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Pharmacology Ch 1-5
Veterinary Pharmacology
88
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 3
11/06/2014

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are preliminary study tests done on for drug development?
Definition
Computer models or simple organisims such as bacteria.
Term

# 2 Safety/ effectivness evaluation

 

Definition
At what point of drug development are preclinical studies done?
Term
Lab animals.
Definition

What are the series of tests for safety and efficancy during drug development done on?

 

Term
Carciogenicity
Definition
Ability or tendency to produce cancer
Term
Tetraogenicity
Definition
Capacity to cause birth defects.
Term
Clinical Trials
Definition
This begins in the drug development after the FDA has approved application. This will occur on the target species for safety and efficiency on a particular species.
Term
Toxicity evaluation
Definition
During drug development, this determines the dose at which the drug induces tissue or organ damage which can result in permanent injury/death
Term
Effective Dose-50 (ED50)
Definition
Dose of a test drug that causes a defined effect in 50% of the animals that take it.
Term
Lethal dose-50 (LD50)
Definition
Dose of a test drug that kills 50% of the animals that take it.
Term
Therapeutic Index
Definition
Dose that provides the desired effects with minimal or no signs of toxicity.
Term
Therapeutic Dose
Definition

LD-50/ ED-50

 

"margin of safety"

Term
New Animal Drug Application
Definition
NADA stands for?
Term
Submission and Review
Definition
Third step of drug development:
Term
Postmarketing Surveillance stage
Definition
Fourth stage of drug development.
Term
Green Book
Definition
During the fourth stage of drug development where is the drug listed?
Term
Green Book
Definition
A list of animal drug products published and updated monthly by the drug:
Term
Direct marketing
Definition
When a drug is purchased directly from the company that manufactures it.
Term
Distributors/ wholesalers
Definition
Agencies that purchase the drug from the manufacturer and resell it to veterinarians.
Term
Generic companies
Definition
Selling drugs that are no longer under patent protection
Term
Bioequivalency

Definition
Ability to produce similair blood levels after administration as the original patented drug.
Term
Therapeutic Range
Definition
Drug concentration in the body that produces the desired affect in the animal with minimnal or no sign of toxicity.
Term

1-Route of Administration

 

2-Drug Dose

 

3-Dosage Interval

Definition
Three major drug factors involved in staying with in a drugs therapeutic range.
Term
Nonparenteral
Definition
Drugs that are given through the GI tract (orally) PO
Term
Parenteral
Definition

Drugs that are given by a route other than through the GI tract.

 

Paraentero

"excluding the instestines"

Term
Injectable medications
Definition
Supplied in sterile vials. Some in powder form that must be reconstituted. Should be dated and refrigerated if necessary Some vials are single dose and some are ultiple dose. May need to be used in a certain amount of time. Some are light sensitive.
Term
IV Injection
Definition
Route allowing for fastest onset of action.
Term
Bolus administration.
Definition
A concentrated mass injected all at one time IV to acheive high concentration of drug immediately.
Term
Intermittent IV therapy
Definition
Diluted drug administered over a 30-60 minute period through an IV catheter.
Term
Infusion of fluid
Definition
Drug added to large volume of fluid administered continuously over a long period of time.
Term

Aqueous solution

 

Aqueous suspension

 

Oily suspension

 

Injectable pellets

Definition
Different forms of injectables for IM injection.
Term
Repository or Depot Preparation
Definition
When a drug is placed in a substance that prolongs absorption.
Term
SQ injection
Definition
Given in the connective tissue beneath the dermis. Slowest route of injection. However still faster then oral administration.
Term
Inhalation
Definition
Rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream through diffusion from the alveoli to the capillaries.
Term
Topical administration
Definition

Applied to surface of the skin or mucous membranes.

Must first disolve and then penetrate the skin by diffusion.

Term
Oral administration
Definition
Medication is delivered directly to the GI tract. Does not have to be sterile. Liquid, pill, or capsule.
Term
Dose
Definition
The amount of drug given at one time to achieve the desired effect.
Term
Loading Dose
Definition
Initial dose given to get the concentration up to therapeutic range.
Term
Maintenance dose
Definition
Dose given to maintain therapeutic range.
Term
Total Daily Dose
Definition
Total amount of drug given in a 24 hour period.
Term
Dosage
Definition
The amount of drug per animals body weight.
Term
Dosage interval
Definition
Frequency in which the drug is given to maintain therapeutic range. SID, BID, TID, QID, EOD.
Term
Dosage regimen
Definition

Dosage interval AND dosage together.

ex: 10mg/kg BID

Term

Right Drug

Right Dose

Right Time

Right Route/Technique

Right Patient

Right Documentation

Definition
The Six R's in drug administration safety.
Term
At least 3 times.
Definition
How many times should you check a label before administering a drug?
Term
Passive Diffusion
Definition
The movement of drug molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentraion until both sides have the same concentration. Does NOT require energy. Drug used must disolve in the cell membrane for this to occur.
Term
Lipophilic Drugs
Definition
Can disolve in the phospholipid structure of cell membrane and pass through easier than drugs that are hydrophilic.
Term
Hydrophilic drugs
Definition
Usually disolve in water and injected IM so that it can diffuse through the fluid to reach the capillaries.
Term
Ionized drugs
Definition
Have a positive or negative charge. Usually hydrophilic in form.
Term
Non-ionized drugs
Definition
Have a neutral charge. Usually lipophilic in form. Can pass through cell membrane easily.
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
Passive diffusion that requires a special carrier molecule which helps the drug cross the cell membrane.
Term
Active Transport
Definition
Requires a special carrier molecule AND energy because the drug molecules move against the concentration gradient.
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
Engulfing fluids into the cell by surrounding the particles and forming a vesicle.
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
Engulfing solids into the cell by surrounding the particle and forming a vesicle. Reserved for particles that are too large to pass through cell membrane.
Term
Absorption
Definition
The movement of a drug from the site of administration into the fluids of the body that will carry it to the site(s) of action. Drug and patient factors will affect this.
Term
Bioavailability
Definition
The degree in which the drug is absorbed and reaches the circulation. Higher in IV and IM drugs.
Term

