Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Pharm Test I
PA School
170
Pharmacology
Graduate
01/29/2010

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
localized, throbing or sharp pain; bone, skin, muscle
Definition
Nocireceptive
Term
tingling, burning; DM neuropathy, trigeminal neuralgia:
Definition
neuropathing pain
Term
mainly used for neuropathic pain
Definition
adjuvant
Term
WHO ladder for tx of pain:
Definition
mild pain - non-opiod, +/-adjuvant
mild to moderate pain - opiod + nonopiod, +/- adjuvant
moderate to severe pain - strong opiod, +/- non-opiod, +/-adjuvant
Term
side effects of Acetaminophen:
Definition
liver toxicity, increased risk of bleed when taken w arfarin
Term
side effects of NSIADs:
Definition
1. prologation of bleeding time
2. renal toxic
3. GI toxic
Term
side effects of aspirin:2
Definition
1. REYEs syndrome in children
2. drug interactions w NSAIDs
Term
side effects of tramadol:7
Definition
1. headache
2. dizziness
3. N/V
4. constipation
5. dry mouth
6. seizures
7, CNS supression (DI with those affecting serotonin & NE)
Term
side effects of propoxyphine:
Definition
it is metabolised into norpropoxyphine that can accumulate and cause seizures
Term
side effects of morphine:
Definition
addiction
Term
side effects of Opiod:5
Definition
1. constipation
2. sedation
3. N/V
4. pruritis
5. respiratory depression
Term
define tolerance:
Definition
needing higher dose for the same affect
Term
define physical dependance:
Definition
taking med for long period of time and when the drug is taken away, having rebound sx
Term
define addiction:
Definition
cravings, continued use despite adverse affects
Term
2 types of nocireceptive pain and dif btwn:
Definition
1. somatic nocireceptive: localized, sharp or throbing
2. visceral nocireceptive: not localized, refered pain usually fro minternal organs
Term
ABCD of WHO pain ladder:
Definition
A: determine which type of pain it is
B: chose severity of pain
C: as pain gets worse of lower levels are not effective move up the ladder
D: you can keep agents from the lower level on as you move up the ladder
Term
define adjuvant and give examples:
Definition
agent that modifies the effect of other agents while having few if any direct effects when given by itself: ex - anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, antidepressants are adjuvants for pain
Term
define ceiling effect:
Definition
level where no analgesic benefits are seen but there are greater risks for side effects or toxicity
Term
class for Acetaminophen:
Definition
antipyretic, analgesic
Term
NSAIDS class:
Definition
analgesic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic
Term
Aspirin class:
Definition
1. NSAID
2. anipyretic
3. analgesic
4. anti-inflammatory
5. anti-platelet
Term
cox-2 inhibitor class:
Definition
anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic
Term
Cox-2 inhibitor side effects:
Definition
1. CV complications
2. bleeding risk w warfarin
Term
weak opiods:
Definition
1. codeine: no good for analgesia
2. propoxyphene (darvocet): as good as tylenol but many SEs metabolized portion will accum in renal fail & cause seizures
Term
moderate/strong opiods:
Definition
1. morphine (II)
2. hydromorphone (II)
3. hydrocodone (III)
4. oxycodone (II)
5. fentanyl (II)
6. Mepiridine (II)
Term
what kind of pain indicates adjuvant use?
Definition
neuropathic
Term
about how long does it take for adjuvants to start helping?
Definition
weeks
Term
Category A for use during pregnancy:
Definition
possibility for hars seems remote
Term
Category B for use during pregnancy:
Definition
animal studies have not demonstrated a fetal risk but there are not human studies OR animal studies show adverse affects but no human studies
Term
Category C for use during pregnancy:
Definition
animals revealed adverse affects w no control studies in women OR there are no studies at all
Term
category D for use during pregnancy:
Definition
positive evidence of human fetal risk
Term
category X for use during pregnancy:
Definition
contrindicated
Term
DOC for DM in pregnancy;
Definition
insulin or metformin
