why would a vet prescribe oral diazepam to a dog for treatment of alopecia that is moist and erythemic on the surface of the front leg.
Definition
As a behavioral modifying drug to stop psychogenic alopecia (excessive self-licking)
Term
What shampoo is used as a treatment for seborrhea oleosa?
Definition
Oxydex Shampoo
Term
What product should not be used in food animals with otitis due to human risk of developing aplastic anemia?
Definition
Chloramphenicol
Term
What drugs can have ototoxcity effects?
Definition
Gentamicin Sulfate and Neomycin Sulfate
Term
A dog has a corneal scratch, what product helps diagnose the corneal scratch?
Definition
fluorescein dye strips
Term
What product is contraindicated in a poodle?
Definition
Steroid (corticosteroid) opthalmic drugs
Term
A kitten is presented with excessive ear scratching, what would be a good thing to check on the kitten?
Definition
Check for ear mites
Term
The kitten is positive with ear mites, what are some treatment options?
Definition
Pyrethrins, Rotenone, Ivermectin, Mibemycin
Term
When you are getting ready to do an ear cleaning or treat an ear infection, what must you always do first?
Definition
Use an otoscope to check and make sure the tympatic membrane is not ruptured
Term
If there is a ruptured tympanic membrane, what solutions must be avoided?
Definition
cleaning solutions and topical medications. Saline is safe to use.
Term
A dog is presented with oily and scaly skin. What is the dog diagnosed with?
Definition
Seborrhea
Term
What shampoo ingredients could be used on dogs with oily and scaly skin?
Definition
Sulfur, Salicylic acid, Coal tar, Benzoyl peroxide, Selenium sulfide
Term
What class is Amoxicillin in?
Definition
Penicilllin
Term
What class is Gentamincin in?
Definition
aminoglycosides
Term
What class is Enrofloxcin (Baytril) in?
Definition
Fluroquinolones
Term
What class is Cefadroxil (Cefa-tabs) in?
Definition
Cephalosporins
Term
Does the broth dilution susceptibility test or the agar diffusion test give more information regarding the possible dosage of antibiotic to use for a patient?
Definition
The broth dilution susceptibility test gives more information regarding the MIC
Term
What useful property does the antibiotic Clavamox have compared to similar anitmicrobials?
Definition
Clavamox contains clavulanate potassium (Clvulanic acid)
Term
What type of infective agent does acyclovir and interferon work against?
Definition
Viruses, they are antiviral; interferon also has antineoplastic and immunoregulatory effects.
Term
Name a couple of beta-lactamase resistant penicillin's?
Definition
Oxacillin, Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin
Term
Penicillin's are primarily excreted by what organ?
Definition
Kidney's
Term
Can cause discoloration and affect formation of bone and teeth in young/growing animals
Definition
Tetracycline
Term
Ototoxic and nephrotoxic
Definition
Gentamicin
Term
Fluoroquinolone
Definition
Enrofloxcin, Ciprofloxacin
Term
Inhibits bacterial cell well synthesis by binding with PBPs (bacterial enzymes)
Definition
Cephalosporins and Penicillins
Term
Second generation of this drug is resistant to beta-lactamase II
Definition
Cephalosporins
Term
This drug inhibits bacterial enzyme which causes bacterial DNA to coil in the nucleus (DNAgyrase)
Definition
Enroflaxin, Ciprofloxacin
Term
Adverse reactions include canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Definition
Tribrissen
Term
Inhibit protein synthesis
Definition
Tetracycline, Gentamicin, Spectinomycin
Term
Restricted to topical skin and ophthalmic application
Definition
Polymycin B and bacitracin
Term
Formation of lesions on joint articular cartilage in rapid growth phases of young animals
Definition
Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin
Term
A ______is an anthelmintic that kills the worm, as opposed to a ________, which only paralyzes the worm and often results in passage of live worm in the stool.
Definition
vermicide, vermifuge
Term
Amitraz is toxic to ____, so it should not be used in those species.
Definition
cats
Term
______ is a very common treatment for organophosphate toxicity. Also pralidoxime (2-PAM)
Definition
Atropine
Term
Ivermectin toxicities are unique to come _____breeds.
Definition
Collie
Term
Melarsomine dihydrochloride is an arsenic agent used in treatment of ___________ caused by immature to adult infections.
Definition
heartworm disease
Term
The long-lasting residual properites of __________ poses a threat as an environmental hazard, and as a result, many of these types of products have been banned.
Definition
chlorinated hydrocarbons
Term
One of the most commonly used antiseptic/disinfectant in vet med; Biguanide compound-bactericidal, fungicidal, some activity against viruses.
