Shared Flashcard Set

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Pharmacodynamics
Uses of drugs for final
38
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 3
11/22/2009

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

 

Opioid (narcotics)-Morphine

Definition
  • Narcotic analgesic used in moderate to severe pain, Chest pain related to MI

 

  • Standard against which all other narcotic analgesics are measure for effectiveness
Term

 

 

 

 

Opioid antagonists

Definition

Competes for the opioid receptors. 


It is used to reverse the effects of opiates (respiratory depression) and to treat opioid overdose.


Opioid antagonists Onset:  immediate when given IV.


Duration: short: closely monitor for additional doses needed.


Term

 

 

 

 

Salicylates-Aspirin

Definition

 

  • Used for its analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet effects
  • Irreversibly inhibits cycooxygenase (COX)
Term

 

 

 

 

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications-Ibuprofen

Definition
  • Used for its analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects

 

  • Reversibly inhibits cycooxygenase (COX)
Term

 

 

 

Acetaminophen

Definition

 

 

Used for mild to moderate pain and fever; usually well tolerated; has no anti-inflammatory effect.

Term

 

 

 

Beta Blockers-“olol” medications-atenolol

Definition
  • Treats: HTN, & angina
  • Decreases heart rate and contractility, slows conduction, suppresses automaticity
  • Works on the Beta 1 and Beta 2 receptors, increasing heart rate, increased force of contraction and increased Av conduction
Term

 

 

 

 

ACE Inhibitors-“pril” medications

Definition
  • Treats: Hypertension, Myocardial Infarction, heart failure and diabetic nephropathy
  • Inhibits the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) needed to change angiotensin I (inactive) to angiotensin II (active).  Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor, so that less angiotensin II means less vasoconstriction.
  • Decreased angiotensin II also decreases secretion of aldosterone, which thus prevents retention of sodium and water
  • Lowers blood pressure by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance:  smaller antihypertensive response (monotherapy) in African Americans that whites

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Cardiac Glycosides (Digoxin)

Definition
  • Treats: Heart Failure, a-fib and a-flutter
  • Direct effect is to strengthen force of cardiac contraction (+ inotropic effect)
  • Indirect effect is to depress the SA node and slow conduction to the AV node (negative dromotropic effect) thus slowing the heart rate (negative chronotropic effect
  • Can cause the same arrhythmias it is used to treat
  • Antidote for digoxin overdose is digoxin immune Fab
Term

 

 

 

 

Nitrates

Definition
  • Treats: angina
  • Usually given sublingually or topically, sometimes IV in acute care settings
  • Relaxes smooth muscles and dilates vascular beds-it is a vasodilator
Term

 

 

 

 

Anticoagulant-Heparin

Definition
  • Treats: anticoagulant that prevents formation or extensions of blood clots.  Has no effect on existing blood clots
  • Parenteral administration (IV or SQ)
Term

 

 

 

low-molecular-weight heparin (Lovenox)

Definition
  • Main use is for prophylactic prevent of DVT after surgery
  • Indication: is considered safer than and equally effective as heparin, has an effect on activated factor X and has limited effect on thrombin.  It also affects clotting factor C and antithrombin.  It is absorbed after SC administration and is widely distributed.   
  • Administered subcutaneously
  • It is used to prevent the extension of a blood clot, in patients with DVT or PE
  • Used prophylactically in patients with short-term increased risk of thrombus formation
Term

 

 

 

 

Coumadin (Warfarin)

Definition
  • Treats: anticoagulant used to complete treatment with heparin after clot formation; is used prophylactically in patients at high risk of thrombus formation
  • Administered orally
  • May be give with heparin until therapeutic level of Warfarin is obtained
Term

 

 

 

Lipid-Lowering medications-(Statin Drugs)

Definition

Treats: Used to treat hyperlipidemia.  It lowers LDL, triglycerides, and total cholesterol and raises HDL.

Term

 

 

 

Mucolytics

Definition

 

 

 

Used to liquefy thick, tenacious secretions

Term

 

 

 

 

Bronchodilators-Albuterol

Definition

 

 

 

Used for: acute and chronic management asthma and COPD

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Anti-Inflammatory Agents-Inhaled Glucocorticoids (AeroBid)

Definition
maintenance treatment of asthma and COPD
Term

 

 

 

Hydrochlorothiazide HTCZ- Thiazide Diuretics

Definition
  • Widely used alone or with other agents to reduce blood pressure and is considered first line therapy in the treatment of HTN; also used to treat edema from CHF, from hepatic or renal disease, or secondary to drug use. 
  • Works in the distal tubule to promote excretion of sodium, chloride, potassium and water
Term

 

 

Loop Diuretics - High Ceiling Diuretics- Furosemide (Lasix)