Term
DOC for HTN during pregnancy:
Definition
mild to moderate HTN = methyldopa or labetalol
severe HTN = hydralazene or labetalol
Term
DOC for depression during pregnancy:
Definition
SSRI (zoloft or prozac) NEVER paxil
Term
DOC for pain during preganacy:
Definition
APAP (tylenol)
Term
DOC for epilepsy during pregnancy
Definition
there is no DOC during pregnancy for epilepsy but NEVER use valproic acid
Term
DOC for asthma during pregnancy:
Definition
SAB: albuterol
LAB: pulmicort
Term
DOC for N/V during pregnancy:
Definition
zofran & pryidoxime + unisom
Term
DOC for heartburn during pregnancy:
Definition
Tums or CaCO3 then H2 inhibitor
Term
DOC for constipation during pregnancy:
Definition
bulk laxitive
Term
describe 2 dosing strategies to minimize risk when breast feeding:
Definition
1. if single dose admin just before longest sleep period of child
2. if multiple dose take immediately after feeding
Term
define teratogen:
Definition
drug or chemical that can produce adverse affects in the population
Term
DOC for allergies during pregnancy:
Definition
antihistamine (chlorpheniramine)
intranasal corticosteroid (Rhinocort)
Term
the movements of drugs through the body:
Definition
pharmakokinetics
Term
ADME
Definition
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination
Term
action of drugs in the body:
Definition
pharmacodynamics
Term
this parameter dtermines the steady state concentration for a drug. determined by blood flow to the organ that is metabolizing or eliminating the drug and efficacy of the organ:
Definition
clearance
Term
relates the amount of drug in the body to the serum concentration. determined by physiological volume of blood and hoe the drug binds to blood and tissue
Definition
Volume of distribution
Term
time required for serum concentrations to decrease by 1/2
Definition
half life
Term
half life is dependant on:
Definition
clearance and volume of distribution
Term
the body's total exposure to the drug
Definition
AUC - area under the curve
Term
fraction of drug absorbed:
Definition
bioavailability
Term
describe the first pass affect:
Definition
blood in GI goes to the liver which may filter the drug some more than others
Term
describe enterohepatic recycling:
Definition
drugs excreted in teh feces go back through the intestines and can extend the ife of the drug in the body
Term
when the amount of drug taken and excreted is equal
Definition
steady state
Term
a higher initial dose that gets to therapeutic range faster followed by a lower dose to maintain therapeutic levels
Definition
loading dose and maintenance dose
Term
Tmax and Tmin
Definition
Times of maximum/minimum concentrations
Term
a common drug that exibits non-linear pharmacokinetics:
Definition
warfarin
Term
6 factors that influence drug dose and dosing intervals:
Definition
1. age
2. gender
3. race
4. weight
5. dz sate
6. other drugs
Term
formula for steady state soncentration:
Definition
Css=F(D/t)/CL
Term
formula for volume of distribution:
Definition
Vd = Dose/Cp so Cp = Dose/Vd
Term
how many 1/2 lifes of a drug does it take to sompletely clear from the body?
Definition
5
Term
the relationship of 2 preparations of the same drug at the same dose in the same doseage form that have similar bioavailability:
Definition
bioequivalence
Term
formula for volume of distribution:
Definition
Vd = total amnt of drug in the body/amnt of drug in the blood
Term
4 reasons children are at increased risk for dehydration:
Definition
1. higher body surface:volume ratio
2. higher metabolic rates
3. smaller fluid reserves
4. dependent on care takers for fluid
Term
% weight loss in mild/moderate dehydration:
Definition
3-9%
Term
eyes deep set is a sign of
Definition
mild/moderate dehydration
Term
7 contraindications for oral rehydration therapy in children w mild/moderate dehydration:
Definition
1. severe dehydration
2. severe sodium imbalance
3. inability to take ORS
4. vomit/stool output >10ml/kg/hr
5. intestinal ileus/obstruction
6. d/o that limits absorption
7. hematochezia
Term
10 things assessed to determine severity of dehydration:
Definition