Definition
Chlorhexidine
Term
A Quarternary ammonia compound (Roccal-D Plus)
Definition
a cationic detergent
Term
Used as soap scrubs and found in many household disinfectants (i.e. Lysol)
Definition
Phenols
Term
Sodium hypochlorite is the ingredient found in most household versions of this disinfectant.
Definition
Chlorine compounds
Term
Common antiseptic found in most surgical scrubs, can stain, and can be inactivated by organic material
Definition
Iodines
Term
Can be used to sterilize against bacteria, fungi, and viruses, but must be handled carefully due to its carcinogenic effects
Definition
Ethylene Oxide
Term
_____ is an increase in the intraocular pressure inside the eye influenced by an increase in the production or a decrease in drainage of the aqueous humor, which is the watery fluid in the front part of the eye (anterior chamber).
Definition
Glaucoma
Term
_____is often hereditary and caused by malformation or structural defect of the drainage angle for the aqueous humor.
Definition
Primary Glaucoma
Term
_____is cause by a number of conditions which cause a change in the angle of drainage including inflammation of the iris, neoplasia and bleeding inside the eye.
Definition
Secondary glaucoma
Term
The drug _____, a parasympathomimetic, decreases the size of the ciliary body which results in a larger outflow angle and decreased intra-ocular pressure.
Definition
Pilocarpine
Term
The drug _________, a sypathomimetic, will decrease the production of aqueous humor by causing constriction of blood vessels and decrease blood flow to the ciliary body.
Definition
Epinephrine
Term
Atropine ophthalmic agents are used to produce?
Definition
mydriasis
Term
Epinephrine is contraindicated in _____ glaucoma.
Definition
closed-angle
Term
_____ is an inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, choroid, and eventually the inner layers the eye (retina) leading to blindness
Definition
Uveitis
Term
_____is a method of measuring intraocular pressure.
Definition
Schiotz tonometry
Term
This condition results from a decreased secretion of the lacrimal glands.
Definition
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Term
This ophthalmic drug stimulates increased tear production and may take several weeks before the effects of therapy are evident.
Definition
Cyclosporine
Term
These drugs should not be used in cats that have an ocular herpes virus infection.
Definition
Corticosteroids-topical
Term
This is an oral medication that used to reduce intraocular pressure in emergency situations.
Definition
Glycerol
Term
An ophthalmic drug administered intravenously to reduce intraocular pressure _____.
Definition
mannitol
Term
This drug is used to treat primary glaucoma and is contraindicated in patients with cardiovascular disease or pulmonary disease with bronchioconstriction.
Definition
Timolol Maleate
Term
This topical ophthalmic anesthetic can inhibit growth of bacteria.
Definition
Tetracaine
Term
These are used during intraocular surgery to surgery to minimize loss of fluid from the anterior chamber during cataract removal or other ocular surgeries.
Definition
Viscoelastic substances (Hyluronic acid)
Term
_____drugs that paralyze the ciliary muscle.
Definition
Cycloplegics
Term
This drug produces mydriasis and vasoconstriction (no cycloplegia), and is used in the evaluation of uveitis and Horner's Syndrome
Definition
Phenylephrine Hydrochloride
Term
This drug is used for ocular fungus examination and is contraindicated with glaucoma and keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Definition
Tropicamide
Term
These types of drugs increase outflow of aqueous humor through the uveal and sclera pathways.
Definition
Topical Prostoglandins, Bimatoprost, Travoprost
Term
This drug is used in the treatment of glaucoma in those patients that have respiratory disease or asthma.
Definition
Betaxolol
Term
________ are biodegradable contact lens made from bovine or porcine collagen.
Definition
collagen shields
Term
A fungal keratitis occurs most commonly in what species?
Definition
Equine
Term
When cleaning debris from the ear, you should only use _____ to clean the ear if the tympanic membrane is ruptured.
Definition
saline
Term
These three classes of antiparasitics have been used in the treatment of ear mites_______,_______, _______
Definition
Pyrethins, Rotenone, Ivermectin
Term
This drug can be used for antiparasitic, antifungal, and antibacterial otitis externa infection, can cause an ototoxicity, and should not be used in patients that have a ruptured tympanic membrane.
Definition
Neomycin sulfate
Term
This class of topical otic drugs should not be used in combination with neomycin sulfate
Definition
Gentamicin sulfate
Term
______ is defined as inflammation of the external ear canal.
Definition
Otitis Externa
Term
_____are used to remove necrotic tissue, debris, and wax.
Definition
Ear Cleaners
Term
_____are used to remove excess moisture from the ear canal
Definition
Drying agents
Term
_____should not be used in the presence of a ruptured tympanic membrane.
Definition
Neomycin
Term
_____is defined as inflammation of the middle ear; the diagnosis is sometimes difficult because the animal shows no clinical signs; other times it is presented with purulent discharge and head shaking.