Definition
  • A potent diuretic used to treat edema from CHF, pulmonary edema, and in hepatic and renal disease; may be used as an antihypertensive
  • First-choice diuretic for treating hypertension with preexisting renal disease
  • Works in the loop of Henle to promote excretion of large amounts of sodium, chloride, potassium and water
Term

 

 

 

 

Potassium-Sparing Diurectics-Aldactone

Definition
manage edema and hypertension
Term

 

 

 

Saline Laxatives: Magnesium Hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia)

Definition

Laxative for short-term use.  Works by pulling water into the bowel by distending it and promoting peristalsis

Term

 

 

 

Peptic Ulcer medications-Proton Pump Inhibitors

Definition
  • Treats: peptic ulcers resulting from H. Pylori, GERD, erosive esophagitis, and chronic hypersecretory conditions (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome)
  • May interact with other drugs metabolized by CYP 450
Term

 

 

 

 

Thyroid medications

Definition

 

 

 

Synthetic thyroid hormone replacement

Term

 

 

 

 

Diabetic medications-Regular Insulin

Definition

 

 

Treats: Used primarily to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus; only type of insulin used for intravenous administration, in external insulin pumps, and for “sliding scale” coverage for hypoglycemia

Term

 

 

 

Oral hypoglycemic-sulfonylureas-Glyburide

Definition

Oral hypoglycemic that stimulates insulin release and increases peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin effects; used as adjunct with dietary restrictions to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus; is available commercially, combined with metformin, to manage type 2 diabetes

Term

 

 

 

 

Oral hypoglycemic-non-sulfonylureas-Metformin

Definition

Oral anti-hyperglycemic that increases peripheral tissue sensitivity to the effects of insulin and decreases hepatic glucose production.  Used to manage type 2 diabetes

Term

 

 

 

 

Glucose-Elevating Agents

Definition

Glucose-elevating agent that accelerates hepatic glyconeogenesis, increasing blood glucose levels

Term

 

 

 

Glucocorticoids

Definition
  • Used: anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive therapy
  • Hepatic dysfunction may impair prednisone conversion into active prednisolone
  • Prednisone may cause adrenal suppression if given for more than 2 weeks and then withdrawn too abruptly, placing the patient at risk for acute adrenal insufficiency.
Term

 

 

 

Benzodiazepines

Definition
  • Many benzodiazepines available for a multitude of CNS functions and are used for a variety of reasons.  The different benzodiazepines  vary significantly regarding pharmacokinetics and need to be checked for specifics.
  • Treats: anxiety disorders anxiety, insomnia, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal, anesthesia induction
  • Works by increasing the inhibitory effects of GABA
Term

 

 

 

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors-(SSRI’s) sertraline (Zoloft)

Definition
  • Treats: depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder
  • Inhibits CNS reuptake of serotonin, weak effect on dopamine or norepinephrine. Achieving antidepressant effects can take anywhere from 10 days to 4 weeks. 
Term

 

 

 

 

Phenytoin (Dilantin)

Definition
  • Treat: grand mal and other psychomotor seizures, status epilepticus

 

  • Works: binds to receptors on sodium channels, keeping the channels in a closed position longer, preventing influx of sodium ions and excessive firing of the cell.
Term

 

 

 

Penicillin

Definition

 

 

 

Broad spectrum antibiotic

Term

 

 

 

Cephalosporin- Cefazolin

Definition

 

 

 

Used for infections caused by gram-positive bacteria, anaerobes, and spirochetes.  Also used as prophylaxis in surgery.

Term

 

 

 

 

Vancomycin

Definition

 

 

Used for serious gram-positive infections especially Clostridium difficile and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.

Term

 

 

 

 

Aminoglycosides-Gentamicin

Definition

 

 

 

Used for serious gram-negative infections

Term

 

 

 

 

Tetracyclines

Definition

 

 

 

Used for Rickettsia, mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia, and acne

Term

 

 

 

 

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)

Definition

 

 

 

Used for infections caused by aerobic gram-negative organisms.

 

 

Anthrax

Term

 

 

 

 

Acyclovir

Definition

 

 

 

Used for the management of herpes simplex virus, herpes zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus

Term

 

 

 

Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists

 

Definition
  • Blocks histamine competitively at histamin-2 receptors in the gastric parietal cells; these receptors are not affected by H-1 antagonists.
  • Inhibits all phases of gastric acid secretion
  •   Used for gastroesophageal reflux disease, duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, pathologic hypersecretory conditions; to prevent upper GI bleeding; and for heartburn and acid indigestion (OTC strength only)
  •    Interacts with numerous drugs, by decreasing their hepatic metabolism.
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