1. weight loss

 2. tears.

3. urine

4. eyes

5. fontanells

6. mental status

7. pulse

8. BP

9. breathing

10. cap refill

Term
IV for acute correction of hyponatremia:
Definition
3% NaCl
Term
2 isotonic solutions for acute resuscitation from severe dehydration:
Definition
IV bolus of NS &/or LR
Term
formula for % dehydration
Definition
pre-illness weight - illness weight/pre-illness weight
Term
calculate maintenance fluid for a 17kg pt.
Definition
1. first 10kg = 1000ml
2. next 7kg get 50ml ea = 350ml
3. 1350ml/day = 56.25ml/hr
Term
calculate maintenance fluid for 28kg pt.
Definition
1. first 10kg = 1000ml
2. next 10kg = 500ml
3. next 8kg get 20ml ea = 160ml
4. 1660ml/day = 69.16ml/hr
Term
calculate maintenance fluid for 7kg pt:
Definition
1. 100ml/kg x 7kg = 700ml/day
2. 29.16ml/hr
Term
4 IV solutions for hypotonic dehydration
Definition
1. D5W
2. D10W
3. 1/4 NS
4. 1/2 NS
Term
2 IV solutions for isotonic dehydration:
Definition
1. NS
2. LR
Term
IV solution for hypertonic dehydration:
Definition
3% NaCl
Term
immunizations: provides life long immunity
Definition
live attenuated
Term
side effects of live attenuated vaccine:
Definition
w/n one week may see sx similar to dz but less severe - cellular response
2. rare: can revert to dz causing forms
3. contraindicated in immunocomprimised
4. allergic rxns
Term
mechanism of action for live attenuated vaccines:
Definition
virus replicates causing natural immune response
Term
onset of effectiveness for live attenuated vaccine:
Definition
onset wn one week and life long immunity
Term
requires booster w most protection after 2-3 doses:
Definition
inactivated vaccine
Term
mechanism of action for inactivated vaccines:
Definition
immunity toward antigen
Term
adverse affects of inactivated vaccine:
Definition
local reaction, +/- fvr
Term
5 no good excuses for not having a vaccine:
Definition
1. mild illness
2. abx
3. pregnancy/breast feeding
4. premature birth
5. non-specified allergies
Term
4 valid contraindications to vaccination:
Definition
1. pregnancy for live vaccines
2. immunosupressioin for live vaccines
3. severe illness
4. recent blood products; circulating Ab in donor blood will bind to vaccine
Term
required childhood vaccines:11
Definition
1. DTap
2. Flu
3. Pneumococcal
4. Hep A/B
5. Polio
6. HiB
7. MMR
8. Varicella
9. HPV
10. Meningococcal
11. rotavirus
Term
target group and frequency for Tdap:
Definition
all ages Q10Yrs
Term
who get zoster vaccine>
Definition
>60yo one time
Term
vaccines indicated for adults:7
Definition
1. Tdap q10yrs
2. Flu yearly
3. Pneumovax 1dose then 2dose @5yrs
4. HepA/B at risk
5. MMR/Varicella if not given as a child
6. Pertsis replaced by Tdap
7. Herpes zoster once over 60yo
Term
how is diptheria transmitted?
Definition
direct phys contact or droplet
Term
is diptheria still a threat in the US
Definition
No
Term
is tetanus contagious?
Definition
no
Term
population at highest risk for tetanus?
Definition
elderly who garden?
Term
who should not receive the intranasal flu vaccine?
Definition
1. prego
2. immune comp
3. asthma
4. infants
5. egg allergy
Term
how often should adults be vaccinated for pneumococcal dz?
Definition
once then 5yrs later
Term
how do you get infected with hep A
Definition
fecal oral route
Term
side effects of varicella vaccine
Definition
rash
Term
L-desoxyephedrine
Definition
decongestant
Term
phenylephrine
Definition
decongestant
Term
xylometazoline
Definition
decongestant
Term
pseudoephrine
Definition
decongestant oral
Term
guaifenesin
Definition
expectorant
Term
codine
Definition
antitussive/opiod
Term
dextromethorphan
Definition
antitussive
Term
diphenhydramine
Definition
antitussive
Term
menthol
Definition
antitussive
Term
camphor
Definition
antitussive
Term
phenol
Definition
demulcent
Term
hexylrsorcinol
Definition
demulcent
Term
dyclnine
Definition
demulcent
Term
benzoane
Definition
demulcent
Term
sodium bicarbonate
Definition
antacid
Term
calcium carbonate
Definition
antacid
Term
aluminum hydroxide
Definition
antacid
Term
magnesium hydroxide
Definition
antacid
Term
cimetidine
Definition
H2 antagonist
Term
famotidine
Definition
H2 antagonist
Term
ranitidine
Definition
H2 antagonist
Term
nizatidine
Definition
H2 antagonist
Term
omeprazole
Definition
PPI
Term
lansoprazole
Definition
PPI
Term
methylcellulous
Definition
laxative
Term
phyllium
Definition
laxative
Term
calciumpolycarbophil
Definition
bulk laxative
Term
docusate
Definition
emollient laxative
Term
bisacodyl
Definition
stimulant laxative
Term
magneiumhydroxid
Definition
osmotic laxative
Term
polyethyleneglycol
Definition
osmotic laxative
Term
5 conditions that contraindicate topical decongestant use:
Definition
1. MI
2. angina
3. CAD
4. Arrhythmia
5. <6mo
Term
8 conditions that contraindicate oral decongestant use:
Definition
1. MI
2. angina
3. CAD
4. Arrhythmia
5. HTN
6. hyperthyroidism
7. BPH
8. narrow angle glaucoma
Term
antitussives are contraindicated in:3
Definition
1. persistant/chronic cough related to asthma
2. COPD
3. smoker
Term
3 contraindications to antihistamines:
Definition
1. narrow angle closure glaucoma
2. BPH
3. COPD
Term
contraindications for antacid use:2
Definition
1. renal failure
2. <2yo
Term
7 contraindications to bulk laxative use:
Definition
1. fluid restriction
2. ulcerations
3. obstruction
4. strictures
5. impactions
6. dysphagia
7. <6yo
Term
2 contraindications for stimulant laxatives:
Definition
1. obstruction
2. IBD
Term
3 local ADR of topical decongestants:
Definition
1. burning/stinging
2. sneezing
3. increased nasal discharge
Term
5 systemic ADR of topical decongestants:
Definition
1. tremors
2. anxiety
3. restlessness
4. brady/tachycardia
5. HTN
Term
4 systemic ADR of oral decongestants:
Definition
1. CNS stimulation
2. palpitation
3. tachycardia
4. tremor
Term
5 ADRs of codeine:
Definition
1. CNS depression
2. bradycardia
3. resp depression
4. hypotension
5. constipation
Term
2 ADRs of dextromethorphan:
Definition
1. abd discomfort
2. dizziness
Term
3 ADRs of guaifenesin:
Definition
1. gastric irritation (take w water)
2. nausea
3. vomiting
Term
8 possible ADRs of antihistamines:
Definition