Definition
Otitis media
Term
Keratolytics and keratoplastics are known as _____ agents.
Definition
antiseborrheic
Term
________ is a drug used to treat thrush in equines.
Definition
topical antifungalagents, copper naphthenate
Term
What behavior altering drug can assist in psyogenic conditions such as excessive self-licking and / or mutilation (there are a few)
Definition
Amitriphyline, Diazepam, Fluoxetine, Phenobarbital, Naloxone, Naltrexone
Term
This is a skin condition that is characterized by abnormal flaking or scaling of outermost layer of epidermis and accompanied by increased production of sebum oil.
Definition
Seborrhea oleosa
Term
This compound (available in a shampoo) is recommended for the treatment of seborrhea oleosa, hot spots, skinfold/pustular dermatitis, and is safe for use in cats.
Definition
Benzoyl Peroxide
Term
this is an iodine-based antiseptic that has non-staining effects when applied.
Definition
Povidone-iodine
Term
This oral supplement is used to control puritus due to certain dermatological conditions and may also be used to improve the luster of the skin.
Definition
Fatty acid supplements
Term
Acemannan, a complex carbohydrate derived from aloe vera, promotes fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, _______, and epithelialization.
Definition
angiogenesis
Term
List the four stages of wound healing:
Definition
inflammation, debridement, repair, and maturation
Term
______ is the development and/or migration of capillaries in the wound healing process.
Definition
Angiogenesis
Term
This shampoo which is used for treating dry eczema and seborrhea, and has degreasing and antifungal properties, is not safe to use in cats.
Definition
Selenium Sulfate
Term
A type of skin infection and refers to fungal agents like "ringworm".
Definition
dermatophyte
Term
This term means "keeps bacteria from growing or multiplying".
Definition
bacteriostatic
Term
Means "toxic to the ear"; occurs with aminoglycosides.
Definition
ototoxic
Term
Enzyme produced by bacteria (especially Staphylococci) that can disable penicillin's and cephalosporins.
Definition
beta-lactamase
Term
If a bacteria cannot be killed by a particular drug, it is said to be this.
Definition
resistant
Term
Beta-lactam resistant antibiotics that are naturally resistant against penicillinase.
Definition
cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, oxacillin
Term
This group of antibiotics are known for being very safe with the exception of hypersensitivity reactions that many animals seems to have with drugs of this group; hypersensitivity reactions can be life-threatening compared to the reactions seen with sulfonamide antibiotics.
Definition
penicillins
Term
Antifungl used for deep mycoses (systemic mycotic infections); causes damage to the kidneys (nephrotoxcity) of the animal almost all the time.
Definition
amphotericin B
Term
These antimicrobials are readily chelated with calcium and magnesium; do not use orally in nursing animals, or allow animals to drink milk or eat dairy products while taking these drugs by mouth.
Definition
Tetracycline and oxytetracycline
Term
Use of this drug is any animal intended for food is grounds for losing your license; can cause aplastic anemia in humans.
Definition
Chloramphenicol
Term
Group of beta-lactam antimicrobial classified by different "generations"
Definition
cephalosporins
Term
This group of antimicrobials that can have nephrotoxic side effect, are taken up with an active transport process that is oxygen dependent-effective on gram negative aerobic bacteria; hence this group of drugs is ineffective against anaerobes.
Definition
aminoglycosides
Term
This group of drugs work by binding to DNA gyrase and preventing the bacteria from replicating.
Definition
Quinolones
Term
Members of the penicillin group that have the greatest range of activity against bacteria.
Definition
carbenicillin, tricarcillin, piperaccillin
Term
These drugs can cause adult teeth to turn yellow if these drugs were present in the body during the time when the enamel was being laid down on the developing teeth in young animals.
Definition
Tetracyclines
Term
These drugs are ototoxic and nephrotoxic
Definition
aminogylcosides
Term
Both of these classes antimicrobials work by interfering with the development of the bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Definition
penicillins and cephalosporins
Term
This sulfonamide drug is used for its anti-inflammatory characteristics in the colon; this sulfa drug is metabolized in the colon-converted by intestinal bacteria to a sulfa drug.
Definition
sulfasalazine
Term
Used to treat superficial fungal infections (ringworm); can cause birth defects, and must be given with a fatty meal.
Definition
griseofulvin
Term
Intravenous injection of relative small doses of this drug in horses has resulted in arrhythmias, collapse and death; therefor IV administration of this drug in horses is contraindicated.