pH and Ionization

(alkaline)

Definition

Ionized drugs are absorbed more readily in areas of higher what?

 

Term

pH and Ionization

(acidic)

Definition
Non-ionized drugs are absorbed in areas of lower what?
Term
Ion Tapping
Definition
Drug molecules can change from being ionized to non-ionized as they travel from one body compartment to another.
Term

Age

 

Health

 

Metabolic rate

 

Genetic factors

 

Sex

Definition
Five patient factors that can affect absorption.
Term
Distribution
Definition
Physiological movement of drugs from the systemic circulation to the tissues.
Term

Membrane permeability

 

Tissue perfusion

 

Protein binding

 

Volume of distribution

Definition
Factors that affect drug distribution
Term
Blood brain barrier. (BBB) The capillaries do not have fenestrations. So only the most lipophilic drugs can enter the CNS
Definition
Large molecules cannot pass through fenestrations in the capillaries. What is the exception to membrane permeability.
Term

Tissue Perfusion

 

Definition
Fat tissue has lower levels of drugs due to a lack of? Drugs stored in fat will delay onset of results.
Term
Protein Binding
Definition
Some drug molecules bind to proteins in the blood that are too large to pass through the capillaries and become trapped in circulation. This is called?
Term
Volume of Distribution
Definition
How well a drug is distributed thoughout the body based on the concentration of the drug in the blood. Assumes that the drug concentration in the blood is equal to the drug concentration dispersed throughout the rest of the body.
Term
Lower
Definition
The larger the volume of drug distribution, the _______the drug concentration in the blood after distribution.
Term
Metabolism
Definition

The chemical alteration of drug molecules by the body cells of patients to a metabolite.

a.k.a. biotransformation. Occurs mainly in the liver.

Term
Altered absorption
Definition
When some drugs change the absorption of other drugs.
Term
Competition for Plasma Proteins
Definition
Two drugs that both bound to plasma proteins, with one drug having a higher affinity for binding, will leave excess of the other drug in circulation. Could lead to toxic levels.
Term
Altered Excretion
Definition
When some drugs affect the kidneys which causes a decrese in excretion of other drugs. Example is diuretics.
Term
Altered Metabolism
Definition
When the same enzyme may be needed to metabolize two drugs that are being given at the same time.
Term
Tolerance
Definition
Decreased responce to a drug
Term

Metabolic: drug is metabolized more rapidly with chronic use.

 

Cellular: decreased cellular receptors with repeated use.

Definition
The two types of tolerance to a drug.
Term
Excretion
Definition

Removal of a drug from the body.

 

a.k.a. elimination

 

 

Term
Kidneys
Definition
When drugs are eliminated through the glomerular filtration, tubular excretion, and tubular reabsorption, they are excrete through the?
Term
Liver
Definition
When drugs are eliminated via passive diffusion from the blood into the liver cells. They go through the?
Term
Withrawl time
Definition
Perio after the aministration of a rug in which the animal can be sent to slaughter. Calculated based on rug half life.
Term
half-life
Definition
Time required for the amount of rug in the boy to be reduced by half of its orginal level.
Term

Receptors

 

Definition
Some drugs form a chemicle bond with specific cell components on target cells calle? These are 3D proteins that may be located in the cell membrane, the cytoplasm or nucleus.
Term
Agonist
Definition
Binds to cell receptors to cause an action
Term
Antagonist
Definition
Drug that inhibits or blocks the responce of a cell.
Term
Chemical name
Definition
Name of the drug based on its chemical make up. Provides scientific and technicle information.
Term
Generic name
Definition
Official identifying name of a drug. Non-proprietary name.
Term
Brand name
Definition
Name given by the drug company. Proprietary name, trade name.
Term
Compounding
Definition
The preperation, mixing, assembling, packaging, and/ or labeling of a drug based on a prescription drug order from a veterinarian for a specific patient.
Term

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

 

on a drug label means it meets the standards described in the compendium.

Definition
Official compendium describes thye source, appearence, properties, standards of purity, and other requierments of the most important pure drugs.
Term

Drugs Name(generic and trade

Drug concentration & quanity

Name and adress of manufacturer

Manufacturer's control or lot #

Expiration date

Otherm if warranted

 

-Withdrawl times

-controlled substance status

Definition
Drug packaging requirements.
Term

1) Veterinarian name, adress, phone #, and DEA # if necessary.

2) Client name and adress, patient name and species.

3) Drug name, strength, & quanity to be dispensed

4) Instructions for giving drug to patient.

 

Number of refills

Veterinary signature

Date of perscription

Definition
Writteb perscription requierments on label.
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