1. drymouth

2. difficult urination

3. constipation

4. excitation

5. sedation

6. confusion

7. blurred vision

Term
4 ADRs of loratidine:
Definition
1. HA
2. dry mouth
3. somnolence
4. nervousness
Term
5 ADRs of NaHCO3:
Definition
1. hypernatremia
2. alkalosis
3. acid rebound
4. milk-alkali syndrome
5. bowel perforation
Term
6 ADRs of calcium carbonate:
Definition
1. hypercalcemia
2. alkalosis
3. acid rebound
4. milk-alkali syndrome
5. constipation
6. kidney stones
Term
5 ADRs of aluminum hydroxide:
Definition
1. aluminum toxicity
2. constipation
3. hypophosphatemia
4. osteomalacia
5. osteoporosis
Term
3 ADRs of magnesium hydroxide:
Definition
1. hypermagnesemia
2. kidney stones
3. osmotic diarrhea
Term
7 ADRs of H2 antagonists:
Definition
1. abd pain
2. diarrhea
3. constipation
4. nausea
5. vomiting
6. HA
7. drowsiness
Term
7 ADRs of PPIs:
Definition
1. abd pain
2. diarrhea
3. constipation
4. nausea
5. vomiting
6. HA
7. dizziness
Term
5 ADRs of bismuth subsalicylate:
Definition
1. discoloration of tongue
2. dark,black stools
3. increased bleeding risk
4. tinnitus
5. reyes syndrome
Term
5 ADRs of orlistat
Definition
1. oily spotting
2. abd pain
3. urgency
4. flatus w discharge
5. oily/fatty stools
Term
define: premature neonate:
Definition
<37 wks gestation
Term
deine neonate:
Definition
0-1mo
Term
define infant:
Definition
1-12mo
Term
define toddler:
Definition
12-24mo
Term
define child:
Definition
2-11yrs
Term
adolescent
Definition
12-16yrs
Term
reasons for medication errors in children:
Definition
dosing errors, compounding errors, obese children, transcription errors
Term
most accurate measuring device for oral liquid medications:
Definition
oral syringe
Term
3 dosing guidlines in determining pediatric medication dosing:
Definition
1. age based dosing regimens
2. body weight based dosing
3. body surface area based dosing
Term
advantage/disadvantage of age based dosing:
Definition
easy to use in everyday practice
assumes ADME same in all pts
Term
advantage/disadvantage of bodyweight dosing:
Definition
advantage: peds pt have higher clearance based on weight than adults
disadvantage: no established cut off, can result in exceeding adult recommendations
Term
advantage/disadvantage of body surface area dosing:
Definition
advantage: more precise dosing scheme
disadvantage: more difficult calculations & require child height which is sometimes hard to get and results in inconsistencies
Term
1kg = --lbs
Definition
1kg=2.2lbs
Term
calculate dosing: 35lb pt c otitis media give amoxicillin q12h x10d...
Amox = 80-90mg/kg/day
Definition
1. 35lbs/2.2 = 15.9kg
2. 15.9 x 80mg = 1272.72mg/day
3. 1272.72mg/2 = 636.36mg Q12H
4. amox comes 400mg/5ml
5. 636.36mg x 5ml = 3180mg/5ml/400 = apx 8ml PO Q12H
Term
Loratadine
Definition
antihistamine
Term
tramadol
Definition
centrally acting analgesic for moderate to moderately severe pain
Supporting users have an ad free experience!