Definition
tetracyclines; oxytetracyclines
Term
Added to sulfonamide antibiotics to increase their killing power
Definition
trimethoprim, ormetoprim, pyrimethamine
Term
This group of antimicrobials is a associated with KCS
Definition
sulfonamides
Term
Lincosamide drug that works well against anaerobic bacteria and there fore is used to treat deep pyodermas, abscesses, and dental infections.
Definition
clindamycin
Term
This macrolide antibiotic is similar in its chemical structure as a compound called motilin; motilin and this macrolide antibiotic causes abdominal cramping, pain, and diarrhea
Definition
erythromycin
Term
This macrolide antibiotic has produced deaths in people who accidentally or intentionally injected themselves.
Definition
Tilmicosin
Term
Bacterial antimicrobial that is effective against intestinal protozoa like Giardia; can cause neurological side effects even at normal doses
Definition
metronidazole
Term
A new drug that has excellent ability to penetrate tissues; does not cause aplastic anemia like the other members in its group
Definition
florifenicol
Term
Added with neomycin and polymyxin B to make a widely used antibiotic cream or ointment
Definition
bactracin
Term
One of the safest group of the external insecticides; characterized by its quick knock down; made from chrysanthemum flowers
Definition
pyrethrins
Term
Originally an insecticide developed for treatment of demodicosis; extremely toxic if ingested
Definition
amitraz
Term
Safe, "round worm" medication found in grocery stores and pet shops; "once a month" OTC dewormer; vermifuge
Definition
piperazine
Term
Topically administered endectocide; used to control fleas and ticks, ear mites, sarcoptic mange, and as a heartworm preventative for dogs and cats; avermectin type drug
Definition
selamectin
Term
Antiprotozoal that is used primarily in calves for treatment of coccidia and other protozoa.
Definition
amprolium
Term
Arsenical adulticide against Dirofilaria; requires a deep IM injections.
Definition
melarsomine
Term
This group of insecticides works by blocking acetylcholinesterase
Definition
organophosphates and carbamates
Term
A milbenycin type of antiparasitic approved for use in cattle and horses; was the active ingredient in the 6 month heart worm preventative, Pro-Heart
Definition
moxidectin
Term
This drug is in a class of drugs attach the parasite on a cellular basis by binding to the beta-tublin and preventing energy metabolism; the equine label is effective against stongyles, pinworms, and ascarids; it is also a component of Tresaderm Otic for treating mites in dogs and cats
Definition
thiabendazole
Term
Antiprotozoal drug developed to be effective against the agent that causes equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
Definition
ponazuril
Term
Microfilaricide most commonly used (not milbemycin)
Definition
ivermectin
Term
Toxic signs include SLUDGE signs or muscle tremors progressing to paralysis.
Definition
organophosphates
Term
Single-treatment tapeworm medication; effective against many different species of tapeworms; it is non-toxic, and has a wide margin of saftey
Definition
praziquantel
Term
Heartworm preventative avermectin approved for use in cats and dogs once a month as an oral medication; was the first canine heartworm preventative.
Definition
ivermectin
Term
What is SLUDGE?
Definition
Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, GI Upset, Emesis
Term
Orally administered macrolide heartworm preventative but not an avermectin; also approved to control hookworm, ascarid, and whipworm infections
Definition
milbemycin oxime
Term
Topically applied flea tablet; inhibits chitin formation in larvae and egg
Definition
lufenuron
Term
Daily administered oral heartworm preventative medication; largely has been replaced by the monthly use of avermectins and milbemycins
Definition
diethylcarbamazine
Term
Macrolide heartworm preventative for use in cats and dogs that is similar in structure and mechanism of action as the avermectins; also approved to treat ear mites in cats.
Definition
milbemycin
Term
Injectable and pour-on avermectin type of drug approved for use in cattle and swine to treat several internal parasites, grubs, lice, and mange; has been reported to have caused "severe adverse reactions" in other species including fatalities in dogs.
Definition
doramectin
Term
Insecticides associated with SLUDGE signs
Definition
organophosphate and carbmates
Term
Topically applied insecticide; removes the inhibitory effect of GABA on the nervous system causing overstimulation of the insect and death; is very safe because the receptor site for this drug in insects is very different from the receptor site in mammals; can be toxic to some fish.
Definition
fipronil (Frontline)
Term
The antidote for organophosphate and carbamate toxicosis; readily available in most veterinary practices; blocks acetylcholine receptors
Definition
Atropine
Term
Insect repellant; often used in human repellent products; can cause neurologic side effects
Definition
Deet (diethyltolumide)
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